2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

#Dialogue2017

STEMMING AFLATOXINS IN GROUNDNUT CHAIN:

EXPERIENCES FROM MALAWI AND ZAMBIA

Limbikani Matumba et al…

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Peanuts are lovely…

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Acute

Microbiological

Phycotoxins

Some phytotoxins

Mycotoxins

Anthropogenic contaminants

Pesticide residues

Food additives

High

Low Kuiper-Goodman,1998

Rating health risks from foods - acute

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Acute

Microbiological

Phycotoxins

Some phytotoxins

Mycotoxins

Anthropogenic contaminants

Pesticide residues

Food additives

High

Low

Chronic

Mycotoxins

Anthropogenic contaminants

Some phytotoxins

Unbalanced diet

Phycotoxins

Food additives

Pesticide residues

Microbiological

Kuiper - Goodman, 1998

pag. 4

Mycotoxins: important food contaminants

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Fusaríum sp.

Aspergillus sp.

Penicillium sp.

Alternaria sp.

Claviceps sp.

• secondary fungal metabolites

• biological function: “weapons” against hosts and competitors

• > 400 mycotoxins are known today

• Cause an array of health effects

pag. 5

Mycotoxins: important food contaminants

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Environment (Temp., humidity/moisture, insect damage…)

Host (almost any kind of food) Fungi

Contamination

pag. 7

Mycotoxins: biosynthesis

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

European Union sub-Saharan Africa

pag. 8

Control possible?

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Poor handling practices

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

pag. 10

Do we have the luxury to throw away?

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Technological challenges

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

The need for Forex

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Export - OK

EU legislation

Consumed locally

Matumba et al 2015. Food Control,51, 236-239.

Import- OK

ag. 15

The aflatoxin contamination picture

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

High

Low

pag. 16

Contributing to stunting?

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

#Dialogue2017

Stemming Aflatoxin pre- and post-harvest

waste in the groundnut value chain (GnVC)

in Malawi and Zambia

to improve food and nutrition security in

the smallholder farming families.

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Our intervention

1) To assess, validate and further develop promising pre and post harvest technologies

2) Document and disseminate successfully tested practices

3) To advocate for conducive national and regional policies and regulatory frameworks for stemming Aflatoxin

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Research Foci

Evaluation of the effect of residue incorporation on pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination

Evaluation of effect of number of rows per ridge on aflatoxin contamination

Evaluation of the effect Mandela cork drying method on aflatoxin contamination

Evaluation of kennel sizing and Hand sorting on partitioning aflatoxin into various shelled groundnut grade sizes

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Double row vs Single row

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Yield

Mean difference =0.8±0.2 (M±E),

P<0.001

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Percentage of well developed pods

Mean difference =7.7±3.3 (M±E),

P=0.028

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Aflatoxin content

Mean difference=2.5±25.7 (M±E),

P=0.922

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Residual Effect?

•By hand

•Not deep

•What's the effect?

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Mould prevalence

Mean difference =19.3±4.4 (M±E),

P<0.001

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Insect damage

Mean difference =19.3±4.4 (M±E),

P<0.001

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Aflatoxin

Mean difference=19.4±18.6 (M±E),

P=0.302

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Mandela cock vs inverted windrow

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Mandela vs Windrow in 2016 and 2017

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

#Dialogue2017

EFFECTIVE HAND SORTING: REDUCING AFLATOXINS

2017 FANRPAN Regional Food and Nutrition Security Policy Dialogue Durban, South Africa 🁢 15-17 August 2017

Conclusion

• Need for more farmer participatory research

• Need for technology validation and strict government regulation if farmers are to benefit.

• Increase public awareness regarding aflatoxin issues.

• Aflatoxin Regulatory framework should be enhanced…