Standard 6 Heliocentric Galileo Galilei Salon (Enlightenment) Enlightenment Scientific Revolution Baron de Montesquieu John Locke Social Contract Tennis Court Oath Maximilien Robespierre Battle of Saratoga Boston Massacre Toussaint Louverture Guillotine Declaration of Independence A time of new thinking about the natural world; ideas about the universe and natural forces Driving Idealistic Forces Rationalism- Basing ideas on reason instead of religious ideas and emotions Humanism- Focus on human potential & achievements Empiricism- The idea that knowledge comes from sense- evidence (Empirical Evidence- You have to experience it) GalileoSir Isaac Newton Heliocentricvan Deventer Theory There were 2 prevailing theories about the universe and alignment of planets/stars: Heliocentric (sun-centered) and Geocentric (earth-centered) Heliocentric dated back to Aristarchus in Greece but had recently been supported by Copernicus (formulated much of the theory in secret) The Catholic Church formally supported geocentric theory Galileo supported Heliocentric Theory (Blessed by Pope Urban VIII) Wrote Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems where he not only supported his theory but called the popes views foolish (First of many where reason & experimentation would overturn old ideas) Called before the Inquisition and tried for heresy. He was forced to recant his view and placed on house arrest for life The Scientific Method Rene Descartes & Francis Bacon A method for using experimentation to prove or disprove ideas (hypotheses) Universal Gravitation, Laws of Motion Sir Isaac Newton A model for explaining the earths gravity and how items moved in it ReneFrancis DescartesBacon A time of questioning the human world; human institutions like government, religion, education ThomasJohn Locke Hobbes Jean-JacqueBaron de RousseauMontesquieu Thomas Hobbes Believed men are evil & in exchange for protection & community they forfeit their rights to an absolute power John Locke Believed man is entitled to 3 inalienable rights (life, liberty, property) & that government was supposed to protect them According to Locke, government that did not protect these rights deserved to be overthrown (an idea adapted by Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and figures of the American Revolution) Jean-Jacques Rousseau Believed that man deserved to be free & states should be governed by the general will of the people; influenced the French Revolution Baron de Montesquieu Argued for strict separation of powers in government so that no man need fear another His idea are incorporated in the US system of government Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire) Enlightenment writer famous for harsh, biting sarcasm Used his writings to combat injustice and intolerance Banned and imprisoned throughout his lifetime Mary Wollstonecraft Female philosopher who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women arguing that women deserved equal rights in education Denis Diderot Wrote Encyclopedie as an exhibition of reason & rationalism Changing power structures, overthrowing of old governments & challenging of new ones Changes in political thought (i.e. Revolutions of Mind) lead to power struggles and revolutions of power Revolution by the poor people of France against the weak leadership and economic crisis In France, there were three estates (social classes)- the rich first, second, and poor third The poor third paid the vast majority of taxes, while the first and second paid next to none The third estate was the majority of the population, but the poorest, who paid the most taxes France was debt-stricken and Louis XVI was not effective in handling issues and his wife, Marie Antoinette, was unpopular with the people When Frances debt hit a crisis point (half their income paid interest on debts) Louis XVI was forced to call the Estates General (legislative body) for first time in 175 yrs. At this meeting (held in Versailles), delegated from the third estate (normally silenced by the other two) split off and formed their own governing body, the National Assembly. Locked themselves inside an indoor tennis court. They pledged not to disband until they had drawn a new constitution for France (Tennis Court Oath) The buzz from the event created such a panic that over 800 Parisians stormed the Bastille (Paris prison) looking for weapons (July 14, Frances Independence Day) Freed all the prisoners and killed all the guards The National Assembly then abolished the old system on August 4 th and issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen later that month The Declaration proclaimed all men equal before the law October 5, A mob of 6,000 women marched from Paris to Versailles (13 miles) and force Louis XVI and Marie to move back to Paris National Assembly issues a new constitution in 1791, creating the Legislative Assembly to make laws June Louis & his family attempt to flee and are caught January Louis is tried as a traitor and executed (Marie was executed in October) September July Known as the Reign of Terror because a group called the Committee of Public Safety was in control & ruled by Maximilien Robespierre To preserve order, Robespierre and the Committee arrested 300,000 people and executed 17,000 July The Terror ends when Robespierre himself is arrested and executed A new constitution forms a new government (the Directory) who turns to a general named Napoleon Bonaparte to fight off Frances enemies and restore order Napoleon won many military victories, then became a political leader and crowned himself emperor in 1801 ending the revolution France would continue as a major military power under Napoleon until 1815 when he was defeated by the British & exiled Revolution by American Colonies against Great Britain Causes Colonies felt unfairly taxed (no taxation without representation) by various acts (Stamp Act, Tea Act, Townsend Acts) Cultural Divide Boston Massacre (1770)- Riot over a whig debt Small problem being overblown = a bad relationship April Fighting erupts in Lexington and Concord, MA Colonists declare independence (Thomas Jeffersons Declaration of Independence) Colonists losing badly until 1777 when they win the Battle of Saratoga (Leads to alliances with France & Spain) 1781- Colonists force British surrender at Yorktown, VA First government system (Articles of Confederation) falters Colonial leaders meet in 1787 and draw up a new government plan (The Constitution) with a federal republic and separate branches of government (Montesquieu) as well as a Bill of Rights. The Constitution became law in The American Revolution was a catalyst for other revolutions The success of the revolution caused others to seek out the same freedoms, especially in colonies and places where things werent going so well Haiti (1791 1804) Sugar colony in the Caribbean (Latin America) mainly populated by slaves Slaves fought off their masters & took control of island (1793) under the leadership of Toussaint LOuverture (Former slave) Continued to fight off invading armies from Spain, Britain, & France until 1804 when they declared their independence Mexico (1801 1821) Slaves rebelled against their masters, namely the Spanish They began to fight after a great speech called the Grito given by Father Miguel Hidalgo. It continued with Father Jose Morelos With help of Agustin de Iturbide they overthrew their Spanish masters