Post on 27-Mar-2020
Stationary and Mobile Applications with Fuel Cell TechnologyK. Andreas FriedrichInstitut für Technische ThermodynamikPfaffenwaldring 38-40, Stuttgart
www.DLR.de • Chart 1
INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOLON PEM FUEL CELLS16 – 20 July 2012Nevsehir, Turkey
DLRGerman Aerospace Center
Research InstitutionSpace AgencyProject Management Agency
Research Areas AeronauticsSpaceTransportEnergySpace AgencyProject Management Agency
Locations and employees
7000 employees across 33 research institutes and facilities at
15 sites.
Offices in Brussels, Paris and Washington.
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Stuttgart
Section Electrochemical Energy Technology
Electrochemical Energy Technology:Electrolysis (intermittent Alkaline, Polymer and Solid Oxide Electrolysis)Fuel Cells (PEFC, SOFC, DMFC)Battery technology (Lithium) since 2009
SystemsFundamentals
Content
- Introduction to mobile and stationary applications- Electromobility with hydrogen PEM fuel cells and batteries- Hybridization of power trains- Fuel cell technology for transport- Main system components- Stationary applications of PEM fuel cells- Residental application / demonstration programs- State of art in Japan, Gemany, USA- Backup power application
www.DLR.de • Chart 5 > Europeasn Space-Technology-Transfer-Forum“> July 9-10, 2012
Challenges for the 21st Century
- Environmental pollution and climate change- Alarming increase of energy consumption due
to world population growth- Increase of competition for usage of available
arable land- Geopolitical dependencies will increase- Efficient utilization of fossil and renewable
energies - Competitiveness of national industries- Securement of jobs and creation of new jobs
with innovative products
www.DLR.de • Chart 6 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Global driver for electromobilityand high efficiencies
Growth of Mobility
www.DLR.de • Chart 7
K-E
F/ P
liska
07
/ 98
as Distance Traveled per Day per Capita
Source: Nakicenovic, 1992, IIASA Laxenburg, Austria1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
100 000
10 000
1000
100
10
Meter
All modes
Waterways
Railways
TGVAir
Horses
TwoWheelers
Buses+ Cars
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Energy and Powertrain Alternatives
www.DLR.de • Chart 8
Energy Resources Energy Carriers Propulsion Systems
Hydrogen
Gaseous Fuels
Biomass
Natural Gas
Coal
Nuclear
ERnewables (Solar, Wind, Hydro)
Electricity
Elec
trifi
catio
n
OilLiquid Fuels
Electric Vehicle
Fuel Cell Electric
Gaseous ICE
Electric Vehicle
Bat
tery
Plug-In Hybrid ICE
Conventional ICE: Gasoline /
Diesel
ICE Hybrid
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Automobile Vehicle Concepts- Internal Combustion Engine Gasoline/Diesel
+ High range, high power, expertise, infrastructure- Nitrous oxides, carbon dioxide, efficiency improvements potentials
- Internal Combustion Engine Natural Gas+ Low emissions- Large tanks, inadequate infrastructure
- Hybrid power train+ low emissions, large range- Komplex system, high mass
- Electric power train with batteries+ Locally emission-free - geringe Rechweite, hohes Gewicht, Ladezeit
- Electric power train with fuel cells+ High efficiency, better range, low emissions- Complex technology, infrastructure
www.DLR.de • Chart 9 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Efficiencies
www.DLR.de • Chart 10
Typical car efficiency (Tank to Wheel):- Internal combustion engine: 20 – 25 %
- Fuel cell electrical drive: 40 – 50 %
- Battery electrical drive: 70 – 80 %
fuel heat movement electricity
fuel electricity
OH
H
chemical energy electricityelectricity
Secondary battery
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Historical development of electric cars
Early Years of Electric Cars: 1890 - 1930- First electric vehicle invented in 1828 - Many innovations followed - The interest in electric cars increased greatly in the
late 1890s and early 1900s- First real and practical electric car (with capacity for
passengers) designed by William Morrison- 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle
Company of Chicago
Figure: 1902 Wood's Electric Phaeton(Inventors, http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventions/a/History-Of-Electric-Vehicles.htm, 7.5. 2011).
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 11
Historical development of electric cars
Decline of Electric Cars: 1930 – 1990- The electric car declined in popularity because of the following
reasons:- Better system of roads need for longer-range vehicles- Reduction in price of gasoline gasoline was affordable to
the average consumer - Invention of the electric starter disposed of the need for the
hand crank.- Initiation of mass production of internal combustion engine
vehicles by Henry Ford.
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 12
Electric Automobile Vehicles around 1900
Lohner-Porsche Electric VehicleWith in-wheel drive, 1900
Electric HotelBus
Baker Electric Vehicle, 1912
Columbia, 1901,Electric Vehicle Company
Source: Frankenberg, Geschichte des Automobils
Electric Car NAG(Neue Automobilgesellschaft mbH) 1903Quelle: Ledjeff, Energie für Elektroautos
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 13
Speed record around 1900
Source: Frankenberg, Geschichte des Automobils
Date Driver Car Place Record km/h
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 14
Automotive Roadmaps (GM as example)
www.DLR.de • Chart 15 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Discovery to first practical use …
- ICE: 1680 – 1889 (209 yrs)- Steam Engine: 1690 – 1769 (79 yrs)- Gas Turbine: 1791 – 1942 (150 yrs)- Fuel Cells: 1838 – 1965 (127 yrs)- Photovoltaics: 1839 – 1958 (119 yrs)
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Efficiency Comparison of Automotive Power Trains
www.DLR.de • Chart 17
Based on Well-to-Wheel studies of European and Japanese Sources: Concawe, EUCAR, JRC und JHFC
200
150
100
50
0
CO
2 E
mis
sion
s / g
CO
2eq k
m-1
250200150100500Energy Comsumption Well-to-Wheel / MJ (100 km)-1
GasolineDiesel
Hybrid (gasoline)Hybrid (Diesel)
Fuel Cell Powertrainwith 100% H2 from natural gas
Battery drivewith power from 100% EU grid
Fuel Cell Powertrainfrom 100% renewable H2
Battery Powertrainfrom 100% renewable power
Technology Change
Gasoline Japan (JHFC)
Diesel Japan (JHFC)
Hybride Gasoline Japan
Fuel Cell Japan (nowadaysand future)
Battery Japan (Power Mix)
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
2,4
178
586
13
282
562
60
472
583
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Pow
er D
eman
d in
TW
h
2020 2030 2050
Power Demand and Power Generation in TWh
Energy demand electromobility (TWh)Power generation from renewable energy (TWh)Total power generation in D (TWh)
Potentials of Power Generation from Renewablesand Demand for Electromobility in Germany
www.DLR.de • Chart 18
ca. 1.5 Mio.
ca. 10.5 Mio.
ca. 40 Mio.
Source: “Leitstudien” for BMU regarding the potential of renewable energies
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Electromobility and Renewable Energy
www.DLR.de • Chart 19
5000 m2 for Biodiesel and combustion engine1000 m2 for hydrogen from biomass + fuel cell powertrain
20 m2 for PV power + battery power train
500 m2 for hydrogen from wind energy + fuel cell powertrain (area can be used for agriculture)
Areal demand for renewable fuel for the use of a passenger car with 12 000 km driving performance per year
65 m2 for PV power + fuel cell power train
Source: ZSW
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Configuration of Electrical Cars
www.DLR.de • Chart 20 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Hybridisation Possibilities
Micro Hybrid
Mild Hybrid
Full Hybrid
Plug-In Hybrid
Battery E Vehicle
Motor assistance
+ + + +
Recuperation of breaking energy
+ + + + +
Start-Stop + + + + +
Electrical range
few km Up to 60 km 100 – 200 km
Fuel savings 8% 12– 20 % 25 – 40% 60 – 100% 100%
Examples BMW 1.3 Mini GM Saturn Vue, Honda Civic, Mercedes S-KlasseBMW 7 Serie
Ford Escape,Toyota Prius
DAI Sprinter,VW Twin DriveGM Chevrolet Volt
Mitsubishi i-EV, BMW Mini-El, Peugeot i-On
www.DLR.de • Chart 21 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
www.DLR.de • Chart 22
Automobile with Fuel Cells / System example from GM
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Electromobility with Fuel Cells
www.DLR.de • Chart 23
1839 1990s 20001960s and 1970s today tomorrow
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Maturity of Technology – Daimler World Drive
www.DLR.de • Chart 24
B-Class F-CELL30,000 kilometers around the world14 countries on four continents
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
H2 Infrastructure for Refueling is requirement
www.DLR.de • Chart 25 > Europeasn Space-Technology-Transfer-Forum“> July 9-10, 2012
Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell from GM
www.DLR.de • Chart 26
- Electric traction:- 73 kw 3-Phase asynchronous motor. 94 kw max.- Nominal Torque 320 Nm.
- Fuel Cell System:- Stack: 440 cells, 93 kW.- NiMH battery 35 kW.- Operation life: 2.5 years, 80.000km.- Operation temperature: -25 to +45°C.
- Fuel storage:- 3 CGH2 vessels.- 70 MPa.- 4.2. kg Hydrogen.
- Performance:- Acceleration: 0-100 km/h in 12s.- Top speed 160 km/h.- Operation range 320 km.
- Curb weight: 2010 kg.
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Comparison of Efficiency and CO2-Emission
www.DLR.de • Chart 27
05
1015202530354045
0 50 100 150 200
[ Effi
cien
cy (%
) ]
Hydrogen-driven FC Zafira (HydroGen3) Diesel Zafira (X20DTL Engine)
1. Gear2. Gear
3. Gear
4. Gear5. Gear
Average efficiency (European Drive Cycle): Efficiencies: 36 % / 22 %CO2-Emissions (direct): 0 g/km / 177 g/km Source: Hermann/Winter 2003
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Stack Improvements over the last Decades
www.DLR.de • Chart 28
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015
pow
er d
ensi
ty fu
el c
ell s
tack
[W/l]
Fuel Cell StacksBallard Fuel Cell ModulesBallard Technology-RoadmapHonda Fuel Cell StacksDOE-Monitoring
Mk 4
Mk 900
Mk 7
Mk 513Mk 5NASA Gemini
Mk 902
Ballard target
DOE target
DOE targetMk 1100
Honda
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Recent Announcement by Nissan Motors
Stack improvement to 85 kilowatts into a 34-liter package; 40.8 kg(2.5 kW per liter and 2.08 KW/kg)
www.DLR.de • Chart 29 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
GM Next Generation Fuel Cell system
www.DLR.de • Chart 30 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
System Components
Air circulation system
Anode recirculation system
Hydrogen Storage
Air supply
Anode exhaust
Cathodeexhaust
Interface toradiator forcooling
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
DC A-Class Fuel Cell System (~2002)
Bru2006-Testing-Expo-Fiat-NUVERA.pdfMoh2006-VDI-Berichte-1975-Technical-Status-DaimlerChrysler.pdf
Bal2007-Datenblatt-Ballard-Mark902.pdfStra2005-F-Cell-Ballard-Hy-80.pdf
Power (Stack): 85 kWPower Density (Stack): 1.1 kW/l – 0.9 kW/kgActive Area:Number of Cells:Compressor (Lambda): Screw, =2 from about 10% PmaxHumidifaction: yes - evaporatorH2 Recirculation (Lambda): yesCooling: Ethylene / GlycolSystem pressure: 2 bar (overpressure)Operation Temperature: 80°CBipolar Plate: GraphiteH2 Storage: 350 bar C-H2
Condenser
Humidification
Water tank
Coolant tank
Dry air
Dry H2
• Ballard Hy80 System 220 kg, 220 l, 68 kW
• Stack Mark 902• Rotary Screw Compressor +
Expander• Active humidification
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
DC F600 – Research Car (~2005/2006)
Moh2006-VDI-Berichte-1975-Technical-Status-DaimlerChrysler.pdf
Power: 78kW (personal communication)Power Density: 1.9kW/l – 1.0kW/kg (personal comm.)Active Area: ca. 312 cm²Number Cells: 440 (personal comm.)Compressor: Elect. Turbo Charger (personal comm.) Humidification: „Hollow-fibre“ gas to gas humidificationMotor drive: Direct current motorHybrid Battery: Lithium Ionen BatteryAir System: Electrical Turbo chargerBipolar plate: metallic 0.15mm (gold coating)H2 Storage: 700 bar C-H2 (4 kg H2)
• New Stack• Turbo compressor• Lower cathode
pressure• Gas-to-gas-
Humidification
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
B Class F-Cell Vehicle (Daimler)
• H2 Tank with 700 bar • Variable-speed asynchronous motor
~ 350 Nm• Hybrid configuration with Li ion battery• Electrical turbocharger• New humidifier with membranes• 400 km range• 170 km/h max. velocityt• NEDC: 2.9 l – Diesel-Equiv. / 100 km;
~ 105 MJ/100 km
www.DLR.de • Chart 34 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Source: Daimler
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 35
www.DLR.de • Chart 36
Fuel Cell System XcellsisTMHY-80
Power electronics
Cooling pump
System module
Fuel Cell (80 kW)
Control electronics
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
F-cell Hauptkomponenten
Elektromotor
BZ-Stack
WasserstofftankLi Ionen Batterie
www.DLR.de • Chart 37
Tank-System for compressed Hydrogen gas
- CGH2: compressed gaseous hydrogen,- Pressure 35–70 MPa and room temperature.- Usually 2 or 3 vessels can be placed in a car. In busses up to 8 vessels can
be placed. - Cruising range is between 200km (350 bar) up to 500 km (700 bar).
www.DLR.de • Chart 38
Source: Helmolt/Eberle 2007, 837
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Compression of Air
Carlson – NREL: „Cost analysis for PEMFC“:- Turbo compressor expander (Honeywell)
- maximum rotation speed: 110.000 rpm- Idle speed: 36.000 rpm- Mass: 17.5 kg ( with controller)- Volume: 15 l (with controller, gee2005-Honeywell-TurboCompExp.pdf
Mohrdieck:- A-Klasse F-Cell: Screw compressor (Opcon)
- Rotation speed: 20.000 rpm- Mass:
- F600 HyGenius: Elektrischer Turbolader- Rotation speed : 120.000 rpm- Lower weight: to 1/3 in comparison to
screw compressorr
Problems with turbo chargers:- Stall line complex control syste,- High pressure ration complex dimensioning of blade and rotation speed- Demand of oil free operation
Car2005-NREL-Cost Analysis of PEM Fuel Cell.pdfMoh2006-VDI-Berichte-1975-Technical-Status-DaimlerChrysler.pdf
http://www.hytran.orggee2005-Honeywell-TurboCompExp.pdf
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 39
Humidifier
www.DLR.de • Chart 40
Hon2005-Honeywell-Air-thermal-water-management.pdfCar2005-NREL-Cost Analysis of PEM Fuel Cell.pdf
Moh2006-VDI-Berichte-1975-Technical-Status-DaimlerChrysler.pdfhttp://www.hysys.de/objectives.htm
• PermaPure• „Hollow Fibre Module“ (Daimler) „Enthalpy wheel“
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
H2 Recirculation
Car2005-NREL-Cost Analysis of PEM Fuel Cell.pdfMoh2006-VDI-Berichte-1975-Technical-Status-DaimlerChrysler.pdf
Bru2006-Testing-Expo-Fiat-NUVERA.pdf
Carlson – NREL: „Cost analysis for PEMFC“:- Ejectore (Croll-Reynolds):
RecirculationH2 from storage tank
Anodenabgas
Source:: Croll-Reynolds Web site
H2 Systems Inc. From Nuvera
- Recirculation pumps:
Reciculation need:- Dynamics- Hydrogen utilization
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 41
Cooling System – F- Cell - Daimler
Span2003-Dissertation-Energiesparmaßnahmen-Methanol-BZ-Fahrzeug.pdfCar2005-NREL-Cost Analysis of PEM Fuel Cell.pdf
High temperatureradiator(0.5 m2)
Low temperature radiatorCooling liquid condenser
• Tcoolant : ~80 °C• ~80 kW @ 25 °C• ~50 kW @ 40 °C• Pblower: ~2.5 kW
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 42
Cooling System– DaimlerCrysler – F- Cell
Vehicle at F-Cell Meeting Stuttgart, 2005
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 43
Fuel Cell Busses
www.DLR.de • Chart 44
DaimlerChryslers “Citaro-Bus” based on fuel cell technology.
27 Citaro buses were tested during 2003 to 2005 in 9 European cities.
Stack-Technology from Ballard: Two modules “MK902
Heavy Duty“ with 300 kW. Tank-System
9 CGH2-vessels with 350 bar can store 1845 litre.
operating range 200 to 250 kilometres.
maximum speed approx. 80 kilometres.
Source: Fuel Cell Bus Club 2004
Fuel Cell Bus “Citaro”
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Efficiency Advantage of CHP
www.DLR.de • Chart 45
100 68
24 Units
34 Units
6 Units (Losses)
60
40
36 Units (Losses)
= 85%
= 40%
10 Units (Losses)
Conventional Generation (58% Overall Efficiency)
Combined Heat & Power (85% Overall Efficiency)
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Fuel Cell Power Plant
Natural gasMethanolCoalOilbiogas
Renewable hydrogen
Hydrogen rich gas
Gleichstrom Wechselstrom
WaterHeat use
* heating* cooling
Fuel Reforming
(Gas processor)
Fuel Cell
(Process heat)
ConverterDC AC= ~
H2-rich Exhaust
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 46
Fuel Cell for stationary applications Increasingefficiency
Evaporation
Sulphurremoval
Conversion toH2 and CO2
Shift reactionH2 and CO2
CO selectiveoxidation
PAFCCO < 5%
PEMFCCO < 10 ppm)
MCFCThermally integrated
Reformer
SOFCThermally integrated
Reformer
Fuel cell types
800°Cto
1000°C
650°C
200°C
80°C
500°C to
800°C300°C
to500°CIncreasing
complexity offuel processing
Source: B.C.H. Steele, Nature ‘99
Liquid fuels
Natural gas
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 47
Reformierung STR / CPOx
CH4 2H2O+ CO24H2 + G>0
CH4 0.5O2+ CO2H2 + G<0
CH4 2O2+ CO22H2O + G<0
CPOx = Catalytic Partial Oxidation
STR = Steam Reforming
Com
bina
tion
of
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 48
Efficiencies in Comparison
1 GW100 kW 100 MW10 MW1 MW10 kW1 kW100 W10 W0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70El
ectr
ical
Effi
cien
cy %
Power Plant Power
SOFC / GUD
SOFC (ET)
SOFC
SOFC (HEXIS)
PAFCPEFC (CH4)
MCFCPEFC (H2)
MCFC (ET)
MCFC / GUD
PAFC (ET)
www.DLR.de • Chart 49 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Fuel Cell Technology for Residental Application
- Extension of Cogeneration possibilities below 10 KWel
- „Heating device“ with power generation- New technology with positive associations (low emissions, high
efficiecies)- Modular system with development potential for futher applications and
products
Advantage of fuel cell systems for residental application:- Low emissions- High power to heat ration- High efficiency at part load- Low noise level
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 50
Residental System
Hot waterstorage tank
Fuel cellsystem
Boiler
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 51
Requirements for Fuel Cell Systems in the stationaryapplication
Residential: small power units (1-10 kW)Dynamic response (advantage PEFC fast cold start)Higher power to heat rationTemperature level for heat utilizationLow parasitic energy comsumption (system simplification)durability > 40.000 hLow cost < 1000 €/kWLow level of maintainanceHigh availabilityHigh total efficiencyLow emissions
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 52
Heat to Power Ratio for different Technologies
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012www.DLR.de • Chart 53
Japanese Application and experience
www.DLR.de • Chart 54 54
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
1975
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
照明・家電・他
給湯
冷房
暖房
Ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
(MJl
/ fam
ily/ y
ear)
Ratio @ FY2002
38%
34%
26% 2%
Jukankyo Research Institute Inc.
Lighting, etc. Hot water
Heating
Large amount of energy for hot water
Cooling
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Residential CHP in Japan
www.DLR.de • Chart 55 > Europeasn Space-Technology-Transfer-Forum“> July 9-10, 2012 55
>Rated power: 1kW class
>Recovered heat used as hot water
Fuel (city gas etc.)
Electricity (grid connected)
Recovered heat
Hot water supplyGeneration unit
Hot water storage unit including backup burner
Residential CHPs in Japan
www.DLR.de • Chart 56
Gas Engine PEFC SOFC
EfficiencyE / H (%LHV)
22.5 / 63 37 / 50 45 / 30
Operation Start & stop Start & stop Continuous
Stage Commercial Limited market entry
Field trialMarket entry 2012
PEFC: Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell, SOFC: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Market Development in Japan for Residential Fuel Cell Systems
www.DLR.de • Chart 57
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Uni
ts (d
eliv
ered
) *
field trial / market preparation
subsidized market
* Cummulated from Panasonic and Toshiba numbers
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Residential PEFC Cogeneration System from Tokyo Gas
- Fuel CellSystems fromPanasonic andToshiba
www.DLR.de • Chart 58 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Data from Tokyo Gas (Panasonic Fuel CellSystems)
www.DLR.de • Chart 59 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Data from Tokyo Gas (Panasonic Fuel CellSystems)
www.DLR.de • Chart 60 > Europeasn Space-Technology-Transfer-Forum“> July 9-10, 2012
CHP in Residential Application in Germany
www.DLR.de • Chart 61
Co-generation ratio
Boiler
Power Plant
Share of electrical Energy
Tota
l Effi
cien
cy
Co-generation + Boiler
Co-generation + Power Plant
Boiler + Power Plant
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Field Testing in Germany within the Callux Project
www.DLR.de • Chart 62
Source: Callux
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Systems installed in the Field Test
www.DLR.de • Chart 63
SOFC Systems
Source: Callux
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
PEM Fuel Cell System
www.DLR.de • Chart 64 > Europeasn Space-Technology-Transfer-Forum“> July 9-10, 2012
Source: Callux
Business Case for Germany / Baxi Innotech
www.DLR.de • Chart 65
Source: Baxi Innotech
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
BAXI Innotech Roadmap
www.DLR.de • Chart 66
Source: Baxi Innotech
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
BAXI Innotech Roadmap
www.DLR.de • Chart 67
Source: Baxi Innotech
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Fuel Cell Technologies – Short Comparison
Low Temperature PEFCExcellent chemical and mechanical stability High proton conductivity :
10-2 - 10-1 S/cm Depending on temperature, degree of
membrane hydration…
Lifetime in FC operation > 60,000 hHigh cost Instability at high temperature - current
membrane technology appropriate for functioning at ≤80°C
High Temperature PEFC PBI is a basic polymer and forms
complexes with acids. Phosphoric acid"doped" membranes. Generally around 6 mol H3PO4/PBI unit (RT doping); ca. 16 (HT doping)
Acid is the electrolyte, polymer a "support" High conductivity at low relative humidity
150 – 200°C Low electroosmotic drag. acid elution possible when liquid water is
formed No cold start capability
www.DLR.de • Chart 68 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Fuel Cell Technologies – Membrane Comparison
www.DLR.de • Chart 69
Nafion® - DuPont - perfluorinatedpolymer with perfluorosulfonic acid side groups
Nafion: m ≥ 1; n = 2; x = 5 - 13.5; y = 1000Flemion: m = 0; n = 1 – 5(Asahi Glass)Aciplex: m = 0.3; n = 2 - 5; x = 1.5 – 14(Asahi Chemical)Dow: m = 0; n = 2; x = 3.6 – 10Solvay membrane
(CF2CF2)x(CF2CF)y
(O-CF2CF)m(CF3)O(CF2)nSO3H
N
N N
N
"Celazole" PBI
n
H
H
Polybenzimidazol – high temperature polymer
atmospheric pressure; 0.45 mg Pt/cm2
peak power density 500 mW/cm2CCM: Gore PRIMEA Anode: 0.1 mg Pt /cm² Cathode: 0.4 mg Pt /cm²p H2: 1.5 bara; p Air: 1.5 bara
Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
High Temperature PEFC for micro CHP in the US
www.DLR.de • Chart 70
Source: ClearEdge Power
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
High Temperature PEFC for micro CHP in the US
www.DLR.de • Chart 71 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
Backup Power Application for Fuel Cell Systems
www.DLR.de • Chart 72
Main Requirement SpecificationNumber of start / stop cycles per year Few cycles
(some for maintenance and auto tests)
Operating hours per year 1 to 100 h
Probability of non start up About 10-3/starts
MTBF Mean Time Between Failure About 10-4/h
MTTR Mean Time To Repair Some hours per action
MDT Mean Down Time Some tens of hours per action
Life time 15 years
> Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
System Design
www.DLR.de • Chart 73 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
PEM Fuel Cells: Backup Power Systems
www.DLR.de • Chart 74 > Europeasn Space-Technology-Transfer-Forum“> July 9-10, 2012
Hydrogenics delivers numerous Fuel Cell Power Modules for Backup Power Applications
For e-commerce systems in urban centres this is a promising power backup option
20 minutes
Batteries
1 tank of H2
12 kW
ARRA Demonstration Program (USA) managed byNREL
www.DLR.de • Chart 75 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012
System Comparison: H2/O2 vs H2/Air PEMFC
- High reliability and availability- External conditions independent- Quick startup at ambient temperature- Clean, quiet and pollution-free
- Electrical performances and power density of H2/O2 systems higherthan H2/Air ones :
- Pure O2 minimizes concentration polarization- H2/O2 allows higher current densities than operation in air- H2/O2 system efficiency higher than H2/Air system- No compressor : O2 and H2 pressures depend on H2/O2 storage
pressures- No gas humidifier
www.DLR.de • Chart 76 > Summer School PEM FUEL CELLS, 2012