Post on 04-Jun-2018
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Bodo Ziegler
Nobel Prize for Physics 2011
Institute for AstronomyUniversity of Vienna
Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
● Since 09/2010: oUniProf University of Vienna
● 12/2008-08/10: Staff member European Southern Observatory
● 2008: Prof. University of Bonn
● 2002-2007: Volkswagen Foundation Young Research Group Göttingen
● Before: Heidelberg, Los Angeles, Munich, Durham (UK)
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
FORS Deep Field Velocity FieldRotation Curve
Morphology
Cluster MS0451z=0.5
Bodo Ziegler:Main research fields:Galaxy formation & evolution
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
For the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae.
Saul Perlmutter Brian Schmidt Adam Riess
Nobel Prize for Physics 2011
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Overview
● Basic Cosmology
● Stellar Evolution & Supernovae Ia
The accelerating Universe
Current & future research
Material:nobelprize.org (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences); my own lecture notes;Riess et al. 1998 AJ 116, 1009; Perlmutter et al. 1999 ApJ 517, 565Dr. A Böhm (Innsbruck), Dr. M. Kenn (Vienna), Dr. B. Leibundgut (ESO)
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Big Bang
Evidence:
● Hubble expansion
● Primordial Nucleosynthesis
● Cosmic background radiation
● Structure formation
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Cosmic Microwave Background
Nobel Prize 2006 (Mather & Smoot) using COBE data:
CMB uniform blackbody with variations � T/T~10-5!
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Structure Formation
Early fl uctuations enable galaxy assembly (but: Dark Matter needed!)
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Expanding Universe
Hubble: brightness & size decrease with increasing redshift
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Redshift & Look-back time
S&W
Defi nition Redshift z :
for v << c: z = v/c
5 Gyr
8 Gyr
13.5 Gyr
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Expanding Universe
Hubble 1929:
Velocity - Distance Relation:
vrad
= H0 D [H
0]=km/s/Mpc
Sandage 1986:
at high z relativistic corrections needed
and dependance on matter content
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Dynamics of Universe
Einstein's General Relativity
Rij Ricci-Tensor, T
ij Energy-momentum tensor, g
ij Metric, � cosmological constant
Cosmological Principle: Universe is homogenous and isotropic
Robertson-Walker metric:
Friedmann equations:
R: scale radius� : energy densityp: pressurek: curvature
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Observable quantities
normalized densities
3H2/8G critical densityof 10-30 g/cm
If cosm. constant form of vacuum energy: �� = � / 8� G (energy density)
with equation-of-state: p� = w
� �
� .
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Standard Candles
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Elliptical Galaxies as Standard Candles
Ziegler&Bender 1997 Bender et al. 1998
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Supernovae at high z
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Supernovae at high z
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Supernovae at high z
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Supernovae Type Ia
Hamuy et al. 1996: SN Ia: standard candles with absolute magnitude MB=-19.1±0.3m
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Supernovae Type Ia
Hamuy et al. 1996: SN Ia: standard candles with absolute magnitude MB=-19.1±0.3m
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Supernovae Type Ia
Evolution binary star system with differing masses:● more massive star evolves faster becoming White Dwarf
● WD exhaust of H, He etc., no nuclear fusion > degenerate core
● Secondary star evolves to Red Giant phase exceeding Roche lobe
● WD extracts mass from RG, accumulates via accretion disk
● WD's mass exceeds Chandrasekhar limit of 1.4M0
● WD explodes completely as supernova
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Stellar Evolution
H→He
pp
M<1.2-1.5 M
radiative
convective
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Stellar Evolution
L~R2 T4eff
100 R
1 R
0.01 R
Hertzsprung – Russel diagram
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Stellar Evolution
Red Giant phase
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Stellar Evolution
Assymptotic Giant Branch phase:degenerate CO core
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Supernovae Type Ia
Wikipedia
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Calculation Distance Modulus
Dependance on cosmo. distance(distance luminosity)analytic expression for fl at Universewith deceleration parameter q
0 (Mattig 1958)
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Effects on Distance Modulus
+ kX + Ag + Ai + ke
K-correction(trafo to rest-frame)
Intrinsic absorption(dust in observed galaxy)
Galactic extinction(dust in Milky Way)
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Effects on Distance Modulus
+ kX + Ag + Ai + ke
K-correction(trafo to rest-frame)
Intrinsic absorption(dust in observed galaxy)
Galactic extinction(dust in Milky Way)
Evolutionary effects
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
SCP's Hubble diagram
Distant SNe are dimmer than expected in fl at or closed Universe!
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Accelerating Universe
SCP HZT
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Concordance Cosmology
Cosmic MicrowaveBackground
Supernovae
BaryonicAcousticOscillations
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Accelerating Universe
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Slide by B. Leibundgut, ESO
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Slide by B. Leibundgut, ESO
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Constraining Dark Energy: CLASH
Observes 25 massive galaxy clusters with HST (WFC3, ACS) in 15 fi lters.
Among primary goal: detect SNe Ia out to z~2 to test constancy of DE.
CLASH-VLT: spectroscopic follow-up using ESO's telescopes on Paranal.
PhD project U. Kuchner utilizes CLASH VIMOS spectra
Bodo Ziegler VERA seminar Wien 27.10.2011
2011 Nobel Prize in Physics: Supernovae explosions and the Accelerating Universe
Synergy ground-based / space-based measurements