Statistics – OR 155, Section 2

J. S. Marron, Professor

Department of Statisticsand Operations Research

Class Web Sitehttp://www.stat-or.unc.edu/postscript/marron/teaching/stor155-2007/Stor155-07Home.html

(don’t need to write down, it is on handout)

Fundamental to all parts of course(so figure it out immediately)

Class Web Site

Alternate Approach:– Goggle: marron– Choose “access to course material” – Choose “Stor 155”

Fundamental to all parts of course(so figure it out immediately)

Suggested Use Of These Notes

• Save the Power Point to your computer• Make a print before class

– File– Print– Print What: Handouts

• Bring to class and write notes on it• Will try to get these up the night before

HW ideas & Concepts

Two HW “Traps”1. Working together:

• Great, if the relationship is equal• But don’t be the “yes, I get it” person…

2. The HW “Consortium”:• You do HW 1, and I’ll do HW 2…• Easy with electronic HW• Trap: HW is about learning• You don’t learn on your off weeks…

Get up to Speed on EXCEL

HW C1: Class Problem 1(Microsoft Word File)

Recall: only turn in one printed page (per problem part)

(recall instructions on course web page)

Note: you can also write on that sheet(e.g. your name & highlight answer)

Get up to Speed on EXCEL

HW C1: Class Problem 1(Microsoft Word File)

On Part C1.2:Don’t type in data, upload instead(Recall instructions on Class Web Page)

Also: load Excel's "Data Analysis Toolpak”

Next time

Show more “intro to Excel” screen shotsUse menus as on 07-03-01, pgs 29 & 30

Reading In Textbook

Approximate Reading for Today’s Material:

Pages 1-10

Approximate Reading for Next Class:

Pages 14-23

What is Statistics?

Definition 1:Gaining Insight from Numbers

(similar to text’s definition)

Definition 2:The Science of Managing Uncertainty

Key Themes

I. UncertaintyII. Variability

(will get quantitative about these)

Favorite Quote:“I was never good at math, but statistics is

easy, since it is just common sense”

Fundamental Concepts

“Populations” of “Individuals”e.g. each of you in class

Each individual is associated with numbersCalled “variables”

E.g. scores on HW1, HW2, …

Common “Data Structure”I.e. Data organization method:

A “matrix” (mathematical object)

i. e. 2-d Array, i. e. spreadsheet

Where:Individuals Rows

Variables Columns

Common “Data Structure”

HW: 1.2 (answer questions in text), 1.37a

Appears on pages 22-23, 38-39 of text.

{Note: odd answers in back, Sec. S}

2 Important Variable Types1. “Categorical” - puts into set of “slots”

e.g. Male / Femalee.g. Fr, So, Jr, Sr

2. “Quantitative” - an actual numbere.g. HW score, height, age

HW: 1.1(Note: not in order,

please turn in in order assigned)

Exploratory Data AnalysisEDA 1:

Numerical Summaries for Categorical Data

a. Frequencies = Counts

b. Relative Freq. = Counts / Total

(puts on scale of [0,1])

EDA 1HW C2: For the data of 1.37:a. What is the frequency of Males?b. What is the relative freq. of Males?c. Explain in 15 words or less why (b) is

the “better summary”.

{Ask for answer by email on Wednesday}

Exploratory Data AnalysisEDA 2: Visual Displays of Categorical Data

Idea: Picture allows quick understanding of frequencies

a. Pie Charts - not recommendedb. Bar Graphs - heights are frequencies

Class Example 1Text Problem 1.13 (bar graphs, same) (file)

(get data from CD, to avoid retyping)

• Show stretching of fields• Zoom to 200%• Chart Wizard (note it makes guesses)• Add titles, etc.• Twiddle size, location etc.

(recall need to turn in only 1 page)

Bar Graph HW

HW: 1.14 (bars in both original order, and sorted), using Excel

(Recall no need to type in data)

Material Deliberately SkippedPie Charts

• Statistical Graphics Folklore:

“All meaningful information isbetter conveyed with bar chart”

Material Deliberately SkippedStem & Leaf Plots

• Statistical Graphics Folklore:

“A restrictive and arbitrary histogram,only pencil and paper artifact”