COPYRIGHT ................................................................................................................................................... II DISCLAIMER .................................................................................................................................................. II ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................ VII LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................... IX ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................................ X STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP ....................................................................................................... XII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................... XIII INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1

BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ....................................................................................................................... 1 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND RESEARCH ISSUES ...................................................................................................................... 2 JUSTIFICATION FOR THIS RESEARCH .................................................................................................................................. 3 METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................................................... 4

Delimitation of scope ......................................................................................................................................... 5 DEFINITIONS USED IN THIS RESEARCH ............................................................................................................................... 5 OUTLINE OF THE DISSERTATION ...................................................................................................................................... 7 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................................. 8

BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM .................................................................................................. 9 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................ 9 THE INTERNET ........................................................................................................................................................... 10

Internet sovereignty and internet freedom contrasts...................................................................................... 12 History and evolution of internet governance ................................................................................................. 14

CLOUD COMPUTING ................................................................................................................................................... 16 Evolution of cloud computing .......................................................................................................................... 23 Key advantages of cloud computing ................................................................................................................ 25 Risks and challenges of cloud computing ........................................................................................................ 26

ARCHIVAL STUDY ........................................................................................................................................ 28 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................... 28 ARCHIVAL STUDY ....................................................................................................................................................... 28

Research question ............................................................................................................................................ 28 Study process ................................................................................................................................................... 29 Search strategy ................................................................................................................................................ 30 Additional research and analysis ..................................................................................................................... 36 Data synthesis .................................................................................................................................................. 38

RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................................... 55 Study classification ........................................................................................................................................... 56 Study validity and limitations........................................................................................................................... 63 Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... 63

RESEARCH FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................................. 67 TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE AND ADOPTION .................................................................................................................... 67

Technology acceptance theories and models .................................................................................................. 67 Technology acceptance at an organisational level .......................................................................................... 68 Technology acceptance at an individual level ................................................................................................. 70

Comparing acceptance theories and models ................................................................................................... 77 Proposed adoption model ................................................................................................................................ 80 Preliminary model of constraints ..................................................................................................................... 82

RESEARCH DESIGN....................................................................................................................................... 84 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................... 84 RESEARCH THEORY ..................................................................................................................................................... 84 PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW ....................................................................................................................................... 87

Philosophical worldview for this research: Pragmatism .................................................................................. 95 Other philosophical worldviews ....................................................................................................................... 95

PARADIGMS FOR INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH ......................................................................................................... 98 JUSTIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 87

A two-stage design for this research ............................................................................................................... 88 TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODS ..................................................................................................................................... 88

Mixed methods ................................................................................................................................................ 89 STAGE ONE: EXPLORATORY RESEARCH METHODS (CONVERGENT INTERVIEWS) ........................................... 101

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................ 101 CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 101

Individual factors............................................................................................................................................ 102 Technological factors ..................................................................................................................................... 102 Organisational factors ................................................................................................................................... 103 Environmental factors .................................................................................................................................... 104

DATA COLLECTION.................................................................................................................................................... 105 OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH DESIGN FOR STAGE ONE ....................................................................................................... 105

Justification for use of exploratory research .................................................................................................. 105 Justification for use of qualitative method .................................................................................................... 106

SELECTING CONVERGENT INTERVIEWING FOR EXPLORATORY STAGE OF THIS RESEARCH .......................................................... 106 Convergent interviewing processes ............................................................................................................... 108 Strengths of the convergent interviewing technique ..................................................................................... 109 Reliability of the convergent interview technique ......................................................................................... 110 Validity and reliability of the convergent interviewing research ................................................................... 110

IMPLEMENTING THE CONVERGENT INTERVIEWING TECHNIQUE .......................................................................................... 112 Defining the information required ................................................................................................................. 112 Deciding sample size ...................................................................................................................................... 113 Deciding the sampling method ...................................................................................................................... 113 Conducting the interviews ............................................................................................................................. 114

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE CONVERGENT INTERVIEW DATA ............................................................................. 115 Introduction of convergent interview respondents ....................................................................................... 115 Convergent interview results ......................................................................................................................... 118 TAM-TOE findings from the convergent interviews ...................................................................................... 131

REFINED TAM–TOE EXTENDED CLOUD COMPUTING FRAMEWORK ................................................................................... 136 REFINED MODEL OF CONSTRAINTS ............................................................................................................................... 137 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................................... 138

STAGE TWO: DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPLANATORY RESEARCH METHODS (SURVEY) .......................................... 139 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................ 139 CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 139

Individual factors............................................................................................................................................ 139 Technological factors ..................................................................................................................................... 140 Organisational factors ................................................................................................................................... 141 Environmental factors .................................................................................................................................... 142

OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH DESIGN FOR STAGE TWO ...................................................................................................... 142 Justification for use of descriptive and explanatory research........................................................................ 143 Justification for use of quantitative method .................................................................................................. 143 Ethical considerations .................................................................................................................................... 143

SURVEY DESIGN AND ADMINISTRATION ........................................................................................................................ 143

Step 1. Specifying the information needed .................................................................................................... 144 Step 2. Survey method ................................................................................................................................... 144 Step 3. Survey form for measurement ........................................................................................................... 145 Step 4. Population and sampling strategy ..................................................................................................... 145 Step 5. Survey preparation ............................................................................................................................. 146 Step 6. Survey administration ........................................................................................................................ 147

DATA ANALYSIS STRATEGY ......................................................................................................................................... 147 SURVEY RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 148

Survey respondent details .............................................................................................................................. 148 Individual factors............................................................................................................................................ 149 Technological factors ..................................................................................................................................... 150 Organisational factors ................................................................................................................................... 152 Environmental factors .................................................................................................................................... 155

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE SURVEY DATA .................................................................................................... 156 Findings from cross-tabulations ..................................................................................................................... 157

CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................................................... 158 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ............................................................................................................ 159

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................ 159 GENERAL DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................... 159 FINAL TAM–TOE EXTENDED CLOUD COMPUTING FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................... 159 FINAL MODEL OF CONSTRAINTS................................................................................................................................... 164 CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE THREE RESEARCH ISSUES ........................................................................................................ 165

Research issue 1: Variables from common technology acceptance models.................................................. 166 Research issue 2: Cloud computing specific variables ................................................................................... 166 Research issue 3: How the variables interact with each other ...................................................................... 167

IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY, POLICY AND PRACTICE ......................................................................................................... 167 LIMITATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ............................................................................................... 167 CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY THIS RESEARCH .................................................................................................................... 168 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................................... 169

LIST OF REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 170 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................................. 188

PARTICIPANT INFORMATION SHEET ............................................................................................................................. 189 CONVERGENT INTERVIEWS – CONSENT FORMS.............................................................................................................. 192

Interviewee 1 – Federal Government Department ........................................................................................ 192 Interviewee 2 – Federal Government Statutory Authority............................................................................. 193 Interviewee 3 – Federal Government Department ........................................................................................ 194 Interviewee 4 – Federal Government Department ........................................................................................ 195 Interviewee 5 – Federal Government Agency ................................................................................................ 196

OPEN INTERVIEWS – CONSENT FORMS ........................................................................................................................ 197 Principal Researcher ....................................................................................................................................... 197

mediators

regulation

characteristics

barriers and enablers

adoption outcomes

mediators

regulation

characteristics

barriers and enablers

adoption outcomes

—

—

—

——

mediators

regulation

characteristics

barriers and enablers

adoption outcomes

# Question Yes No Response Average value

1 Full name 1 7 8 1.88

2 Organisation name 1 7 8 1.88

3 Pseudonym 3 4 7 1.57

4 No attribution 4 3 7 1.57

# Answer Bar Response %

1 Federal government 4 57.14

2 State government 3 42.86

3 Local government 0 0.00

Total 7 100.00

APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................................. 188

PARTICIPANT INFORMATION SHEET ................................................................................................................................. 189 CONVERGENT INTERVIEWS – CONSENT FORMS .................................................................................................................. 192

Interviewee 1 – Federal Government Department ........................................................................................ 192 Interviewee 2 – Federal Government Statutory Authority ............................................................................. 193 Interviewee 3 – Federal Government Department ........................................................................................ 194 Interviewee 4 – Federal Government Department ........................................................................................ 195 Interviewee 5 – Federal Government Agency ................................................................................................ 196

OPEN INTERVIEWS – CONSENT FORMS ............................................................................................................................ 197 Principal Researcher ....................................................................................................................................... 197

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