Post on 30-May-2018
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Steps in Research
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Objectives
The participants will be able to:
Enlist the steps in research. Write the research article/dissertation by
following these steps in research
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Background
esearch is essential and formal part of all
postgraduate studies. It is also required forpromotion of medical personnel. It is very
difficult for most of the postgraduate
trainees to conduct research. Steps in
Research have been illustrated here in asimplified form for better understanding.
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Steps in Research
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Selection of Topic
Selection in accordance
with;
1. Interest
2. Relevance3. Avoidance of Duplication
4. Feasibility
5. Political Acceptability
6. Applicability
7. Cost effectiveness
8. Ethical Consideration
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Research Question
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Formulation of Objective
1. Introductory Statement
ending with TO and a
Colon (;).
2. Objective must start
with a verb.
3. Must be SMART.
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Work Plan and Budgeting
Gantt Chart for
Work Plan
Budgeting for
1. Literature Search
2. Statistical Help
3. Material
4. Typing of manuscript
5. Printing
6. Postage
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Literature Searchhy?
To identify research topic
To view the previous work
To help designing the study
To keep update with newdevelopment
To formulate a hypothesis
To use it for discussion at the
end
ources:
Journals
Books
Conference, Congress
and Meeting
proceedings
Research Projects
Researchers and
ResearchOr anizations
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Place of Study
Community based.Hospital based
Duration Of Study
Methods and Materials
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Study Design
1. Descriptive Studies
2. Analytical StudiesCase Control Study
Cohort Study
3. Intervention StudiesExperimental Studies
quasi experimental Studies
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Sampling Technique.
Probability sampling.
-Simple random-Systematic
-Cluster-Stratified
Non probability sampling.
-Convenience
-Purposive
-Quota
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Sample Size
For Hospital basedstudy:
Purposive Sampling
For Community basedstudy:
Calculated by Statisticalformula
n= p (1-q)pq
D t C ll ti
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Data Collection
Steps in Data Collection1. Identification of objectives
2. Listing of target population
3. Identification of time frame
4.Selection of data collection instruments
5. Development of data collection methods
6. Selection of proper sampling design
7. Organization, selection, responsibility
and training of task
8. Pre-coding
9. Pre-testing
Data Collection Procedure1. Experiment
2. Survey
3. Observation
4. Interview
5. Focus group Discussion
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Data Analysis
Data analyzed:
Manually
On Computer
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Results
Presented in the form of:
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Discussion
1. Emphasis on present
findings
2. Comparison with
similar studies.
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References:Why reference?
To avoid plagiarism
Reader can verify
quotation
Reader can cite authors
argument
Styles of
Referencing