Transcript of Sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics in meat production and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. By Anandi...
- Slide 1
- Sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics in meat production and
antibiotic-resistant bacteria. By Anandi Ehman and Tyler
Jacobson
- Slide 2
- The sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics in food producing
animals is causing an increase in the prevalence of antibiotic-
resistant bacteria.
- Slide 3
- The issue: Food-borne pathogens account for: 76 million
diseases, 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths annually in the
United States
- Slide 4
- This issue and antibiotic resistance: 25000 patients died due
to multi-drug resistant bacteria in 2008 in the EU
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are one of the leading causes of a
recent increase in infectious disease deaths in the United
States(HIV is the other) Trend for Penicillin-Resistant (MIC 2
mg/ml) S. pneumoniae in the US (1988-2002) % of Isolates Resistant
to Penicillin
- Slide 5
- Antibiotic resistance is widespread:
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- Antibiotic Resistance is Common and Increasing:
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- Historical Aspects: 3000 BC- use of molds by Ancient Egyptians
to treat infection 1674- Anton Von Leeuwenhoek creates lens for
microscope 1800s- Germ Theory of Disease 1877- Robert Koch
discovers how to best grow cells in culture 1928- Discovery of
Penicillin
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- 1945 - Alexander Flemming claims that the misuse of penicillin
could lead to the selection and propagation of mutant forms of
bacteria resistant to the drug, 1946 - 14% of staphylococci strains
resistant to penicillin Historical Aspects continued:
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- 1950 - use of antibiotics spread to livestock 1966-1970 -
reports showing multi-drug resistant organisms transmissible
between humans and animal 1969 - Swann Report in UK bans many
antibiotics 1972 - FDA releases statement suggesting sub-
therapeutic resistance of in food be stopped 1998 - WHO recommends
use of antibiotics as growth promoters be ceased 1998 - Demark bans
use of all antibiotics used in humans from use in food animals
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- What causes antibiotic resistance? Mutation of bacteria gives
rise to resistant forms Treatment with antibiotics strongly selects
for resistant bacteria Resistant bacteria become more
prevalent
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- What causes antibiotic resistance? Over-prescription/over-
availability of antibiotics Incomplete dosages of antibiotics
Incorrect antibiotics for a particular disease Prophylactic
application Use of antibiotics in food producing animals
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- Types of resistance mutations:
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- How does resistance spread? One major danger 0f antibiotic
resistance is how quickly it spreads through bacterial populations
Bacteria can transmit resistance between even distantly related
species through multiple mechanisms Genes for antibiotic resistance
are often housed on plasmids, smaller rings of DNA not part of the
bacterial chromosome
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- How does resistance spread? Antibiotic resistance can be shared
through transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
- Slide 16
- How does resistance spread?
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- Slide 18
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- Why worry about resistance in bacteria that infects animals?
Antibiotics used in animals are not the same as those used in
humans Antibiotics are divided into classes Antibiotics used in
animals often come from the same classes as those used in humans
Resistance to a specific antibiotic often increases resistance
against others in same class because they have similar mechanisms
of function
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- Slide 21
- Who is using sub-therapeutic antibiotics?
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- Why keep using antibiotics? Meat industry creates 4.4 million
jobs directly, 6.2 million indirectly in the US Meat industry
indirectly produces $832 billion per year in the US: 6% of GDP
Antibiotics as growth promoters improve the feed efficiency and
growth rate of animals Their use helps lower food costs and
increase supply Limitations would have little or no effect on
prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in humans
- Slide 23
- Why keep using antibiotics? Some farmer advocacy groups claim
that it allows chickens to be the best they can be Can help
developing nations create steady food supply and prevent shortages
Antibiotic usage in food animals is not the only source of
resistance
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- Economic Issues:
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- Food production would decrease only slightly Enough food would
still be produced, but total costs would increase The cost per
European consumer is estimated to be between $4.85 and $9.72 per
year
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- Economic Issues Cost per consumer is estimated to increase $.05
per pound of pork for US consumers, about $11 per year Total costs
in the US per year are estimated to be $748 million Estimated cost
of resistance is $4-5 billion per year in 2001 A 1995 Office of
Technology Assessment report to Congress concluded that 6 common
resistant bacteria cost about 1.3billion per year
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- Economics: The economic detriments from sub-therapeutic use of
antibiotics are largely externalities Healthcare and missed work
costs due to multi-drug resistant bacteria in the EU was 1.5
billion Euros ($2.25 billion USD) Total cost of illness and death
from Salmonella in US is $2.5 billion per year
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- Economic Costs: Creating a new antibiotics costs between $500
and $800 million per drug
- Slide 29
- Externalities associated with antibiotic resistance:
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- Scientific Aspects: E. coli resistant to nourseothricin arose
within two years of its introduction as a growth promoter in pigs
in Eastern Germany Prior to introduction, tests showed no
resistance was present E. coli resistant to nourseothricin were
found in farmers within 10 years, resulting in higher incidences of
urinary tract infections Nourseothricin resistance found in
Salmonella and other strains of E. coli, including shiga-toxin
producing E. coli within 12 years Other studies have found similar
increases
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- Slide 33
- Political and Cultural Issues: Antibiotics are banned Denmark
and Sweden, and many are limited in the EU compared to their use in
the US Different cultural attitudes as to whether regulation is the
governments job contribute to the differences Companies present in
both Canada and the United States have different policies for farms
run in each country There are differences even among the opinions
and practices of US farmers, such as the growing organic
movement
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- Slide 35
- Moral issues: Infections from multi-drug resistant bacteria
have been shown to cause 25000 deaths per year in the EU 1.2
million cases of Campylobacter per year in the US are drug
resistant Of these 326,000 are resistant to two or more drugs Is
increased profitability worth the health or lives of citizens?
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- The Precautionary Principle:
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- Potential Solutions: Stop sub-therapeutic application of
antibiotics Optimized dosing schedules Monitoring and regulating
antibiotic usage Prebiotics, probiotics and competitive exclusion
Bacteriocins Exploiting facultative metabolisms of bacteria
Bacteriophage therapy Vaccines
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- Future Implications: 90.2% of chicken in America tested
positive for E. coli in 2009 1.4 million Americans infected with
Salmonella per year 2.4 million Americans infected with
Campylobacter per year Antimicrobial farms had significantly lower
resistance
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- Future Implications:
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- Slide 41
- Continued use of sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics in food
producing animals will only increase the prevalence of
antibiotic-resistant bacteria in humans.
- Slide 42
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- Slide 49
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- Slide 50
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- Slide 51
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- Slide 52
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- Slide 53
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- Slide 55
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- Slide 56
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Straight Talk About Antibiotic Use in Food Animal Production.
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in Food Animal Production Systems. 2006. 667-720. From: Animal
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- Slide 57
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