Afiqah Nuraini (A143857)Yazmalina Yaacob (A143844)Hayani Amanina (A143822)

Structure in Context(Sentence Structure)

Finite VS Non-finite VerbsA finite verb(main verbs) is a verb that has a

subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present). They can be indicative of passive or active voice.

Example: - You promised me the last ticket.- On that dark day, the spirits rose from their

graves to feast upon the living.- I am excited about going to the amusement

park.

A non-finite verb has no subject or tense. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.

Example:- I travelled to Germany to improve my

German. Non-finite verbs that use ‘to’ before them are called Infinitives.

- Leaving home can be very traumatic. These kind of non-finite verbs are called Gerunds.

- The sleeping dog caused a delay. The nonfinite verbs that have ‘-ing’ or ‘-ed’ as suffixes and cause the verb to come an adjective are called Participles.

Time for some exercises!!!

1. Faj runs to class everyday.2. Crystal was watching TV when the

phone rang. 3. We found him smoking in the

class.

4. Aika gave Nurfa a pregnancy book.

FINITE

INFINITE

INFINITE

FINITE

DETERMINE WHETHER THE SENTENCE IS FINITE OR NON-FINITE.

Find out the finite and non-finite verbs in the sentences given below.

1. He gave me a chair to sit.

2. Reading is my passion.

3. Barking dogs seldom bite.

4. Izzat saw her running.

FINITE

FINITE

INFINITE

INFINITE

INFINITE

INFINITE

FINITE

Clause • Definition : a group of related

words containing a subject and a verb or a subject and a predicate

• Basic kind of sentence consist of single clause

• More complicated sentences may contain multiple clauses

Clause = finite verb+subject

Phrase = finite verb/subject

Independent Clause• can stand alone as a complete

simple sentence

• Example; After the class, he went for a group

assignment

Dependent Clause• must be connected to or part of

another clause.

• subordinate to a main clause• Example;After the class, he went for a group

assignment

• To connect independent clause and dependent clause, use conjunctions.

• There are two types of conjunction;i. Subordinating Conjunctionsii.Coordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating Conjunctions• Conjunctions that introduce

dependent clause.• Being placed before independent

clause to make it become dependent

• Example: “Doris bought a cake”“After Doris bought a cake…”

Common subordinating conjunctions;

Types of subordinating conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunctions• Connects two independents

clauses.• It is simple conjuctions.• Example; for, and, nor, but, or, yet,

so(FANBOYS)

Types of sentencesSimple sentencesCompound sentencesComplex sentencesCompound-complex sentences

Simple sentences

Also called as INDEPENDENT CLAUSE that contains subject and verb which expresses complete thought.

•Joanna is sleeping on the bed-One subject and one verb.

•Nabila and Alia are taking pictures.-Compound subject and one verb.

• Yazmalina is sitting while eating in the room.

- One subject and compound verb.

• Anis and Nadirah are looking and giggling at the boys.

- Compound subject and compound verb

Compound sentencesConsist of two independent clauses joined

by a coordinator.Coordinators of compound sentences ;

for, and , nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)

Yani is sleeping , and Anis is watching a movie.

Yani is sleeping, so Anis went for a movie.Yani is sleeping, for Anis went for a

movie.

Complex sentences• Independent clause + 1 or more

dependent clauses.

• Always use:i. Subordinator; because, since, after,

although, whenii.Relative pronoun; that, who, which

• The sentence can be started either with independent clause or dependent clause.

• Independent clause + dependent clause

- She can swim but he cannot.

• Dependent clause + independent clause

- After the class, he went for a group assignment.

Compound-Complex sentences• Two Independent clauses + one or more Dependent

clauses.

Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with.

1.independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately"

2.independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with"

3.dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "

Time for some exercises!!!

1. The dangers of smoking are well known yet many people continue to smoke anyway.

2. This new brand of college athlete is involved in the sport of auto racing.

3.  It's important to put your goals in writing, but you must also be committed to achieving them.

SIMPLE

COMPOUND

COMPOUND

4. Although the sport is new, it has already attracted six collegiate teams in the Southeast.

5. The students work on special cars designed for their sport.

6. Change your negative inner dialogue whenever you realize you are being too hard on yourself.

COMPLEX

SIMPLE

COMPLEX

Determine the independent clause in each sentence.

1. Although we know the benefits of exercise, most of us don't know that a brisk after-dinner stroll can help with digestion.

a)Although we know the benefits of exercise

b)most of us don't know that a brisk after-dinner stroll can help with digestion

2. Whereas learning about nutrition is not difficult, having the discipline to make wise food choices is often a problem.

a) Whereas learning about nutrition is not difficult

b) having the discipline to make wise food choices is often a problem

3. Cultivate a positive attitude, because it enables you to enjoy life more.

a)Cultivate a positive attitudeb)because it enables you to enjoy life

more

4. Unless you are willing to let others control your time, you must learn to politely say no to other people's requests.

a)Unless you are willing to let others control your time

b)you must learn to politely say no to other people's requests