Post on 16-Jul-2015
Subclinical Endometritis and Its
Effect on The Fertility of Dairy
Cattle
BY:
Habtamu Kenide
March, 2013
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Introduction
Reproductive performance is one key component of
dairy production and the aim of reproductive management
in cows is …..; so to achieve this goal a cow must be
pregnant 85 days postpartum.
Reproductive disease are the main causes of failure in
reproductive performance of cows, especially those
which affect the uterus such as….
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Cont…
Endometritis is inflammation of the endometrium with
the presence of vaginal discharge… ,while subclinical
endometritis is….
Subclinical endometritis is the most prevalent of all
uterine diseases; it affects approximately 30% of lactating
dairy cows, with the prevalence ranging from 11 to >70%
in some herds.
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Cont…
Therefore the objectives of this paper are:
To highlight the risk factors for subclinical endometritis
To review the diagnostic and treatment options of
subclinical endometritis and
To highlight recent information’s on the effect of
subclinical endometritis on fertility of dairy cattle
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Postpartum period in bovine
Post partum period is the time interval from parturition to complete uterine involution
Postpartum period is divided in to three sub periods. These are:
Puerperal
intermediate and
postovulatory
During the PP period cows are at risk of developing calving related disease such as…..
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Postpartum uterine involution
It is normal process of the post partum uterus to return to
its non-gravid state.
For the cow to return to normal reproduction condition, PP
uterus should be involuted 45-50 days post partum.
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Postpartum ovarian activity and utero-ovarian relationship
Ovarian activity exerts an important influence on the
ability of the uterus to resist or eliminate infections. This
is because during estrus…
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Causes of endometritis
There are many infectious causes of endometritis which
enters uterus at different periods.
Pathogens enter uterus mainly at:
calving process
post partum period and
mating process
Especially at PP period if special care is not given to the
cleanness of the house and the environment cows will
be…….
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Cont…
The most common infectious causes of endometrits are:
Arcanobacter pyogenes
E. coli
Campylobacter fetus
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Bovine Herpes Virus -4 (BOHV-4)
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Predisposing factors of subclinical endometritis
These are factors which makes the uterus of cows….
Some of the known predisposing factors of endometritis are:
Retained Fetal Membrane
Dystocia
Management Factors
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Retained fetal membrane
Placenta is said retained when the placenta
remains attached to the uterine carancules for
more than 12-24 hrs after calving.
It services as a favorable media for many
infectious agents growth and multiplication, which
intern…..
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Classification of endometritis
Endometritis in bovine is classified as clinical and
subclinical.
Subclinical endometritis
It is more economical among other problems of the
uterus.
It usually occurs over a long period of time rather
than progressing quickly as endometritis.
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Effect of subclinical endometritis on fertility of dairy cows
Subclinical endometritis is economically the most important to the dairy industry in that it :
decrease reproductive performance
increased feed intake per lactation
reduced milk yield
increased culling rate
Increase the NSPC
to a lesser extent to the cost of treatment
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Cont…
Increased NSPC
A study on cross breed dairy cows at Debre Zeit showed
that a mean of 2.4 services per conception was required
for cows that were positive for SCE at the 4th week
postpartum where as 1.7 services per conception was
required for cows negative for SCE.
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Diagnosis options of subclinical endometritisThe diagnosis of SCE is very important due to the
economic impact it cause, but…..
Some of the diagnostic methods used for Dx of SCE are:
Ultrasonography
Endometrial Cytology
Endometrial Biopsy
Vaginoscopy
Among these endometrial cytology is …
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Treatment options of subclinical endometritis
In Vet. Medicine to treat animal should…..
For the treatment of SCE the widely used treatments
are:
antibiotic treatment
treatment by prostagldin F2 alpha
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Conclusion and recommendations
Conclusion There are many factors, which will contribute for
the Inability of dairy cows to have maximum
productivity, among these uterine disease such as
endometritis and subclinical endometritis takes the
major part.
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Cont…
Infectious agents that could invade the uterus during
parturition may contaminate the maternal reproductive
tract and lead to uterine disease; therefore, it needs to have
maximum care at the time of calving, for the cleanness of
the calving area and at the time of helping the cow at
dystocia through caesarian section strict sanitation
measures should be taken.
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Cont…
SCE causes great impact on the fertility of dairy
cows in that it causes:
decreased reproductive performance,
increased feed intake per lactation,
reduced milk yield,
increases NSPC and
increased culling rate
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Recommendations
Based on the above conclusions the following recommendations are given:
Proper attention to sanitation and peripartiurent hygiene should be given especially during assisted calving.
The owners must be responsible to keep sanitation ofdairy cows through improved housing system and nutritionto reduce bacterial exposure of cows at parturition andincrease the pregnancy of cows after calving.
Proper diagnosing and treatment measures should be taken to minimize the economic impact of subclinical endometritis.
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