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Subtitle or main author’s name
Materials of EngineeringMaterials of EngineeringLecture 1Lecture 1
- - Introduction Introduction to MS&Eto MS&E - -
Engineering 45Engineering 45
Carlos Casillas, PE 19-Jan-12Licensed Chemical Engineer Spring 2012CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu Hayward, CA
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction2
Engr 45 - Materials of Engineering
• Course No: Engineering 45• Instructor: Mr. Casillas• Email: ccasillas@chabotcollege.edu• Lecture No: 1• Lecture Title: Chp1: Introduction to MS&E• Date: 19-Jan-12
Lecture Notes
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction3
Engineering 45Engineering 45 Materials of Materials of EngineeringEngineering - Outline -
• R1: Background
• Roll Call
• Course Syllabus– Goals– Labs, Field Trips– VSME
• R2: Course Overview – Materials Science & Engineering
• Next Week: Chp 2: Atomic Structure & Bonding
– C&R Chp 3: Structure of Crystalline Solids
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction4
Instructor’s Background
School Major Degree Year
Engineering A. A. 1981
B. S. 1983
M. S. 1985
Certificate Year
Engineer-in-Training (EIT) 1983
Licensed Professional Engineer (PE), State of CA 1996
Summer Internship Year
Dow Chemical Co. 1982
Mobil Chemical Co. 1983
Chemical Engineering
Stanford University
Field
General Engineering
Jr. Engineer
Summer Engineer
Chemical Engineering
Position
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction5
Instructor’s Background, con’t
Employer#
PeopleIndustry Position
# Years
70 Nanotechnology StartupProcess Engineer/ Materials Scientist
~6
>8,000 Magnetic Data StorageManufacturing Engineer, Thin-Film Head Process
4.5
Novellus Systems, Inc. >5,000Semiconductor Process Equipment Manufacturer
Process Engineer 4
60Polymer Membrane Separations Startup
Research Engineer ~5
Watkins-Johnson Co. >2,000Semiconductor Process Equipment Manufacturer
Process Engineer/ Member of Technical Staff
3
>8,000Semiconductor Manufacturer
Project Engineer ~1
30LED Manufacturer
StartupProcess Engineer 1.5
(Engr-45 day-1 roll-call/class distribution)
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction6
Welcome to the Wide World of MS&E!
• ALL of Engineering is impacted by Materials!
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction7
Instructor’s Background, con’t
Some items for show and tell (later on):Nanostructured Materials
Au Nanoparticles, Si Nanowires (Gecko effect)
II-VI Nanocrystals (Fluorescent), Flat-Panel LCDs
Flash-Memory (Nano), Nano-TransistorNano-Aerogels (JPL/NASA)
Semiconductor Thin Film – Si, III-VMagnetic Data Storage, Thin-Film R/W Head, HDDAdvanced Thermal Insulators & Conductors
Cu Heat Pins – PECVD Al ShowerheadSpecialty Ceramics, Ferromagnetic Fluids
Polymer Membranes Gas SeparationSpiral-wound, hollow-fiber modules
Smart Materials – Shape Memory NiTinol Wire
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction8
Engr 45 Course Logistics- Syllabus Review
• Text:• “Materials Science and Engineering
–An Introduction” 8th Edition, William D. Callister and David G. Rethwisch, John Wiley & Sons (2010)
• PreReq’s:• Chemistry 1A• Physics 4A• Engineering 25
• 3.0 Units:• 2-hr Lec (Th 1-2:50pm), Rm 3902• 3-hr Lab/Field Trip (M 4:30-7:20pm),
Rm 1612• Lab teams 2-3 students, switch teams
every two labs, switch roles every lab
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction9
Engr 45 Course Syllabus Review, con’t
• Lecture notes, homework solutions, etc will be sent by email and posted at the Chabot Engineering webpage: http://www.chabotcollege.edu/faculty/bmayer/
• Communication will be mainly by e-mail, through the CLPCCD GroupWise/Novell Web Access e-mail system.
• Office hours will preferably be right after lecture or lab. Other times can also be arranged if needed.
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction10
Syllabus Review, con’t
• Grading - Weight Function & Policy *Class/ Field Trip Participation
1%
MiniQuizzes 3%Labs/ Field Trip Reports
14.5%
HW Assignments 16.5%MidTerm Exam-1 21%MidTerm Exam-2 21%Final Exam 23%
• Exams: During class, dates shown in schedule in Syllabus
• Open-text & single, hand-written SRS allowed, TB turned in
• Academic honesty is expected (assigned seating)
90%-100% A- to A+80%-89.99% B- to B+70%-79.99% C- to C+60%-69.99% D- to D+<60% F
* Instructor reserves prerogative to adjust based solely on his professional judgment of class performance
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction11
Engr-45 Lecture Tentative ScheduleMtg Day Date Textbook Reading Assignment
1 R2 19-Jan-12 Chp1: Intro to Materials2 MLb 23-Jan-12 Chp2: Atomic Bonding; Chp3 p-1: Xtal Structure3 R1, R2 26-Jan-12 Chp3 p-2: Crystallography; Ch4-4.9-4.11 Microscopy5 R1, R2 2-Feb-12 Chp4: Solid Imperfections7 R1, R2 9-Feb-12 Chp5: Diffusion9 R1, R2 16-Feb-12 Chp18: Electrical Properties; Metals, Semiconductors
10 R1, R2 23-Feb-12 Chp18: Dielectric Properties; Chp19: Thermal properties12 R1, R2 1-Mar-12 Chp20: Magnetic Properties; Chp21: Optical Properties14 R1, R2 8-Mar-12 Chp6: Metal Mechanical Properties - 1 & 216 R1, R2 15-Mar-12 Chp6: Metal Mech Props - 3; Chp7: Dislocations & Strengthening - 118 R1, R2 22-Mar-12 Chp7: Dislocations & Strengthening - 2; Chp8: Mech Failure - Fracture20 R1, R2 29-Mar-12 Chp8: Mech Failure - Fatigue/Creep; Chp9: Phase Diagrams - 122 R1, R2 5-Apr-12 Chp9: Phase Diagrams - 2; Chp10: Phase Xforms - 124 R1, R2 19-Apr-12 Chp10: Phase Xforms - 2; Chp11: Metals Applications - 128 R1, R2 3-May-12 Chp11: Metals Applications - 2; Chp12: Ceramics30 R1, R2 10-May-12 Chp13: Ceramic Applications; Chp14: Polymers32 R1, R2 17-May-12 Chp15: Polymer Applications; Chp16: Composites
Note: Read Chapter Assignments BEFORE class
• HW Assignments are due at the beginning of class on due date in Syllabus
• Lowest-score two HWs will be thrown out. All problems will be graded.
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction12
Engr-45 Labs & Field Trips Tentative Schedule
Mtg Day Date Lab Reading & Field Trip Assignments
4 MLb 30-Jan-12 Lab1: Metallurgical Microscope 6 MLb 6-Feb-12 Lab-L2: Prep for R(T) Lab at SJSU8 MLb 13-Feb-12 FT1: Tour of GE Nuclear (Reactor Training Center SJ)
11 MLb 27-Feb-12 Lab2: Electrical Resistivity (Rm 1616 or 1612)
15 MLb 12-Mar-12 Lab3: Thermal Specific Heat (Rm 1616 or 1612)
17 MLb 19-Mar-12 FT2: @SJSU - MATE-153 SJSU-L619 MLb 26-Mar-12 FT3: Lab Tour at Testing Engineers, Inc. 21 MLb 2-Apr-12 Lab4: Mech Properties - Brinell Hardness23 MLb 16-Apr-12 FT4: Lab Tour at Anamet, Inc.25 MLb 23-Apr-12 Lab5: Composite Beam, Pure Material27 MLb 30-Apr-12 FT5: Tour of Union Sanitation Treatment Plant29 MLb 7-May-12 FT6: Tour of ThermoFusion Heat Treating31 MLb 14-May-12 Lab6: Composite Beam, Sandwich Material
Note: Read Lab Assignments and Research the FT Organization BEFORE the dates shown• Sixth Lab Report and Sixth Field Trip Report are both extra-credit
• Attendance to all Labs and Field Trips is mandatory
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction13
• Understand the fundamental concept of Materials Science & Engineering:
– “There is a direct relationship between a material’s synthesis & processing (post-manufacture), and its internal microstructure and observable physical properties and engineering performance”
Engr-45 Course Goals
• Materials are ENGINEERED Structures• NOT Black Boxes
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction14
• Class Q: Materials Engineering & Technology → What is it?
• Investigating the Structures & Properties of Materials and Correlating these with the Design or Engineering or Technology Objectives
Basic Material Structure Has Many Dimensions
Structural Feature Dimension (m)Atomic Bonding <10-10
Missing/Extra Atoms 10-10
Crystals (Ordered Atoms) 10-10 - 10-1
Second Phase Particles 10-8 - 10-4
Crystal Texturing >10-6
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction15
Classes of MaterialsClasses of Materials
• From Chem1A Recall The Periodic Table of Elements
Metals
CeramicsPolymersSemiConductors
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction16
MetalsMetals
• May be Pure or Compounds (Alloys)– Along with Polymers The Most Common
Everyday Material– Typically from the 1st Row of Transition Metals in
Periodic Table (Fe, Cu, Ni, etc.)– Have LARGE Numbers of NonBound Electrons
• Makes them Good Electrical & Thermal CONDUCTORS
– Strong but Deformable (Ductile)
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction17
Ceramics cont.Ceramics cont.
• Some Typical Properties– HARD & BRITTLE– HIGHEST Temperature Resistance
• Thoria (Thorium Oxide) Max Temp 3000 K
– Llttle Temperature-SHOCK Resistance – Corrosion Resistant– Electrically Resistive (Insulative)– Difficult to Join
• Do Not Weld
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction18
Ceramics cont.Ceramics cont.
• Some Typical Properties– HARD & BRITTLE– HIGHEST Temperature Resistance
• Thoria (Thorium Oxide) Max Temp 3000 K
– Llttle Temperature-SHOCK Resistance – Corrosion Resistant– Electrically Resistive (Insulative)– Difficult to Join
• Do Not Weld
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction19
Polymers cont.Polymers cont.
• Some Typical Properties– Very LightWeight– Very Corrosion Resistant
• Best of ANY Class of Material
– Little, if any, Hi/Lo Temperature Resistance– Little Structural Strength– Very Deformable (ductile/flexible)– Lowest $-Cost:Volume Ratio for Any
Class of Material
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction20
SemiConductorsSemiConductors
• May be made CONDUCTIVE or INSULATIVE (or Something in-between) by the Addition of Miniscule Amounts of IMPURITIES– Current Techniques Allow Precise Control
over the AMOUNT and LOCATION of the Impurities
• Semiconductors are Very Important Electronic Device Materials
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction21
Semiconductors cont.Semiconductors cont.
• Most SOLID STATE (no moving parts) Electronic Devices are Semiconductors
• Major applications for Semi Transistors– Voltage Amplifiers– On/Off switches
• Additional Advantage: Semiconductor Electronic Devices can be constructed at Extremely SMALL Scales
• SILICON is the Most Widely Used
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction22
CompositesComposites
• Materials that Consist of More than One Material Type– Goal is to Combine the Best
Features of Multiple Materials• Some Examples
– FiberGlass = Glass (ceramic) + Polymer• Strength + Flexibilty
– ReInforced Concrete = Steel + Concrete• Tension-Strength +
Compression-Strength
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction23
BioMaterialsBioMaterials
• Defined as Those Materials Which Are compatible with Human Tissue– Classic Example = Stainless Steels
used For Bone repair (Screws, Staples, Plates, Hip-Joints)
• At least a few of ALL other Classes of Materials are BioCompatible– Including Silicon
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction24
Smart MaterialsSmart Materials
• Smart Materials Materials That Can Sense Changes in the Environment and Respond with a Material Shape/Property Change– Example: "smart" materials that can be
attached to, or embedded in, structural systems • enable the structure to sense disturbances,
process the information and through commands to actuators, to accomplish some beneficial reaction
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction25
CeramicsCeramics
• Basic Composition is the MINERAL Form of a Metal– Very Few Metals Exist in
PURE Form in Nature• Most That Do are Very Rare, e.g., Gold
• Ceramics are Compounds of Metals and– Oxygen → Oxides (most Ceramics)– Carbon → Carbides– Nitrogen → Nitrides
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction26
Basic Material Properties
General
Weight: Density , kg/m3
Expense: Cost/kg Cm, $/kg
Mechanical
Stiffness: Young’s modulus E, GPa
Strength: Elastic limit y , MPa
Fracture strength: Tensile strength ts , MPa
Brittleness: Fracture toughness KIc , MPa·m1/2
Thermal
Expansion: Expansion coeff. , 1/K
Conduction: Thermal conductivity , W/m·K
Specific Heat (Capacity), cp or cv, J/kg·K
Electrical
Conductor? Insulator? Conductivity σ, S/m
Dielectric Capacity, F/m
Young’s modulus, E
Elastic limit, y
Strain
Str
ess
Ductile materials
Brittle materials
Young’s modulus, E
Tensile (fracture) strength, ts
Strain
Str
ess
Thermal expansion
o
Expansion coefficient,
Temperature, T
Th
erm
al s
tra
in
xT1 To
Q joules/secArea A
Thermal conduction
Mechanical properties
Thermal conductivity,
(T1 -T0)/x
He
at
flux,
Q/A
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction27
Material Properties
Mechanical load deformation, stress, strain
“structural matls” modulus/stiffness, strength, toughness
Envt./Chemical chemicals, temp (aqueous solution)
corrosion passivity, pollution
Electrical electrical field conductivity “electronic matl.s” semiconductors, resistivity, dielectric
Magnetic magnetic field magnetism magnets, hysteresis, moments
Thermal heat conductivity heat capacity, thermal expansion
Optical radiation (em, light)
color, transparency
index of refraction, reflectivity
Property Stimulus Result Terms
• Material performance depends on material properties
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction28
Material Properties
• Density (g/cm3)
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction29
Mechanical Properties, con’t
• Tensile Strength (MPa)
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction30
Mechanical Properties, con’t
• Stiffness or Elastic Modulus E (GPa)
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction31
Mechanical Properties, con’t
• Fracture Toughness [MPa*(m)E0.5]
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction32
Electrical Properties
• Conductivity (1/Ohm-m)
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction33
Electrical Properties
Increase resistivity of Cu
• by adding impurities • by mechanical deformation
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction34
Processing Structure Properties (con’t)
• PROPERTIES depend on STRUCTURE – e.g.; The HARDNESS vs STRUCTURE of Steel
Cooling Rate (C/s)
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
(a)
30m
(b)
30m
(d)
30m(c)
4m
Har
dnes
s (B
HN
)
Ferrite +Cementite
G10380 +w/ Pearlite
TemperedMartensite
UNtemperedMartensite
PROCESSING can change STRUCTURE– e.g., STRUCTURE
vs Cooling-Rate for Steel
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction35
Processing Structure Properties
• Recrystallization
Strength versus Structure of Brass
and changes in microstructure
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction36
• Thermal Properties
• low from ceramic oxide (structure and conduction properties)• changes due to alloying in metals (even though same structure)
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction37
Processing Structure Properties (con’t)
• Optical Properties
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction38
Effect of Temperature
Engineering 45- Materials of Engineering Carlos Casillas, PE CCasillas@ChabotCollege.edu E45_Sp12_Lec01_Introduction39
Course Goals, con’t
• Materials are ENGINEERED Structures• NOT Black Boxes