TheOdyssey

ByHomer

TheOdyssey

Heroes– TraitsandExamples

EssentialQuestions!

1.Whataresomeheroicqualitiesandpossibleflaws?

2. Isaleaderdifferentthanahero?3. Doheroesstillhaveresponsibilities?4. Isaheroperfect?

EpicHeroesandEpithetFrontSideofWorkOnlyAnswerthefollowingQuestions

1. Whatisanepithet?2. Whyareepithetsused?3. Whatischaracterization?4. WhatisRealism?5. Whatdoesitmeantovisualize

somethingandwhydoauthorsusevisualization?

EpicHeroesandEpithetExamples

”TheBoyWhoLived”“TheManofSteel”

EpicHeroataGlance1. Epichereisthecentralcharacter,inanepic2. Largerthanlifepowers3. Strength&Power4. Theyarenotperfect5. TheydoNOTlackcourage6. Hero’sbirth7. Godlike8. TheirfinaltaskmustbecompletedaloneWewilldiscusstheepicheroindetaillater.

EpithetAssignment1. Completetheassignmentonthebackof

yourworksheet2. Workwiththepersonbesideyou- doNOT

movefromyourseats.

HowdoyoudefineaHero?

Thinkofthecharacteristicsyouwouldwantinyourhero.

Writeashortessaydefiningyourhero,whoitmightbe,andhowtheyhaveinfluencedyourlife.

Pleaseseethedetailedinstructionsheet&rubric.

TheOdyssey

Module1Vocabulary

Module1Vocabulary

1. Mortified2. Atone3. Rebuke4. Evade5. Impudence6. Tremulous7. Avenge8. Ruse9. Guile10.Ardor

11. Sage12. Mammoth13. Implacable14. Appalled15. Formidable16. Contrived17. Contentious18. Plunder19. Insidious20. Incredulous

Plunder (v.):tostealgoods,especiallyusingforceandinatimeofwarorchaos

Example

After the hurricane devastatedthe coastal town, looters began to plunder everything they couldby breaking store windows and carrying off such goods as food and electronics.

Formidable (adj.):inspiringfearorrespectduetoimpressivelylargesize,power,intensity,orskillExample

The undefeated wrestler would prove to be aformidable first opponent for the young rookie.

Guile (n.):sly,crafty,ordeviousintelligenceExample

To a card counting expert, hissuccess may just be a matter ofusing his guile; however, most casino owners would probably beg to differ.

Mammoth (adj.):huge

Example

Unfortunately, the employee’serror was not a tiny problem; rather, it was a mammotherror which could cost the company millions of dollars in profit.

Incredulous (adj.):skeptical;unwillingorunabletobelievesomething

Example

The teacher couldn’thelp but be incredulouswhen the student claimed to have read the entire 400-page novel in one night.

Evade (v.):toescapeoravoid,esp.bytrickeryorclevernessExamples

Many politicians try tocater to both sides by evadingdifficult questions and giving“fluff” answers instead.

The bandit could only evade the police for so long before he was finally tracked down.

Insidious (adj.):causingharminawaythatisgradualornoteasilynoticed;treacherousorwaitingtoentrap;harmfulbutenticingorseductiveExample

He came up with an insidiousplan to frame his best friend for the crime, but he was not careful enough and ended up being exposed.

Contrived (adj.)*:fakeorartificial;havinganunnaturalorfalseappearanceorquality;deliberatelycreatedExample

After such a great build up, the movie’s contrivedending left the entire audience feeling disappointed and let down.

*can also be used as a verb

Avenge (v.):toinflictharminreturnforaninjurydonetooneselforsomeoneelse;togetrevenge

Example

The commander of the forces cried out “we must avenge our dead” before bravely riding his horse toward enemy lines.

Tremulous (adj.):shakingorquiveringslightly;nervousandtimid;jittery

Examples

The last of her college admissionsletters had finally come in, and she opened it with tremulous hands.

Due to his extreme illness, he spokein a weak and tremulous voice.

Rebuke (v.orn.):toexpresssharpdisapprovalorcriticismofsomeone;anexpressionofdisapprovalorcriticismExamples

Many people used Twitter to rebuke the comedian whoused profanity in what was supposed to be a family-friendly show.

The mayor’s statement was aclear rebuke of the corruptionof his predecessor’s administration.

Contentious (adj.):controversial;causingorlikelytocauseanargument;involvingheateddebate

Example

Unless you live in a borderstate, you might not be awareof how contentious of an issueimmigration reform has become.

Implacable (adj.)*:angryordeterminedinawaythatcannotbechangedorlessenedExample

The royal servants triedto beg and offer gifts to the king, but he was implacableand had them all executed.

*verb form is placate (to make less angry)

Ruse (n.):atrick;anactionmeanttodeceivesomeone

Example

Be very cautious if someonesends an email claiming you’vewon a foreign lottery; most likely it is nothing but a ruse.

Sage(adj.):verywise

Example

I always make a point oftrying to learn from myelders; their experience inlife makes it possible for them to offer sage advice.

Atone (v.):tomakeupforpastmistakes

Example

The repentant criminal walked into the churchto beg forgiveness and pray for the help he neededto atone for his life of sin.

Ardor (n.)*:enthusiasmorpassion

Example

Hefeltanardor forscienceveryearlyinlife,soitwasnosurprisewhenhedecidedtopursuemarinebiologywhenhebegancollege.

*ardentistheadjectiveformofardor

Impudent (adj.)*:notshowingproperrespectforanotherperson,oftenduetobeingcockyorboldExample:

“Impudent fool!” roared thequeen. “Don’t you know whoI am? You must bow in respectbefore this most awesome throne.”

*impudence is the noun form of impudent

Appalled (adj.)*:greatlydismayed,shocked,horrified,oroutraged

Example

My aunt was appalled whenshe tried to use her credit cardand she found out that her identity had been stolen.

*Other forms: appall (v.), appalling (adj.)

Mortified(adj.)*:ashamed,embarrassed,orhumiliatedExample

Thestraight-Astudentwasmortified whensheaccidentallydozedoffinclassandhadtobeawokeninfrontofeveryonebyherdisappointedmathteacher.

*Otherforms:mortify(v.),mortifying(adj.)

TheOdyssey

MythsandOralTraditionsNoteTakingGuide– Tobecompletedwithpresentation

ItisnotnecessarytowritedownALLinformation.Goodnote-takingmeansfocusingonlyonwhat’smostimportant,andalsoonbeingableto

useeffectiveshorthand.

WhatareMythsandOralTraditions

• Mythswerefictional,narrativestoriesthatattempttoexplaintheactionsofgodsorthecausesofnaturalphenomena.

• Helpedexplaintheunknownandsometimesteachalesson.• MythsdescribedtheGreek’slivesandinteractionswiththegodsand

goddesses.

WhatareMythsandOralTraditions

• Oraltraditionisthewayinformationwaspassedfromonegenerationtothenextgenerationduetotheabsenceofthewrittenword.

• Themessagesandstoriesweresharedthroughspeechorsongandmaytaketheformoffolktales,sayings,ballads,songs,orchants.

• Peopleusedoraltraditiontosharenews,history,lawandotherinformation

ReadtheexcerptontheTrojanWar,annotate,andidentifythreemainideas.Youwillbegivenanote—takingguidethatwillhelpyoufocusonthemostimportantinformationinthestoryandinthefollowingslides.

Homer

WhoisHomer?

• NooneknowsforsurewhoHomerwas!• SomeGreeksbelievedhewasablindminstrel(perhapsliterally,butlikely

metaphorically),orsinger,whocamefromtheislandofChios.• Somethinkhewasjustalegend(butsomehavearguedthatShakespeare

didnotexistordidnotwritehisownworks• HeiscreditedwithwritingtheepicstoriesofTheIliad andTheOdyssey,whichcontinuetoimpactWesternculturetoday.

• Hewasbornaround850BC,nearAsiaMinor– justfollowingatimeofgreatachievementinancientGreece.

Homer.(2014).TheBiography.com website.Retrieved05:39,Aug15,2014fromHttp://www.biography.com/people/home-9342775

TheIliad

• InordertounderstandtheOdysseyyoumustfirstunderstandthatOdysseus,whowastheherointheOdyssey,wasalsoacharacterintheIliad.

• TheIliadwasanepicpoemabouttheTrojanWar,thewarlasted10years.

• Achaeans(Greekwarriorsoldiers)wereattackingTroybecausethePrinceofTroy,Paris,ranoffwithHelen,thewifeofthekingofAgamemnonofMycenae(Sparta).

TheIliad

• ThemostfamousstoryfromtheIliadisthatoftheTrojanhorse.

• ItisunknowniftheIliad isbasedonhistoricalevidenceornot,thatisstillquestionable

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COg7FaDie9E

TheOdyssey

Homer’sOdysseyfollowsthestoryofthefamousAchaeanwarriorOdysseus

whofoughtintheTrojanWar.

BackgroundInfoFortheOdyssey• HomersettheOdyssey600yearsbeforeitwaswrittendown.

• ItwasaglorioustimeinancientGreekhistory,withgreatculturalachievement.

• Gods/andGoddesseswerethoughttofrequentearth• GodlikemortalswithspecialqualitiesthoughttoliveinGreece.

• TheOdysseybeginsaftertheTrojanwar.• Thestorycentersaroundthe

struggle’sofaGreekheronamedOdysseusandhis10yearjourneyhometoIthaca

Odysseus’JourneyHome,fromTroytoIthaca

BackgroundInfoFortheOdyssey• Epicbeginsin“mediasres”orinthemiddleoftheplot.• TenyearshavepassedsincethefallofTroy• OdysseusisimprisonedontheIslandofCalypsobyaseanymph,namedCalypso

• OdysseushasnowaytoescapefromCalypsountilthegodsintervene.

• HermesissenttoCalypso’sislandtohelprescueOdysseus.HermeshelpsOdysseusmakeaboat.

• OdysseusthensalestoPhaeacia wherehetellshistaletoKingAlcinous.

• TheEpicBegins….

TheOdyssey

EpicPoetry&EpicHero

WhatisEpicPoetry?

• Anepicisalong,oftenbook-length,narrativepoemthatretellstheheroicjourneyofthedeedsofgodsandheroes.

• Epicpoetryfocusesonadventuresandaccomplishmentsofahero,whoinsomewayembodythevaluesoftheircivilizations.

WhatisEpicPoetry?• Thestylisticfeaturesfoundinmanyepics:

• “Inmediares”(manyepicpoemsbegininthemiddle)• Epithets(descriptivephrases,characteristics)• UsuallyinvokeadivinespiritoraMuse• Startswiththestatementofthetheme• Conceit• Extendedmetaphorsandsimiles• Includeslonglistsorspeeches• Devineinterventiononhumanactions• HumandecentintoHades(knownastheunderworld)• TheHeroembodiesthevaluesofhiscultureorcivilization• Thesettingisvastandcoversalargerareaormanycountriesorstates

WhatisEpicPoetry?• Epicpoetrywasparticularlycommonintheancientworldbecausetheepicwasidealforexpressingstoriesorally.

• Thesestoriesweretoldaloudtothosewhocouldnotreadorwrite.

• Manyofthesestoriesweremadeuponthespot,bytravelingsingersorentertainers,calledrhapsodies.

WhatisanEpicHero?• Anepicheroisthemaincharacterinanepicpoem,typicallyonewhoembodiesthevaluesofhisorherculture.(http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_e.html

• ThecharacteristicsofanEpicHeroare:• Nobelbirth• Capableofgreatstrengthandcourage

• Theactionsmustbebeyondwhatacommoneriscapableofdoing

• Travelsofavastdistance• Distancemakesthehero’sactionsbetter

• GreatWarrior• Goonalongjourneyorinvolvedinagreatwar

• NationalHeroism• Humility

• Theheroishumbleanddoesn’tbragabouthisaccomplishments• Hedoesthedeedsbecausetheyneeddone,notforfameandfortune

• SupernaturalFoesand/orReceivesSupernaturalHelp

CornellNotes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErSjc1PEGKEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQvjvi08QSk

TheShipofOdysseus

WhatqualitiesofthisshiphasSchmied emphasized

withhisuseofcolorandshape?Explain.

HowtoproperlyciteTheOdyssey

MLAFormatting

• IncitingTheOdyssey,citebydivision(book)andline,withperiods(butnospaces)separatingthenumbers.Forexample,(9.649)referstoBook9,line649.

Example:Forexample,afterPolyphemusasksOdysseuswhotheyareandwheretheyarefrom,Odysseusreplies,“WearefromTroy,Achaeans,blownoffcourse/byshiftinggalesonthe

GreatSouthSea”(9.204-05).

MLAFormatting

Blockquotes:Versequotationsofmorethanthreelinesshouldbeginonanewline.Indenteachlineoneinchfromtheleftmarginandcontinuetodoublespacethelines,addingnoquotationmarksthatdonotappear

intheoriginal.Placethecitationafterthelastlineofthequotation(aftertheline’sendpunctuationmark,i.e.period).Reproducethearrangementoftheoriginallines(quotethepoemlinebylineasit

appearsontheoriginalpage)withoutslashmarks;ifalineistoolongtofitwithintherightmargin,continueitonthenextlinebutindentthe

continuationanadditionalquarterinch.

Example:Furthermore,Odysseustellsthe Phaecians abouthowPolyphemusbecameintoxicatedafterdrinkingOdysseus’wine:

Evenashespoke,hereeledandtumbledbackward,hisgreatheadlollingfromsidetoside;andsleeptookhimlikeanycreature.Drunk,hiccupping,hedribbledstreamsofliquorandbitsofmen.(9.319-322)

MLAFormatting

TheOdyssey

TheHero’sJourney

TheEpicHeroCycle

� Based on Joseph Campbell’s The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949)

TheHero’sJourney

1. Separation- leavesaplaceofcomfortorsafetytoventureoutintheworld.

2.Initiation- faceunfamiliarcircumstancesthatbegintoteachhimmoreabouthimselforthechallengeshemustface.

3.Conflict-Mustfightthebattleorfacehisenemy.Hemeetshisultimatechallengeandeithertriumphsordiesvaliantlyinhiseffort.

TheHero’sJourney

4.Return- Theherousuallyreturnshometoacelebration.

5.Boon- Theherohasaprizetoshowforhistriumph(usuallyawoman).

TheOdyssey

Conflict&Characterization

Characterizations

Indirect andDirect

Characterization

Istheartofcreatingcharactersforanarrative,includingtheprocessofconveyinginformationaboutthem.Itmaybeemployedindramaticworksofartoreverydayconversation.Charactersmaybepresentedbymeansofdescription,throughtheiractions,speech,orthoughts.• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/characterization

Directvs.Indirect

• Thewritermakesdirectstatementsaboutacharacter’spersonalityandtellswhatthecharacterislike.

DirectCharacterization

• Thewriterrevealsinformationaboutacharacterandhispersonalitythroughthatcharacter’sthoughts,words,andactions,alongwithhowothercharactersrespondtothatcharacter,includingwhattheythinkandsayabouthimorher.

IndirectCharacterization

IndirectCharacterization

•Speech:Whatdoesthecharactersayandhowdoeshe/shespeak?

•Thoughts:Whatisshownaboutthecharacterthroughhis/herprivatethoughtsandfeelings?

•Effect:Whateffectdoesthecharacterhaveonotherpeople?Howdotheyfeelorreacttohim/her?

•Actions:Whatdoesthecharacterdo?Howdoesthecharacteractindifferentsituations?

• Looks:Whatdoesthecharacter’sappearancesayabouthis/herpersonality?

STEALtoremember!

Don’tWriteThisDown

Whenareyougoingtoletusintheclassroomtheloudstudentasked.ThesleepystudentsaidMr.Mortonsaidwecancomeinwhenwe’requiet.QuietdownstudentssaidMr.Morton.ThestudentswerestillverynoisystudentsIthoughtyousaidyouwantedtocomeinandsitdownsaidMr.Morton.

Don’tWriteThisDown

“Whenareyougoingtoletusintheclassroom?”theloudstudentasked.Thesleepystudentsaid,“Mr.Mortonsaidwecancomeinwhenwe’requiet.”“Quietdown,students,”saidMr.Morton.Thestudentswerestillverynoisy.“Students,Ithoughtyousaidyouwantedtocomeinandsitdown,”saidMr.Morton.

Howarethesepassagesdifferent?

DirectCharacterizations

Narrator explicitly describesacharacter.

Ex:Tomstruggledinschoolbuttriedhard.Pamwaslazybutlearnedreallyquickly.

Explicit:Clearlystated.

IndirectCharacterization

Charactertraitsreveledthroughactions

Ex:Jessleftthepizzacrustonherfloor.Timhelpedold Ms.Joneswithherbags.

Indirectcharacterizations areimplicit.

Implicit:not clearlystated,implied.

Review

Direct characterization: thenarratorexplicitlydescribesthecharacter.

Indirect characterization:character’straitsarerevealedthroughtheiractions.

Practice

1. Readthepassage.2. Writewhatindirectcharacter traitisshown.3. Explainyouranswer.

Example

Mr.Mortonwasteachingthestudentsaboutcharacterizations.Kyleletoutabigyawn.“IndirectCharacterizationsareimplied,notexplicitlystated,”saidMr.Morton.

1

Afterclass,DeijaaskedDanaaquestion,“I’msorry,Dana,butmylittlebrotherwassickandmyparentsmademestayhomeandwatchhimyesterday.CanIseeyourreadingnotes?”Danahuffedandrolledhereyes.SherepliedtoDeija,“Uh,Idon’tknowwheretheyarerightnow.”

SuggestedAnswerDanaisrude,uncaring,andunhelpful.

ExplanationDeija asks Dana for something reasonable. Rather than politely declining, Dana does a bunch of rude stuff.

2Whileplayingfootballwithhisfriends,Evanoverthrewtheballandaccidentlybrokehismom’spicturewindow.Nobodywashome,butalloftheotherboyssoonfoundexcusestoleave.WhenEvan’smomcamehome,sheaskedwhathadhappened.Evanlookedherinthefaceandsaid,“Abirdsmashedintothewindow,Mom.”

SuggestedAnswerEvanisdishonestandcowardly.

ExplanationRather than telling his mom the truth about what happened, Evan lies. This shows that he is dishonest and not brave enough to fess up to what he did.

3

Tevinwasinexcruciatingpainfromfootballpractice.Hehadbeengettingterriblesleepeversincetrainingstarted.Hecouldhardlysleeptenminutesbeforethepaincausedhimtorollaround.Hisbodywastellinghimtoquittheteam,butTevinrefusedtohearit.Hehadonegoalinmind:tomaketheteam.Tevinwouldn’tstopuntilhisbodystoppedhim.

SuggestedAnswerTevinisdedicatedorcommittedandheishardworking.

ExplanationTevin is working very hard on his training even though it is affecting him in painful ways. This shows that he is dedicated or committed to the cause and that he is willing to work hard.

4

Timwaswalkingaroundthestorewhenhebumpedintoadisplayofsoupcans,knockingthemallover.Timboughttwocartonsofeggsthengothitbytheautomaticdooronthewayout.Italmostbroketheeggs.Timletoutasighofrelief.Whilewalkingthroughtheparkinglot,Timtrippedoverthecurbandlandedontheeggs,gettingthemalloverhisshirt.

SuggestedAnswerTimisclumsyoraccident-prone.

ExplanationTim can’t even go to the grocery store without getting into several accidents. He is either clumsy or unlucky.

5

Kimhadabunchofoutfitsandaccessories.IttookherforevertodecidewhichcombinationmightimpressKevin.Shecalledhersisterseveraltimesforadvice.Still,Kimcouldnotdecideontherightoutfittowear.

SuggestedAnswerKimisfashionableandinfatuated.

ExplanationKim is infatuated with Kevin. This is why she is working so hard to impress him. Since she is trying to impress him with her clothing, this shows that she is probably fashionable.

SpecificExamplesfromTheOdyssey

•Thedifferencebetweendirectandindirectcharacterizationistellingversusshowing.

•Example:ZeusgiveshisopinionofOdysseuswhenhesaystoAthena:“Mychild,whatawordtoletoutbetweenyourteeth!HowcouldIforgetthatfinefellowOdysseus,afterall!Heisalmostoneofus.Wisebeyondmortalmen,readybeyondalltooffersacrificetothelordsofthebroadheavens.”(indirectcharacterization)

TheDifference

•Thedifferencebetweendirectandindirectcharacterizationistellingversusshowing.

•Example:“Thegoddessofwisdom”thistellsyoudirectlythatsheisthewisestofall.(directcharacterization)

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCshdu8loDo

WhatisConflict• Conflictisaliteraryelementthatinvolvesastrugglebetweentwoopposingforces.• InternalConflicts

• Occurswhenacharacterexperiencesconflictingoropposingemotionsordesires.

• Goodvs.evilinsidethecharacter• Externalconflict

• Characterstruggleswithoutsideforcesorissues,whichimpacthisprogress.

• Mostcommonexternalconflictistheprotagonistfightingagainsttheantagonist.

Externalvs.Internal• Externalconflicttakesplaceoutsideofthebody

• Internalconflicttakesplaceinsideofthebody

FunctionofConflict

• Conflictisessentialwithinastoryline.• Internal,external,orbothtypesofconflictareessentialinthestorylineinordertodeveloparesolutionofaconflict,whichismeanttoentertainthereader.

http://literarydevices.net/conflict/#

CONFLICTAllheroesmustfaceconflictatsomepoint.Conflict isthestrugglebetweenopposingforces.

Doyouknowwhatthefourmaincategoriesofconflictare?

manvs.man externalmanvs.societymanvs.naturemanvs.self internalå

External

Man vs. ManThe most straightforward type of conflict pits the

protagonist directly against another character with apparently opposing aims.

External

Man Against SocietyIn many stories, the protagonist battles an unjust

element of government or culture.

External

Man vs. NatureThis type of conflict pits a story's main character

or characters against a natural force such as a flood, predatory animal, or disease epidemic.

InternalMan vs. Self

Some literary conflicts take the form of a character struggling to overcome fear,

addiction, emotional damage or other crippling personal issue.

MovieClipshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHXak1aEexI&t=230s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc1ePErv5ss

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5OERqTniro

REVIEW

https://www.schooltube.com/video/5853891486ab4a82a579/Clash%20of%20the%20Gods%20-%20The%20Odyssey%20Pt.%201

https://www.schooltube.com/video/60b192f5d7714c8a9fd0/Clash%20of%20the%20Gods%20-%20The%20Odyssey%20Pt.%202

http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xqgwxw_clash-of-the-gods-odysseus-warriors-revenge_school

http://www.learner.org/courses/worldlit/odyssey/watch/Sirens:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nu0aFTS9oA4&t=230s#t=0.833852

Imagery

https://prezi.com/bezfovdvpwph/the-odyssey-imagery/

Imagery

Alliteration:Therepetitionofthesameorsimilarsoundsatthebeginningofwords:“Bettyboughtsomebutterbutthebutterwasbitter.”

Assonance:Therepetitionorapatternofsimilarsounds,especiallyvowelsounds:“freeasabreeze”“highasakite”“quiteright”“mysterymastery”“Mosessupposeshistoesareroses”

Consonance:Therepetitionofsimilarconsonantsounds(especiallythoseattheendsofwords): “sweetsilentthought”

Imagery

Imagery: figurativeordescriptivelanguage

Metaphor: Afigureofspeechcomparingtwothings,usuallybysayingonethingisanother: “Hewasalioninbattle”

Onomatopoeia: Awordthatisusedtoimitatesounds: “hiss,zing,cock-a-doodle-doo”

Personification: Whennonhumanorabstractthingsaregivenhumancharacteristics:“theskyiscrying”

Simile: Whentwothingsarecomparedusingthewords“like”or“as”:“Whathappenstoadreamdeferred?Doesitdryuplikearaisininthesun?”

Synecdoche: Whenapartisusedtodescribethewhole: “Allhandsondeck!”

TheEpicHeroCycle

� Based on Joseph Campbell’s The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949)

� Monomyth� Archetypes� Hero’s journey

The image part with relationship ID rId3 was not found in the file.

Heroes!

Menelaus Paris Dtomedes Odysseus Nestor Achilles Agamemnon

CompareandContrastHeroes

Takealookattheheroesonthepriorslide.Howdotheircharacteristicscompareto

thatofaGreekhero?

Remembertheheroyouwroteabout,compareandcontrasttheirtraitstothatof

aGreekhero.

TheOdyssey

ReviewBooks1- 11

TheOdyssey

GreekVirtues

GreekVirtuesAllGreekswerechallengedtolivebythevirtuessetbytheirculture.BreakingoneoftheGreekvirtuesmeantangeringthegods.Thevirtuesare:1. Loyalty2. Hospitality3. Respectforthegodsandgoddesses4. Respectforallformsoflife5. Courage

TheOdyssey

Theme

ThemeRespectfortheGods

• Respectforthegodsisshownthroughthenumerousdescriptionsofsacrificesandofferings.Disrespectforthegodsinevitablyleadstodisaster.

Fate• Homerbelievedthatthegodscontrolled

fate.Odysseus’sfateistiedtohis’character’oractions.

Theme1. Cunningoverstrength2. Temptation3. Hospitality4. Loyalty5. Perseverance6. Vengeance7. Appearancevs.Reality

TheOdyssey

BookbyBookReview

Book1– KeyPoints

1. ItisrevealedthatmostGreeksoldiershavemadeitbacktoSparta

2. Odysseus,sonofLaertes,hasnotreturnedhometoIthaca,hisnativeland

3. Hehasbeenmissingfor20yearsandisbeingdetainedonCalypso’sislandfor7ofthoseyears

4. Odysseus’swife,Penelope,waitsfaithfully5. Odysseus’sson,Telemachus,isstressingoutaboutthe

suitorswhohaveinvadedhishouse;theyarenothospitable

Book1– KeyPoints

1. ThejourneybeginsafterOdysseusandhismenplunderTroy• TheyleftTroywithoutshowingrespectforthegodsandthe

godsbecameangry2. Epicpoetrytypicallycallsuponamusetostartthepoem

• Odysseuscallsuponthemuseforinspiration• Thepoembeginsinmediasres(inthemiddle)• OdysseushaslandedinPhaeacia andbeginstotellKing

Alcinious hisstory.3. Odysseusisdeterminedtogethome

• Heweatheredmanybitternightsatsea.Hehasadeepheartandfoughtforonlynoblepurposeofsavinghisownlifeandbringinghismenhome.

Book5– KeyPoints1. AthenaappealstoZeusanddemandsthatitis

timeforOdysseustobefreed2. Zeuscomplies,andsendHermestoalertCalypso

thatthegodshaveorderedOdysseus’srelease3. CalypsoissaddenedtoseeOdysseusgo,but

followsZeus’sorders– after7years,heisfree!

Book5– KeyPoints1. Odysseusisdowntroddenandheartbroken,oftencrying

abouthisfate• Heissearchingforhisownidentityandinnerpeace,but

feelscursedbythegods• HedesperatelywantstoreturnhometoPenelope,but

Calypsodetainshimfor7years.• EventhoughheisdetainedbyCalypsohisheartisloyalto

Penelope

2. CalypsoadvisesOdysseustobuildaraftandsailaway3. Hesailsfor18daysbeforePoseidonsendsstormsthat

capsizehim4. Athenacalmsthewindsandfinally,Odysseuslandsin

thelandofPhaeacians

Book9– KeyPoints1. OdysseusiswelcomedbyKingAlcinous,who

givesabanquetinhishonor(9.1110)2. Alcinous demandstoknowwhoOdysseusis3. Odysseusrecountshistravelsoverthepast20

years• Hereiswheretheflashbackbegins• Books9-12areaflashbackofOdysseus’sjourney

aftertheTrojanWartopresentday4. Odysseus’desiretoreturnhomedrivesallof

theactionintheOdyssey

Book9– LandoftheCicones1. FirststoponOdysseus’journeyhomeaftertheTrojan

War2. CarriedbythewindtotheIsleofIsmarus3. Odysseusandhismencauseamutinyonthelandand

lootthecity4. Theydranktoomuchwine,slaughteredsheep,and

kidnappedthewomen• Odysseus’menfelldrank,ate,andfellasleeponthe

beach.Thenextmorning,theCiconians returnediththeirfiece kinsmenfromthemountains.

5. TheCicones wagedwar6. Sixfromeveryshipwerekilled– atotalof72men

anddrivestherestouttosea.

Book9– TheLotusEaters1. ZeuswasangrywithOdysseusforhisbehavior– Zeus

“stirredthenorthwind”andsentastorm2. Theysailedforninedaysandonthetenthdaylanded

wheretheLotusEatersLive3. Odysseussenthismenouttodiscoverwholivedonthis

land• TheyweregiventheLotusplanttoeat

• TheLotusplant“madeanymanwhosampleditlosehisdesiretoeverjourneyhome”

4. Odysseusforcedhismenbackontotheshipandtiedthemtotheirrowingbenches

5. Odysseusdisplaysepicherocharacteristics• Wisdom- whenhesendsoutasmallcrew,ratherthanhis

entirecrew• Odysseusrealizedthedangerofthelotusflower,heactsdecisively,

orderinghisshipstosailawayimmediately.

Book9– TheCyclops1. Odysseusandhismenlandinthecountryof

theCyclops,“acrudeandlawlesspeople”• “Theylivewithoutacouncilorassembleorany

ruleoflaw”• Thecyclopses areuncivilizedandunintelligent

2. Odysseusandhismenfindahighcavewithmanyflocksofsheepandgoats

3. Thecyclopses liveinisolation,“notlikemanwholivesbyeatingbread”• lawless

Book9– TheCyclops1. Odysseusandhismenlitafireandoffereda

sacrificetothegods,thenhelpedthemselvestotheCyclops’foodandcheese

2. TheCyclopsarrivesinthecave• WelearnthathisnameisPolyphemus,sonof

Poseidon• Heisruthlessandnothospitable

• PolyphemuseatstowofOdysseus’men

3. Polyphemussealstheentrancetothecavewithagiantboulderthatthemencouldnotmove

4. Odysseusdevisesaplantoescape

Book9– TheCyclops1. WhenOdysseusfirstgreetstheCyclops,

Odysseusassertsthathisjourney’swaywardpathhasbeenwilledbythegodZeus• OdysseusthenaskstheCyclopsforhospitality

bothasamatterofcustomandoutofobservanceofcourtesytothegods• Note:ItwascustomaryinAncientGreecetooffer

hospitalitytoanyguest– anystrangerorfriendcouldbedisguisedasagod.

Book9– TheCyclops1. Odysseusshapesagiantclubintoaspearand

heatsitinthefire2. OdysseusoffersPolyphemuswineandgetshim

drunk• OdysseustellsPolyphemusthathisnameis

“Nohbody”• ThisepicherocharactertraitshowsthatOdysseusisa

cleverandcunningman

3. WhenPolyphemusfallsasleep,heandhismenjamthespearintotheCyclops’eye,blindinghim• PolyphemuscallstotheotherCyclopsforhelp,

saying“Nohbody’s donethistome!”

Book9– TheCyclops1. Polyphemusremovestheboulderfromthecave

entrancetolethisflockofsheepout2. Odysseusandhismenrideoutofthecaveonthe

underbelliesoftherams3. Astheysailaway,Odysseusmistakenlyyellsbackat

Polyphemus,“TellthemOdysseusdestroyedyoureye!”• Here,oneofOdysseus’sflawsisrevealed:arrogance

/pride4. Twice,Polyphemushurlsapartofthemountain

towardstheship,nearlycapsizingthemenastheysailaway

5. PolyphemusappealstoPoseidontocurseOdysseus’travels- FORESHADOWING

Book10– CircetheGraceoftheWitch

1. OdysseusandhismensailtoAeolia,whereAeolus(keeperofthewind)lives

2. Odysseusrecountshistravels,andAeolusgiveshimanox-hidbagtiedupwiththewinds• Thiswastoaidtheshipsinsailinghome

3. Odysseus’smencontinuesailingandgetwithinsightofIthaca• Theyuntiethebag,andthewindrushedout,

sweepingtheboatsawayfromtheshoreandbacktoAeolia

4. AeolusdoesnotwelcomeOdysseusthistimeandbanisheshimaway

Book10– CircetheGraceoftheWitch

1. OdysseusandhismensailtoAeolia,whereAeolus(keeperofthewind)lives

2. Odysseusrecountshistravels,andAeolusgiveshimanox-hidbagtiedupwiththewinds• Thiswastoaidtheshipsinsailinghome

3. Odysseus’smencontinuesailingandgetwithinsightofIthaca• Theyuntiethebag,andthewindrushedout,

sweepingtheboatsawayfromtheshoreandbacktoAeolia

4. AeolusdoesnotwelcomeOdysseusthistimeandbanisheshimaway

Book10– CircetheGraceoftheWitch

1. Odysseusandhismensailforsixdays;ontheseventhdaytheylandinTelepylus wheretheLaestrygonians live

2. Theywanderashoretoexplore,onlytofindoutthelandishometoanotherraceofGiants

3. Thegiantsattack,killingmenandsmashingships

4. Onlyoneshipescapes,buttherestofthefleetisdestroyed

Book10– CircetheGraceoftheWitch1. ThemenlandattheislandofAeaea,whereCircelives2. Odysseussplitsthecrewintotwogroups;Odysseusleadsoneand

Eurylochus leadstheother• Eurylochus’groupisinvitedintoCirce’shome

• Sheoffersthemadrinkthaterasestheirmemoryandthenturnsthemintopigs

3. HermesintervenesandgivesOdysseusanherbalremedysohewillnotbevictimtoCirce’scurse• OdysseusisunscathedbyCirce’sdrinkandexplainsthatallhewants

todoisgohome4. AfterhisOdysseusandhiscrewspentoneyearwithCirceonthe

island,CirceturnsthepigsbackintomenandadvisesOdysseustoventuretotheunderworldandmeetTieresias,thedeadsoothsayerwhoknowshisfate

5. OnCirce’sIsland,Elpenor,theyoungestofOdysseus’crew,gotdrunkandfelloffCirce’sroofanddied.• Hisdeathwasnotnoticed

• InGreekcultureonlytraitorandenemieswereleftunburried.• Itwasadisgracenottoreceiveyourlastrites.

Book11– TheLandoftheDead

1. Odysseusmakesasacrificeto“sovereignDeath,”orHades,and“palePersophone,”hisbride,whowaskidnappedandforcedtolivewithhimforsixmonthsofeveryyear.• Persophone’s mother,goddessoftheharvest,

grievesduringthattime,causingwintertofall.

2. Elpenor,oneofOdysseus’men,wholayunburiedonCirce’sIslandvisitsOdysseusfirst• OdysseusweptinpityforElpenor.Thisaction

revealsthatOdysseusiscompassionateandcaring.

Book11– TheLandoftheDead

1. Odysseusseeshisdeadmother,Anticleia,aswellasAgamemnonandAchilles(hiscomradesduringtheTrojanWar)• Anticleia (hismother)diedfromabrokenheart-

longingforOdysseus• Odysseuswasnotawarethatshehaddied,this

wouldhavebeenshocking• Anticleia revealsthePenelopeisstillwaitingfor

Odysseus,but“hernightsanddaysallendinsorrow”

Book11– TheLandoftheDead1. OdysseusmeetsTiresiasintheunderworld2. Tireseias reveals,“Agodwillmakeyourjourney

bitter…”3. TiresiascautionsOdysseusabout”thecattleandrich

flocksofHelios”• IfOdysseusleavesthecattleunharmed,hewillreturnto

Ithaca• IfOdysseusharmsthecows,hiscrewwillbedestroyed

4. Tiresiasadvisesthat“evenifyouyourselfescape,you’llgethomeagainindistressandlate,insomeoneelse’sship,afterlosingeverysingleoneofyourcompanions.”

5. Finally,“Therewillbetroubleinyourhome”andOdysseuswilllikelytakerevengeagainstthem

Book11– TheLandoftheDead

1. Anepichero’sfateisoftenamatterofgreatimportancetothegodsandtothehero’shomeland.In77– 117,Odysseus’fateisthesubjectofaprophecybyTiresias,ablindseerwhonowdwellsamongthedead.Aprophecysuchasthiscanserveasforeshadowinginanepicorotherstory.(11.1129)

Book12

1. CircegreetsOdysseusandhismen,bringingfoodanddrinkandwarnsthemofthestrugglesahead

2. TheSirenswillluremeninwiththeirbeautifulsongs,theneatthemalive• CircewarnsOdysseustoputwaxinhismen’s

ears,andhavethemtiehimtotheshiptoresisttemptation

3. Scyllaisaviciousmonsterwith12feetand6headsand3rowsofteeththateatsmenpassingby

Book12

1. Charybdisisawhirlpoolinthewaterthat“sucksblackwaterdown,andspewsitoutthreetimesaday”

2. Circewarnsthatifthemensurvivethis,theyareNOTtobotherthecattleofHelios,aherdthatbearsnoyoungandneverdies– “theirheadsaredivine”

3. Odysseusandhiscrewencountereachoftheseobstacles• TheyrowpasttheSirensandsailunderthecliffof

ScyllainordertoavoidCharybdis,but6menarecapturedbyScylla

Book121. ThenmendocktheirshipandOdysseus

remindsthemennottokillacoworsheep2. Zeussendsanastywindthatkeepsthemen

quarantinedinsidetheshipforprotection;soontheirresourcesarealldepletedandthemengethungry

3. WhenOdysseusfallsasleep,EurylochusspeakstothecrewandsaystheyshouldeatthecattleandthenbuildatempletoHelios.TheykillthecowswithoutOdysseus’sconsent• Themenfeastfor6daysonthecattle

Book12

1. Zeusretaliatesandthrowsathunderboltattheirship,killingeveryonebutOdysseus• Odysseussailsawayonthebrokenmastandox-

hidebagfromAeolusthatcontainstherestofthewind

• Hedriftsfor9daysandonthe10th daylandsontheislandofCalypso

• CalypsodetainedOdysseusfor7years

TheOdyssey

WhatisPoetryCompletetheworksheet

WhatIsPoetry?

Alliteration: Therepetitionofthesameorsimilarsoundsatthebeginningofwords:

“Bettyboughtsomebutterbutthebutterwasbitter”

Assonance:Therepetitionorapatternofsimilarsounds,especiallyvowelsounds:

“freeasabreeze”“highasakite”“quiteright”“Mosessupposeshistoesareroses”

Consonance:Therepetitionofsimilarconsonantsounds(especiallythoseattheendsofwords):

“Sweetsilentthought”

WhatIsaParody

Imagery:FigurativeordescriptivelanguageMetaphor:Afigureofspeechcomparingtwothings,usuallybysayingonethingisanother:

”Hewasalioninbattle”

Onomatopoeia: Awordthatisusedtoimitatesounds:

Buzz,hiss,cock-a-doodle-doo

Personification:Whennonhumanorabstractthingsaregivenhumancharacteristics:

“Theskyiscrying”

WhatIsaParody

Simile:Whentwothingsarecomparedusingthewords“like”or“as”:

“Whathappenstoadreamdeferred?Doesitdryuplikearaisininthesun?”

Synecdoche:Whenapartisusedtodescribethewhole:

“Allhandsondeck!”

POETRYSLIDESHOWUnit/Poetry/IntroductiontoPoetry1

TheOdyssey

Symbolism

Symbols in The OdysseyFood

² Food has a negative association in The Odyssey

²Hunger and consumption of food represent weakness, lack of discipline, or submission to temptation

² The suitors of Penelope are constantly eating, representing disrespect and gluttony

Symbols in The OdysseyWedding Bed

²Wedding Bed symbolizes the constancy of Penelope and Odysseus’s marriage

² The symbolism is heightened by the trick that Penelope uses to test Odysseus when he returns

² The bed is a metaphor for the unshakable foundation of their love

Symbols in The OdysseyOdysseus’s Bow

² Bow symbolizes the physical superiority and character of Odysseus

² The suitors can't come close to stringing it, illustrating the fact that none of them is capable of leading Ithaca

²Only Odysseus can string the bow, showing that he is the proper mate for Penelope and the only man ready to be king of Ithaca

Symbols in The OdysseyThe Sea

²The sea represents a great man's journey through life with all its victories and heartbreaks

²The sea symbolizes this universal journey that we all undertake, in ways great or small

Symbols in The OdysseyIthaca

² Ithaca symbolizes home for Odysseus

² Ithaca symbolizes the end of the journey, the goal of the mythic trek

²Nevertheless, it is not gained without a fight

Symbols in The OdysseyThe Shroud of Laertes

²The shroud is weaved by Penelope

² It symbolizes her cunning as she confronts the suitors

²She lacks the power to fight them with physical strength so she wards them off with her wits

TheOdyssey

TheParody

Howoriginaltextsareusedforinspiration

WhatIsaParody• A parodyisanimitationofaparticularwriterorgenre,which

mimicsasubjectdirectlytoproduceacomicaleffect.(Spoof)– Thehumorouseffectisachievedbyimitatingandoverstressing

noticeablefeaturesinafamouspieceofliterature.– Mostofthehumorinrecentparodiesoffilmgenresisbasedonour

familiaritywithformulaplots,conventions,andcharacters.

• Aparody “mocks”anindividualspieceofwork.• Aparody appealstothereaderssenseofhumor.• FilmslikeScaryMovie,NotAnotherteenMovie,andTeamAmerica:

Wolrd Police,firstbuildonourhabitualexpectationsoftheirgenreandthenviolate/mockthem.

http://literarydevices.net/parody/

TheOdyssey

TheParody

http://dailypicksandflicks.com/2012/10/14/snl-odysseus-and-the-sirens-video/

https://vimeo.com/53622238

TheOdysseyTP-CAST

ExaminingPoetryhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5VoZX58vHI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Who8M_1iw7c

Types of Questions

Factual:Simple,straightforwardanswersbasedonfactswithinthetext.Theseanswersarefrequentlyeitherrightorwrong.

Example:WhoistheprotagonistintheOdyssey?

Interpretive:Hasmorethanoneanswerthatcanbereasonablysupportedwithevidencefromthetext.Theseareopen-endedquestionsthatrequireyoutoformulateopinionsinresponsetoideaspresentedinthemedium.Theopinionsmustbesupportwithdirecttextualevidence.

Example:HowdoesOdysseusshowtheheroicqualityofloyaltyinlines823-825?

Evaluative:Evaluativethinkingquestionsarethosewhichdealwithmattersofjudgment,value,andchoice.Theyarecharacterizedbytheirjudgmentalordefensivequalities.Theyareopinionsthatarebasedonthecontextofthetext.

Example:WasOdysseus’sdecisiontowithholdinformationfromhismenrightorwrong?

TheOdyssey

FigurativeLanguage

FigurativeLanguage

• Adeviation fromwhatspeakersofalanguageunderstandasordinaryinordertoachievesomespecialmeaningoreffect.– Writinggoesbeyondtheactualmeaning

• Thetwomostcommonfigurativedevicesaresimile – acomparison betweentwodistinctlydifferentthingsusing“like”or“as,”andthemetaphor – afigureofspeechinwhichtwounlikeobjectsareimplicitlycomparedwithouttheuseof

Examples:ofFigurativeLanguage

• Simile– Theboyisascunningasafox.

• (theboyisbeingcomparedtotheslynessofafox– theboyissly)

– Thebookwaslightasafeather.• (thebookisbeingcomparedtotheweightofafeather– meaningitislight)

• Metaphor– Mybrotherwasboilingmad.

• (thisimplieshewastoangry.)

– Theassignmentwasabreeze.• (Thisimpliestheassignmentwastooeasy.)

EpicSimile• Aformalandsustained simile.Likearegularsimile,anepicsimilemakesacomparisonbetweenoneobjectandanother using“like”or“as.”

• However,unlikearegularsimile,whichoftenappearsinasinglesentence,theepicsimileappearsinthegenreoftheepicanditmaybedevelopedatgreatlength,oftenuptofiftyorahundredlines.

• ExamplesincludeHomer’scomparisonbetweenOdysseusclingingtotherocksandanoctopuswithpebblesstuckinitstentacles.

EpicSimiles FoundintheOdyssey

• “Idrovemyweightonitfromaboveandboredithome likeashipwrightboreshisbeamwithashipwright’sdrillthatmenbelow,whippingthestrapbackandforth,whirlandthedrillkeepstwisting,neverstopping– Soweseizedourstakewithitfierytipandboreditroundandroundinthegiant’seye”– DescriptiveaccountofhowhedefeatstheCyclops

EpicSimiles FoundintheOdyssey

• “itscracklingrootsblazedandhissed– asablacksmithplungesaglowingasoradzeinanice-coldbathandthemetalscreechessteamanditstemperhardens– that’stheiron’sstrength– sotheeyeofCyclopssizzledroundthatstake.”– OdysseuscomparesthesizzlingsoundoftheCyclops’eyetothatofstickingafire-hotmetalrodinice-coldwater

Allusion

• Areference inliteraturetoaperson,place,event,oranotherpassageofliterature.

• Theuseofallusionsenableswritersorpoetstosimplifycomplexideasandemotions.

• Authorsassumethatthereaders willrecognizetheoriginalsourcesandrelate theirmeaningtothenewcontext.

Personification

• Togiveaninanimateobjecthumanqualitiesorcharacteristics.– Examplesofpersonification

• “Heldbacktolong,thetearsrandownhischeeksasheembracedhisson”(1024).

• “Herewherethefire’shotbreathcame”(1027).• “ItisashroudIweaveforLordLaerteswhencoldDeathcomestolayhimonhisbier”(1033).

• “wesawacavernyawningabovethewater”(986)• “WhentheyoungDawnwithfingertipsofroselituptheworld”(990).

Hyperbole

• Exaggerated statementNOTmeanttobetakenliterally.– Examplesofhyperbole

• “Anitwaslikeamastalugger oftwentyoars,broadinthebeam– adeepsea-going-craft– mightcarry:solong,sobigaround,itseemed”(990).

Prologue

• Separateintroductory sectionofaliterarywork.

Epilogue

• Sectionattheendofaliteraryworkthatservestocommentonorconcludewhathashappened.

TheOdyssey

BookbyBookReview

Book161. TelemachusarrivesatEumaeus’s hutandtellshimto

keephishomecomingasecret2. Odysseusseeshisgrownsonforthefirsttimein20

years3. AthenatellsOdysseustospeaktoTelemachusand

makehimselfknownandtonotconcealthefactssotheycan“planthesuitors’lethalfate”• AthenatransformsOdysseustohisyouthfulself

4. Atfirst,TelemachusthinksOdysseusisagod,butOdysseustellsthetruth• Theyhaveatearfulreunion

Book161. TelemachustellsOdysseusthatover100suitorshavemovedinto

theirhouse2. Telemachusfearsthat“revengemaybringabitterfate”but

OdysseusassureshimthatAthenaandZeuswillbeontheirsidegoingforward

3. Odysseuscomesupwithaplan• Hewillappearasabeggarandmingleamongthesuitors• Telemachuswillkeepquiet• Odysseuswilldivertthesuitors’attentionandTelemachus

willstealalltheweapons,leavingbehindonly2swordsandshieldsforeachofthem

4. Meanwhile,thesuitorscontinuewiththeirplantokillTelemachus.

Book161. EpicSimile:

• SometimescalledaHomericSimile,isanelaboratecomparisonthatmayextendformanylines.

• Useslike/as/sotomakecomparisonsbetweentwoseeminglyunlikeideasorobjects.

2. TheOdyssey hasa“timemachine”quality;readingTheOdysseyislikelookingthroughawindowtoaworldthatisverydifferentfromours.Despitethis,TheOdyssey istimeless.• Asaquestnarrative– itconveysauniversallessonaboutdetermination

andovercomingobstacles.

3. Rereadlines26-30oHowdotheselinesindicateanepicsetting?• Epicsrequiretheherototravelavastdistance

4. Rereadlines19-23.Identifytheepicsimile.

Book161. Whatsupernaturaleventisdescribedinlines61-67?

– AthenahascharmedOdysseusappearancesoheappearsyoungagain.

2. Rereadlines61-90.Whatcentralconflictisbeginningtofindresolutioninthisscene?Whatelementsindicatetheimportanceofthismoment?– Internalconflict– Telemachusdoesn’tbelieveOdysseusishis

fatherbecauseheappearsimmortalandgodlikebecauseofAthena’scharm.

3. Identifytheepicsimileinlines100-107.– ThecriesofTelemachusandOdysseusisbeingcomparedto

thatofahawkafterafarmerhasdestroyedhernestofbabybirds.

4. WhyisTelemachusinitiallydoubtfulofOdysseus’words?– Telemachusisinitiallydoubtfulbecauseofthechangein

Odysseus’appearance.Telemachusassumeshemustbeagod.

Book171. Telemachuswillgohometoseehismother,Penelope2. PenelopeasksTelemachustosharewhathelearnedabout

Odysseusonhisjourney• Telemachusadmitshelearnednothing,butconcealsthatfactthatOdysseushasreturned

3. Eumaeus takesOdysseustothecity• Odysseusisindisguiseasabeggar• AsuitornamedMelanthius shoutsinsultsatOdysseus,callinghima“disgustingpig”

• Antinous callsOdysseusan“insolentandshamelessbeggar”

Book171. AfterAntinous refusestogiveOdysseusbread,

Odysseusinsultshim,saying,“Itseemsasifthatmindofyoursdoesn’tmatchyourlooks”• Thereisplentyoffood,butAntinous isgreedy• Antinous isOdysseus’sfoilcharacter

2. Antinous angrilyreplies,“Inolongerthinkyou’llleavethishallunharmed”andthrowsastoolathim• Thisactofviolencewouldhaveangeredthegods

3. PenelopewantstospeaktothebeggartoseeifheknowsanythingaboutOdysseus

Book171. Rereadlines28-41.Eumaeus stilldoesnotknow

thatheisspeakingtoOdysseusindisguise.– Thisisknownasdramaticirony– whenthereaderknows

morethanacharacterknows.– Whateventdoesthisspeechcauseyoutoanticipate?

• WhenOdysseusentershisownhomeheismocked,abused,anddisrespectedbyhisownservants.

Book211. Penelopeissuesachallenge:

whoeveramongthesuitorsthatcanstringOdysseus’sbowandshootanarrowthrough12axehandleswillbehernewhusband• Anotherstalltactic• ThisisataskthatonlyOdysseuscanaccomplish

2. Thesuitorseachtryandfail3. Odysseusstepsupand

effortlesslyshootsthearrow

Book221. Odysseusripsoffhisraggedclothingandcollectsaquiver

fullofarrows2. HisfirsttargetisAntinous,whoissippingfromoneof

Odysseus’sgoblets;Odysseusshootshiminthethroat3. Thesuitors,atfirst,donotbelievethiswasintentional;then

Odysseusrevealswhoheisandwillkillthemall• Odysseus:“Therewillbekillingtillthescoreispaid.Youforcedyourselfuponthishouse.Fightyourwayout.”

4. Eurymachus triestoreasonwithOdysseus,sayingitwasallAntinous’s fault,butOdysseuswillnotspareasingleman

5. Eurymachus drawshisswordtofight,butOdysseusshotanarrowstraightintohischest

6. Odysseusthenfiresarrows,killingeachman

DepictionoftheSlaughter

Book221. Melanthius,onesuitor,realizedtheweaponswere

hiddeninthestoreroomandwenttoretrievesomefortheremainingsuitors• TelemachusandEumaeus tiehimup,cutoffhisnoseandears,andthenfeedhimtothedogs

2. Odysseusthensummonsthe12women“who’vepouredinsultsonmyhead,onmymother,andwerealwayssleepingwiththesuitors”• Hemadethewomencarrythedeadbodiesouttotheyard

• Thenallofthewomenwerehanged

Book231. Odysseus,nolongerindisguise,reuniteswithhiswife,

Penelope2. Sheisindisbeliefthathehasreturnedandkilledthe

suitors3. Sheissuesonelasttest:PenelopetellsEurycleia tosetup

herbedoutsideherbedroomsothatOdysseusmaygetsomerest• Yearsago,Odysseuscarvedthebedpostoutofthetrunkofanolivetree;itisimmoveable,andonlyOdysseusknowsthis

4. Odysseusdescribesthisbed(orsymboloftheirstrongmarriage)andPeneloperealizedthatherhusbandhasfinallyreturned

Characters in The Odyssey

Odysseus² The protagonist of the

Odyssey²Odysseus fought among

the other Greek heroes at Troy

²Now struggles to return to his kingdom in Ithaca to Penelope and Telemachus

² Is brave and heroic but gives in to temptation

Penelope²Wife of Odysseus and

mother of Telemachus²Penelope spends her days

in the palace pining for the husband who left for Troy twenty years earlier and never returned

²Clever and steadfastly true to her husband

Telemachus²Odysseus’s son²An infant when Odysseus

left for Troy, Telemachus is about twenty at the beginning of the story

²An obstacle to the suitors desperately courting his mother

² Despite his courage and good heart, he initially lacks the poise and confidence to oppose them

Athena²Daughter of Zeus and

goddess of wisdom²Athena assists Odysseus

and Telemachus with divine powers

²She often appears in disguise as Mentor, an old friend of Odysseus

Poseidon²God of the sea and

Odysseus’s divine antagonist

²Despises Odysseus for blinding his son, the Cyclops

Calypso²Beautiful nymph who

falls in love with Odysseus when he lands on her island

²Holds him prisoner there for seven years until Hermes, the messenger god, persuades her to let him go

Polyphemus²One-eyed giant ²Poseidon’s son² imprisons Odysseus and

his crew and tries to eat them

²Odysseus blinds him through a clever ruse and manages to escape

Circe²The beautiful witch-

goddess who transforms Odysseus’s crew into swine

²With Hermes’ help, Odysseus resists Circe’s powers and then becomes her lover, living in luxury at her side for a year

Tiresias²A blind prophet who

inhabits the underworld²Meets Odysseus and

shows him how to get back to Ithaca

Sirens²Beautiful winged female

creatures who lure sailors with enchanting music

²Odysseus plugs his men’s ears with wax so they can’t hear

²He ties himself up so he is not tempted

Charybdis²A creature Odysseus

must conquer²Appears as a devouring

whirlpool

Scylla²A creature Odysseus

must conquer²Has six elongated necks

used to snatch men

TheOdyssey

CharacterizationReview

Directvs.Indirect

• Thewritermakesdirectstatementsaboutacharacter’spersonalityandtellswhatthecharacterislike.

DirectCharacterization

• Thewriterrevealsinformationaboutacharacterandhispersonalitythroughthatcharacter’sthoughts,words,andactions,alongwithhowothercharactersrespondtothatcharacter,includingwhattheythinkandsayabouthimorher.

IndirectCharacterization

IndirectCharacterization

•Speech:Whatdoesthecharactersayandhowdoeshe/shespeak?

•Thoughts:Whatisshownaboutthecharacterthroughhis/herprivatethoughtsandfeelings?

•Effect:Whateffectdoesthecharacterhaveonotherpeople?Howdotheyfeelorreacttohim/her?

•Actions:Whatdoesthecharacterdo?Howdoesthecharacteractindifferentsituations?

• Looks:Whatdoesthecharacter’sappearancesayabouthis/herpersonality?

STEALtoremember!

TheOdyssey

TheArgumentativeEssay

TheArgumentativeEssay

• Youressayshouldinclude5paragraphs– Introduction– Paragraph#1SupportingEvidence– Paragraph#2SupportingEvidence– Paragraph#3SupportingEvidence– Conclusion

TheArgumentativeEssay

• Developanintroductionparagraphwithathesisstatement.– Beginwithanattentiongetter.– Thenstateyourpurposeandgiveatleastthreesupportingideas.

– Stateyourthesisstatementattheendoftheparagraph.

TheArgumentativeEssay• Paragraph#1shouldbethefirstideainyourintroductoryparagraph.– Purpose- toproveyourargument

• TopicSentence– Whatoneideacanyougivethereaderthatwillhelpthembetter

understandyouropinion?• ExplainTopicSentence• Introduceandstateyourevidence

– Whatsupportingevidencecanyouincludetoproveyourtopicsentence» Usecitationifpossible.

• Concludingsentence– Theconcludingsentencereassertsthetopicsentenceofthisparagraph

andhelpsustobetterunderstandand/orproveyourpaper’soverallopinion.

• RepeatforParagraph2and3

TheArgumentativeEssay

• Conclusion– Thisparagraphrestatesyourpaper’soverallopinionandsupportingevidence.

– Remembertoleaveastronglastimpression!• Makesureyourfinalsentenceisassertiveandmemorable.

LiteraryTermReview

HaveStudentsworkonLiteraryTermWorksheetinClass.

DefineTermsinNotebook/Journal(StudentswillcompleteIdentifyingLiteraryTerms

worksheet– canbedoneingroups/pairs)

LiteraryTermReviewAudience:Theperson(s)readingatext,listeningtoaspeaker,orobservingaperformanceCharacterization:referstothestepbystepprocesswhereinanauthorintroducesandthendescribesacharacter.Thecharactercanbedescribeddirectlybytheauthororindirectlythroughtheactions,thoughts,andspeechofthecharacter.Connotation:aretheassociationspeoplemakewithwordsthatgobeyondbeingtheliteralordictionarydefinition.Manywordshaveconnotationsthatcreateemotionsorfeelingsinthereader.Connotationsrelatenottoaword’sactualmeaning,ordenotations,butrathertotheideasorqualitiesthatareimpliedbythatword.Conventions:Acommonfeaturethathasbecometraditionalorexpectedwithinaspecificgenre(category)ofliteratureorfilm.ItisconventionforanEnglishsonnettohavefourteenlineswithaspecific rhymescheme,abab,cdcd,efef,gg.TheuseofachorusandtheunitiesaredramaticconventionsofGreektragedy,whiletheaside,andthesoliloquyareconventionsinElizabethantragedy.Conventionsareoftenreferredtoapoetic,literary,ordramatic,dependinguponwhethertheconventionappearsinapoem,shortstoryornovel,oraplay.Denotation:Theminimal,strictdefinitionofawordasfoundinadictionary,disregardinganyhistoricaloremotionalconnotation.Dialogue:Thelinesspokenbyacharacterorcharactersinaplay,essay,story,ornovel,especiallyaconversationbetweentwocharacters,oraliteraryworkthattakestheformofsuchadiscussion.Dialogueeitherprovidescharacterizationoradvancestheplot.Inplays,dialogueoftenincludeswithinithintsakintostagedirections.DirectQuotation: areportoftheexactwordsusedinadiscourse.Antecedents: awordorphrasethatisrepresentedbyanotherword(suchasapronoun)Editing:toprepare(somethingwritten)tobepublishedorused,tomakechanges,correctmistakesinsomethingwritten.Epic:Anepicinitsmostspecificsenseisagenreofclassicalpoetry.Itisapoemthatisalongnarrativeaboutaserioussubject,toldinanelevatedstyleoflanguage,focusedontheexploitsofaheroordemi-godwhorepresentstheculturalvaluesofarace,nation,orreligiousgroupinwhichthehero’ssuccessorfailurewilldeterminethefateofthepeopleornation.Usually,theepichasavastsetting,andcoversawidegeographicarea,itcontainssuperhumanfeatsofstrengthormilitaryprowess,andgodsorsupernaturalbeingsfrequentlytakepartintheaction.Thepoembeginswiththeinvocationofamusetoinspirethepoetand,thenarrativestartsinmediasres(inthemiddle),Theepiccontainslongcatalogsofheroesorimportantcharacters,focusingonhighbornkingsandgreatwarriorsratherthanpeasantsandcommoners.

LiteraryTermReviewEpicHero: Themaincharacterinanepicpoem– typicallyonewhoembodiesthevaluesofhisorherculture.Forinstance,OdysseusistheepicherointheOdyssey– inwhichheembodiestheclevernessandfast-thinkingGreekcultureadmired.EpicSimile:Aformalandsustainedsimile.Likearegularsimile,anepicsimilemakesacomparisonbetweenoneobjectandanotherusing“like”or“as.”However,unlikearegularsimile,whichoftenappearsinasinglesentence,theepicsimileappearsinthegenreoftheepicanditmaybedevelopedatgreatlength,oftenuptofiftyorahundredlines.ExamplesincludeHomer’scomparisonbetweenOdysseusclingingtotherocksandanoctopuswithpebblesstuckinitstentaclesoraHomericepicsimile.Epithets:Ashort,poeticnickname– oftenintheformofanadjectiveoradjectivalphrase- attachedtothenormalname.Frequently,thistechniqueallowsapoettoextendalinebyafewsyllablesinapoeticmannerthatcharacterizesanindividualorasettingwithinanepicpoem.TheHomericepithetinclassicalliteratureoftenincludescompoundsoftwowordssuchas“fleet-footedAchilles,”“Cow-eyedHera,”“Grey-eyedAthena,”orthe“wine-darksea.”Inothercases,itappearsasaphrase,suchasOdysseustheman-of-many-wiles.”Thehistoricalepithetisadescriptivephraseattachedtoaruler’sname.ThegenerallydescriptiveepithetwouldappearinOldNorseandGermanicculturestohelpdistinguishindividuals,thusgivingthemcolorfulnames.FigurativeLanguage:adeviationfromwhatspeakersofalanguageunderstandastheordinaryorstandarduseofwordsinordertoachievessomespecialmeaningoreffect.Thetwomostcommonfigurativedevicesaresimile– acomparisonbetweentwodistinctlydifferentthingsusing“like”or“as,”andthemetaphor– afigureofspeechinwhichtwounlikeobjectsareimplicitlycomparedwithouttheuseof“like”or“as.”Thesearebothexamplesoftropes.Anyfigureofspeechthatresultsinachangeofmeaningiscalledatrope.Anyfigureofspeechthatcreatesitseffectinpatternsofwordsorlettersinasentence,ratherthantwistingthemeaningofwords,iscalledascheme.Perhapsthemostcommonschemeisparallelism.Simile:Ananalogyorcomparisonimpliedbyusinganadverbsuchas“like”or“as,”incontrastwithametaphorwhichfigurativelymakesthecomparisonbystatingoutrightthatonethingisanotherthing.

LiteraryTermReviewAllusion:Acasualreferenceinliteraturetoaperson,place,event,oranotherpassageofliterature,oftenwithoutexplicitidentification.Allusionscanoriginateinmythology,biblicalreferences,historicalevents,legends,geography,orearlierliteraryworks.Authorscanoftenuseallusiontoestablishatone,createanimpliedassociation,contrasttwoobjectsorpeople,makeanunusualjuxtapositionorreferences,orbringthereaderintoaworldofexperienceoutsidethelimitationsofthestoryitself.Authorsassumethatthereaderswillrecognizetheoriginalsourcesandrelatetheirmeaningtothenewcontext.Thehistoricalallusionassumesacertainlevelofeducationorawarenessintheaudience.Alliteration: Repeatingaconsonantsoundincloseproximitytoothers,orbeginningseveralwordswithehsamevowelsound.Mostfrequently,thealliterationinvolvesthesoundsatthebeginningofwordsincloseproximitytoeachother.Alliterationisanexampleofarhetoricalscheme.Alliterationcanoccuratthebeginningormiddleorendofthewords.Example:“Ileanandloafatmyeaseobservingaspearofsummergrass,”byWaltWhitman.Assonance:Repeatingidenticalorsimilarvowel(especiallyinstressedsyllables)innearbyword.Assonanceinfinalvowelsoflinescanoftenleadtohalf-rhyme.Consonance:aspecialtypeofalliterationinwhichtherepeatedpatterofconsonantsismarkedbychangesintheinterveningvowels–i.e.,thefinalconsonantsofthestressedsyllablesmatcheachotherbutthevowelsdiffer.Examples:linger,longer,andlanguor,orrider,reader,raider,andruder.Donotconfuseconsonancewithconsonant.Consonant:Aspeechsoundthatisnotavowel.Flashback: Amethodofnarrationinwhichpresentactionistemporarilyinterruptedsothatthereadercanwitnesspastevents–usuallyintheformofacharacter’smemories,dreams,narration,orevenauthorialcommentary.Flashbackallowstheauthortofillinthereaderaboutaplaceoracharacter,oritcanbeusedtodelayimportantdetailsuntiljustbeforeadramaticmoment.Imagery:Acommontermofvariablemeaning,imageryincludesthe“mentalpictures”thatreadersexperiencewithapassageofliterature.Itsignifiesallthesensoryperceptionsreferredtoinapoem,whetherbyliteraldescription,allusion,simile,ormetaphor.Imageryisnotlimitedtovisualimagery;italsoincludesauditory(sound),tactile(touch),thermal(heatandcold),olfactory(smell),gustatory(taste),andkinestheticsensation(movement)

LiteraryTermReviewNarration:Narrationistheactoftellingasequenceofevents,ofteninchronologicalorder.Thetermalsoreferstoanystory,whetherinprose(ordinarylanguagepeopleuseinspeakingorwriting),orverse,involvingevents,characters,andwhatthecharacterssayanddo.Anarrativeislikewisethestoryoraccountitself.Somenarrationsarereportorialandhistorical,suchasbiographies,autobiographies,newsstories,andhistoricalaccounts.Plot: Thestructureandrelationshipofactionsandeventsinaworkoffiction.Inorderforaplottobegin,somesortofcatalystisnecessary.Whilethetemporalorderofeventsintheworkconstitutesthe“story,”wearespeakingofplotratherthanstoryassoonaswelookathowtheseeventsrelatetooneanotherandhowtheyarerenderedianorganizedsoastoachievetheirparticulareffects.OmniscientPointofView:Thestoryistoldformanall-seeingGod-like,omnipotentviewpoint.Youwouldusethirdpersonpronounsinthewriting,butyoucanchoosetodipintotheheadofanyofthecharactersandrevealthingsthathaveoccurredinthepastorwillhappeninthefuture.Onomatopoeia:Theuseofsoundsthataresimilartothenoisetheyrepresentforarhetoricalorartisticeffect.Forinstance,buzz,click,rattle,andgruntmakesoundsakintothenoisetheyrepresent.Revision:AchangeorsetofchangesthatcorrectsorimprovessomethingSetting: Thegenerallocale,historicaltime,andsocialcircumstancesinwhichtheactionofafictionalordramaticworkoccurs;thesettingofanepisodeorscenewithinaworkistheparticularphysicallocationinwhichittakesplace.Settingcanbeacentralorperipheralfactorsinthemeaningofawork.Thesettingisusuallyestablishedthroughdescription– butsometimesnarrationordialoguealsorevealsthelocationandtime.Thesis:Inanessay,athesisstatementisanargument,eitherovertorimplicit,thatawriterdevelopsandsupports.Inclassicalmetricalanalysis,Greeksreferredtothestressedsyllableinametricalfootasathesis,andtheunstressedsyllableinametricalfootasanarsis.Tone:Themeansofcreatingarelationshiporconveyinganattitudeormood.Bylookingcarefullyatthechoicesanauthormakes(incharacters,incidents,setting;inthework’sstylisticchoicesanddiction,etc),carefulreadersoftencanisolatethetoneofaworkandsometimesinferfromittheunderlyingattitudesthatcontrolandcolorthestoryorpoemasawhole.Thetonemightbeformalorinformal,playful,ironic,optimistic,pessimistic,orsensual.NotethatinPoetry,toneisoftencalledvoice.

LiteraryTermReviewDramaticIrony:“Ciceroreferredtoironyas“sayingonethingandmeaninganother.”Ironycomesinmanyforms.Verbalirony(alsocalledsarcasm)isatropeinwhichaspeakermakesastatementinwhichitsactualmeaningdifferssharplyfromthemeaningthatthewordsostensiblyexpress.Oftenthissortofironyisplainlysarcasticintheeyesofthereader,butthecharacterslisteninginthestorymaynotrealizethespeaker’ssarcasmasquicklyasthereadersdo.DramaticIronyinvolvesasituationinanarrativeinwhichthereaderknowssomethingaboutpresentorfuturecircumstancesthatthecharacterdoesnotknow.Inthatsituation,thecharacteractsinawaywerecognizetobegrosslyinappropriatetotheactualcircumstances,orthecharacterexpectstheoppositeofwhatthereaderknowsthatfateholdsinstore,orthecharacteranticipatesaparticularoutcomethatunfoldsitselfinanunintentionalway.ThemostfamousdramaticironyisOedipusRex.Hyperbole:AdeliberateexaggerationoroverstatementPersonification:Givinghumancharacteristicstonon-humanthings

http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_I.html#irony_anchorhttp://www2.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/general/glossary.htmhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/revisionhttp://www.the-writers-craft.com/omniscient-point-of-view.html