Post on 28-Jul-2020
ACCREDITATION
08Fall
A c c r e d i t a t i o n S t a n d a r d s a n d P r o c e s s e s
SSHAccreditation
SSHACCREDITATIONPROCESS
SocietyforSimulationinHealthcareCouncilforAccreditationofHealthcareSimulationProgramsInformationalGuidefortheAccreditationProcessfromtheSSHCouncilforAccreditationofHealthcareSimulationPrograms
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TableofContents
HEALTHCARESIMULATIONACCREDITATIONBACKGROUND 3
BENEFITSOFSSHACCREDITATION 4
ELIGIBILITYANDSTANDARDS 5
SURVEYPROCESS 7ACCREDITATIONCYCLE 7SURVEYPROCESS 8ACCREDITATIONAPPLICATIONREVIEWPROCESS 8INITIALON-SITESURVEYPROCESS 8ACCREDITATIONDECISIONS&IMMEDIATEPOST-SURVEYPROCESS 8MAINTAININGACCREDITATION&RENEWALAPPLICATIONPROCESS 9APPEALSPROCESS 10
SIMULATIONPROGRAMREVIEWERS 11
COSTOFACCREDITATION 12
APPENDIXI:STEPSFORSSHACCREDITATION 13
APPENDIXII:FAQS 15
GLOSSARYOFTERMSFORSSHACCREDITATION 25
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Background:AccreditationinHealthcareSimulationTheSocietyforSimulationinHealthcare(SSH)wasestablishedinJanuary2004torepresenttherapidlygrowinggroupofeducators,researchscientists,andadvocateswhoutilizeavarietyofsimulationmethodologiesforeducation,testing,andresearchinhealthcare.ThemembershipoftheSocietyisunitedbyitsdesiretoimproveperformanceandreduceerrorsinpatientcareusingmulti-modalsimulationmethodologiesincludingtasktrainers,patientsimulators,virtualreality,screen-basedsimulatorsandstandardizedpatients.Recognizingthatsimulationrepresentsaparadigmshiftinhealthcareeducation,SSHpromotesimprovementsinsimulationtechnology,educationalmethods,practitionerassessment,andpatientsafetythatpromotecompetentandexcellentpatientcare,includingcontinuousmeasurementsandimprovementsinpatientoutcomes.Consistentwithitsmission–tobeaaleadinginterprofessionalsocietythatadvancestheapplicationofsimulationinhealthcarethroughglobalengagement-SSHhasdevelopedanaccreditationprocessforsimulationprogramsfocusedonhealthcare.Forpurposesofthisaccreditationprocess,asimulationprograminhealthcare(hereforwardknownas“Program”)isdefinedasanorganizationorgroupwithdedicatedresources(personnelandequipment)whosemissionisspecificallytargetedtowardimprovingpatientsafetyandoutcomesthroughassessment,research,advocacyandeducationusingsimulationtechnologiesandmethodologies.ProgramsseekingSSHaccreditationwilldemonstratecompliancewithCoreStandardsandfulfillmentofstandardsappliedtooneormoreofthreeareasofsimulation/simulatoruse:
1. Assessment2. Research3. Teaching/Education
AProgrammayseekaccreditationforitsoverallsystemeffortsinthefollowingarenaonlyiftheyareapplyingforaccreditationinoneoftheabove3areas.SystemsIntegrationandPatientSafetycannotbeappliedforasa“stand-alone”area.AprogramcannotbeaccreditedONLYinSystemsIntegrationandPatientSafety.4.SystemIntegrationandPatientSafety
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BenefitsofSSHAccreditationThebenefitsofaccreditationaccruevaluetotheorganization,theindustryandthecommunity.Benefitsinclude,butarenotlimitedto:• Improveshealthcareeducationthroughtheidentificationofbestpracticesandrecognitionofpractice
• Improveshealthcaresimulationthroughprovidingstandardizationandapoolofknowledgeofbestpractices
• Strengthenspatientsafetyeffortsthroughsupportofsimulationmodalities• Supportseducationandconsultationongoodpracticesandbenchmarkstoimprovebusinessoperations
• Encouragesthesharingofbestpracticesthrougheducationandconsultation• Providesexternalvalidationofindividualsimulationprograms• Strengthensorganizational,community,andlearnerconfidenceinthequalityofeducationandservices
• Garnerslocalsupport,resources,andcommitment• Fostersafeedbackloopbetweeneducationandpracticebyparticipatinginacontinuousprocessofimprovement
• Encouragesperformanceimprovementwithinthesimulationprogram• Providesacompetitiveedgeinthecommunity,programofferings,andgrantfunding
• Providesacustomized,intensiveprocessofreviewgroundedintheuniquemissionandvaluesoftheorganization
• Enhancesstaffrecruitmentanddevelopment• Recognizesexpertiseinsimulationaboveandbeyonddomainexpertise
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ELIGIBILITY&STANDARDSAProgramiseligibleforSSHAccreditationwhenitisabletodemonstratecompliancewiththeestablishedcoreandareaspecificstandards.Aprogrammusthaveaminimumoftwoyearsexperienceinthefunctionalareainwhichaccreditationissought.AllprogramsmustdemonstratecompliancewiththecriteriaassociatedwiththefollowingsevenCoreStandards:CORESTANDARDS
1. Mission&Governance2. ProgramManagement3. ResourceManagement4. HumanResources5. ProgramImprovement6. Integrity7. ExpandingtheField
Inaddition,theProgrammustdemonstratecompliancewiththestandards/criteriainoneormoreofthefollowingfunctionalareas:ASSESSMENTSTANDARDS
1. Resources&Technology2. Assessors3. AssessmentTools4. AssessmentSupport
RESEARCHSTANDARDS
1. Mission2. ResearchOversight3. ResearchActivity4. Researchers5. ResearchCollaboration6. Compliance
TEACHING/EDUCATIONSTANDARDS
1. EducationalActivities2. EducationalActivityDesign3. QualifiedEducators4. EvaluationandImprovement
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AnadditionaloptionforProgramswhohavemettheaboverequirementstoberecognizedinthefunctionalarea(s)ofAssessment,and/orResearch,and/orTeaching/EducationistoseekaccreditationintheareaofSystemIntegration&PatientSafetyStandards:SYSTEMINTEGRATION&PATIENTSAFETYSTANDARDS
1. Mission&Scope2. IntegrationActivities
***FurtherinformationontherequiredcriterianeededforeachofthestandardscanbefoundintheAccreditationStandardspostedonline.
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ACCREDITATIONCYCLEApplicationinstructionsareavailableonlineathttps://ssih.org/accreditation.Thewebsiteprovidesinstructionsoncompletingandsubmittingtheapplicationandrequireddocumentation.TheAccreditationCycle(commontimeframes):AnnualDeadlinesforApplication
ReviewedandinitialresponsesbySSH
TimeframeforScheduledVisit
SSHAccreditationBoardofReview
May15December15
JuneJanuary
August–NovemberMarch–July
October-DecemberJune–August
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ACCREDITATIONSURVEYPROCESS
AccreditationApplicationReviewProcessTheaccreditationapplicationreviewisthefirststepintheaccreditationprocess.Oncesubmitted,theSSHAccreditationstaffwillreviewtheapplication.Iftheapplicationiscompleteandalleligibilitycriteriamet,anon-sitereviewwillbescheduled.
AccreditationOn-SiteSurveyProcessTheon-sitesurveyprocessisaone-day*structuredreviewwhereReviewerswillbudgettheirfocusundereachcriteriauniquetoeachprogramwiththegoaltosupporttheprogram’seffortstoimprovetheiroperationsandoveralloutcomes.TheSSHSimulationAccreditationReviewTeam(SSH-SART)willbeassignedandannouncedatleastonemonthpriortothescheduledvisit.*Sitereviewsforareasapplyingforallfourareasmayberequiredtoextendintoanadditionalday.
AGENDAFORREVIEWDAY(Sample)
Check-in(onlineverificationprocess)OpeningReviewingofDocumentationCriteriainStandardsInspectionandObservationofProgramEnvironmentInterviewUsersandLearnersObservationofSimulationProcessesReviewofCurriculaReviewofQualityAssuranceDataReviewofQualityImprovementInitiativesSSH-SARTDeliberation(Closed)Closing
AccreditationDecisions&ImmediatePost-SurveyProcessAccreditationdecisionsaremadebytheAccreditationBoardofReviewbasedonevidenceofcompliancewithestablishedaccreditationstandardsandcriteria.Evidenceofcomplianceisprovidedbytheprogramandverifiedbythesurveyteamduringsitevisits.Atthecompletionofthesitevisit,thesurveyteamwillprepareasummaryofthesurveyfindings.TheaccreditationdecisionwillbemadebytheSSHAccreditationBoardofReviewfollowingreviewofthesurveyteam’sEvidenceofCriteriaforStandardsFeedbackReport.TheAccreditationBoardofReviewwillmakethedecisionthataccreditationisgrantedornotgranted.
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Whenaprogramisgranted,orisnotgrantedaccreditation,afeedbackreportwillbeprovided.AProgramnotgrantedaccreditationmustwaitonefullcyclebeforebeingeligibletoreapply.
MAINTAININGACCREDITATION&RENEWALAPPLICATIONPROCESSAccreditationisgrantedforafive(5)yearperiod.Reportsarerequiredannuallyandanytimeasubstantialchangewithintheprogramoccurs.Inordertomaintainaccreditation,theprogrammustsubmitanannualSSHAccreditationSelf-Studyreportandanannualfee.ThereportwillbeduebyJune15ofeachyear,aftertheyeartheprogramwasgrantedAccreditation.Failuretoprovidetheannualreportandfeebythestateddeadlinecouldresultindismissaloftheprogram’saccreditationstatus.ThereporttemplatewillbeprovidedtoeachaccreditedprogrambytheDirectorofAccreditationatleast3monthspriortothedeadlineforsubmission.Forrenewedaccreditation,aprogrammustsubmitaRenewalApplicationtoSSHAccreditationCouncilinthecycle5yearsfollowinginitialaccreditation.
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APPEALSPROCESSTheSocietyforSimulationinHealthcareseekstoimplementafairandtransparentaccreditationprocess.Appealsconcerningaccreditationdecisionswillbeevaluatedinareasonable,carefulandtimelymanner.SimulationprogramsseekinganappealmustformallycommunicatetheirconcernstotheExecutiveDirectoroftheSocietyforSimulationinHealthcarewithin2weeksoftheaccreditationdecision.Appealsmustbeinwriting;theExecutiveDirectorwillconfirmreceiptoftheappealwithin2weeks,willinformtheAccreditationCounciloftheappeal,andforwardtheappealtotheExecutiveCommitteeofSSH(actingAppealsCommittee).Appealsmustspecifythecriteriaunderdispute,andshouldincluderelevantdocumentation.TheAppealsCommitteemaycontacttheapplicantprogramtorequestadditionalinformationorclarification.TheAppealsCommitteewillreplytotheAppealinwriting,within8weeksunlessotherwisecommunicatedbytheExecutiveDirector.AnyquestionsorconcernsaboutAccreditation,Standards,Processes,andSSHAccreditationServicesshouldbeforwardedto:AndrewSpainDirectorofAccreditationandCertificationSocietyforSimulationinHealthcareOfficePhone:573.340.3735aspain@ssih.orgKristynGadlageAccreditationandCertificationCoordinatorSocietyforSimulationinHealthcareOfficePhone:618.364.2957kgadlage@ssih.org
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SIMULATIONPROGRAMREVIEWERS(Surveyors)Thereviewteam,SSH-SART,canincludeoneormoreReviewerswhohaveseniorlevelexperienceandhavedemonstratedsimulationexpertiseintheSSHStandardsofAccreditation.SSHReviewersaretrainedandcertified,andwillreceivecontinuingeducationonadvancesinquality-relatedperformanceevaluation.Reviewteamsmayconsistofphysicians,nurses,simulationprogramadministrators,orotherqualifiedindividuals.AllReviewersarevolunteers;theywillbecompensatedfortheirtravelexpenses,butwillnotreceivesalaryfromSSH.
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COSTOFCYCLEACCREDITATIONTheaccreditationfeeforthecorestandardsandoneoftheARTstandardsis$5975.00.ThefeescheduleformultipleART-Sstandardsreviewsisshownbelow.Theaccreditationfeeispaidwithin60daysfromSSHnotificationofeligibilityandacceptanceandistobesubmittedwithaLetterofIntent.ThesurveyfeedoesnotincludeReviewertravelfeesthataretheresponsibilityofeachprogram.SSHwillinvoiceeachprogramattheconclusionofthesitevisitforsitereviewertravelincludingairfare,hotelaccommodations,meals,othertransportationneeded,andincidentalsoccurredasadirectrelationtoaccreditationon-sitereview.FeeScheduleforSSHAccreditation*AccreditationService AmountDueApplicationReview $100.00On-SiteSurvey(Core+1)
$5,975.00
On-SiteSurvey(Core+2) $6,250.00On-SiteSurvey(Core+3) $6,499.00On-SiteSurvey(Core+4) $6,975.00ReviewerTravel(travelforreviewerspaidbysite).Invoicewillbesenttoprogramwithin2weekspostreview
Variable
1Y,2Y,3Y,4YReportReview $255.00each
*Fees subject to increase. Please contact Director of Accreditation for further information.
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APPENDIXI:StepsforSSHAccreditation
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NOTE:PerSSHAccreditationPolicy,nocontactwillbemadebytheprogramtotheSSH-SART(SimulationAccreditationReviewTeam)orCouncil.AllQuestionsmaybedirectedtotheDirectorofAccreditation,AndrewSpain,ortotheAccreditationCoordinator,KristynGadlage.
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APPENDIXII:FrequentlyAskedQuestions(FAQ)
1. Eligibility2. Standards3. Processes4. Reviewers(Surveyors)5. OtherAccreditingOrganizations
1.ELIGIBILITYQ1.1:Inordertobeconsideredforaccreditation,doesmyProgramhavetobeinafreestandingCenterorfacility? A1.1:No.AProgrammaybeinastand-alonefacilityormaybeinsideahospitalorschool.AlthoughfacilitiesmustbeadequatetomeetthegoalsandobjectivesoftheProgram,thedefiningcharacteristicsofanaccreditedprogramistheworkitdoes,notthephysicalstructure. Q1.2:MysimulationProgramisfairlynew.IsitpossibletobeaccreditedwhenwehaveonlylimitedexperienceasaProgramorifwehaveplansforwhatweintendtodo? A1.2:Inordertobeconsideredforaccreditation,aProgramneedstohavebeeninexistencefortwoyearsandbeabletodemonstratethatithastherequisitesystemsandprocessesinplaceandthatitisachievingitsstatedgoalsanddemonstratingoutcomes.Inaddition,theprogrammusthaveatleast2yearsexperienceineacharea(Assessment,Research,TeachingandSystemsIntegration)forwhichtheapplicationissubmitted. Q1.3:IsSSHseekingtoaccreditsimulationprogramsoronlytoapprove/endorsetheiractivities?
A1.3:Thegoalisaccreditation.Thedefinitionof“Accreditation”isbelievedtobeconsistentwithothernationalaccreditationbodiessuchasCouncilforHigherEducationAccreditation(CHEA)andUSDepartmentofEducation(USDE).Whenfullyimplemented,theSSHaccreditationprocesseswillinclude:(a)completionofaself-study,(b)asitevisit,(c)areportfromthereviewers,(d)areviewoftheteamreportbytheBoardofReview,and(e)adecisionbytheBoardofReview.Anappealprocessisalsoavailable.
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Q1.4:IsthereaminimumlengthoftimeaProgrammustbeinexistencebeforeseekingaccreditation?A1.4:Aprogrammustbeinexistencefor2yearsbeforeseekingaccreditation.Theprogrammustalsohaveatleast2yearsexperienceineacharea(Assessment,Research,TeachingandSystemsIntegration)forwhichtheapplicationissubmitted.Basedoninputfromnewcentersthatgreworganicallyorreliedheavilyonconsultants,evenwithawell-developedstrategicplanandahigh-levelbusinessplan,ittakesanaverageof18monthstobefullyoperational.Q1.5:OurprogramisnotintheUnitedStates:canwestillapply?A1.5:Yes.SSHisaninternationalsociety.SSHisactivelyworkingwithotherinternationalorganizationsandhasperformedsitereviewsforinternationalprograms.Weareintegratinginternationalsitereviewerstoperformon-sitereviewsofapplicantprograms. Q1.6:Iappliedforaccreditationin2013andwasfoundnottohavemetallofthestandards/criteriaforaccreditation.WhenistheearliestIcanreapply?A1.6:Inordertoassureprogramshaveadequatetimetocomeintocompliancewiththestandards,programsmustwaitoutonefullcycle.Inthiscase,youwillneedtowaituntilthe2015cycletoreapply.Q1.7:IamfromaprogramoutsideoftheUnitedStates.DoapplicationmaterialsneedtobesubmittedinEnglish?A1.7:Weencourageapplicationsfromsimulationcentersacrosstheglobe.Wedonotyethavetheresourcestosupportallthepossiblelanguagesforprogramsseekingaccreditation.ThereforedocumentationforreviewmustbesubmittedinEnglish,andourvisitingteamwillrequireyourcentertoprovidesomeonewithknowledgeofyoursimulationcenterwhoisfluentinEnglishaswellasyourprimarylanguagetotranslatefortheteam. 2.STANDARDSQ2.1:IfmyProgramwantstoonlyseekaccreditationforSystem-IntegrationandPatientSafety,isthatpossible? A2.1:No.AProgramcannotonlyseekaccreditationintheareaofSystemIntegrationandPatientSafety.Thisisnotastandaloneaccreditationdesignation.AProgrammustalsomeetthecorestandardsandthestandardsassociatedwithatleastoneofthethreefunctionalareas:Assessment,Education,orResearch.Ifyour
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Programmeetsalltherequirementsinoneormoreoftheseareas,andyourProgramprovidessupportingevidencerelatedtothestandardsforSystemIntegrationandPatientSafety,yourProgramcanbeconsideredforrecognitionintheareaofSystemsIntegrationandPatientSafety. Q2.2:IfmyprogramwantstobeaccreditedinonlyEducation,andSystemsIntegrationandPatientSafety,isthispossible?A2.2:Yes.IfyourProgramdocumentscompliancewiththecorestandardsaswellasthestandardsassociatedwithEducation,andyourprogramalsosuppliesevidenceofcompliancewiththestandardsforSystemIntegrationandPatientSafety,SSHwillconsideryourProgramfordualaccreditationinEducationaswellasSystemsIntegrationandPatientSafety. Q2.3:InotethatthereisnotaspecificrequirementfortheamountofdedicatedtimetheProgramDirectormustspendwiththeProgram.HowwillSSHknowwhatis“adequate?” A2.3:CurrentlythereisnoevidencethatestablishesaminimumamountoftimenecessarytoassureaqualityProgram.Giventhevariabilityofprogramsandorganizationalstructures,wefeelthatitisreasonabletoassesstheadequacyoftimecommitmentsbasedontheoverallqualityofProgram’sstructure,processes,andoutcomes.Throughtheaccreditationprocess,theProgramwillbeaskedtodemonstratehowitmeetsitsstatedgoalsandisincompliancewiththeestablishedstandards.Aswecollectdataovertime,however,webelievethatwemaybeabletoidentifyathresholdfordedicatedtimenecessaryfromtheProgramDirector.Ifwedo,wewillintegratethatevidenceintofutureaccreditationstandards. Q2.4:Inseveralplacestherearestatementsabout“experts”and“qualifiedindividuals.”Howwillthesetermsbeoperationalizedinanobjectiveandconsistentmanner? A2.4:Asanemergingdiscipline,someofthesetermsarehardtodefine.WhilewebelievethatitisimportantfortheProgramstosupplytheirrationaleforjudgingtheiradministrators,instructors,andresourcepersons“qualified”or“expert,”thisisanareawhereweneedsomeinputfrominvolvedstakeholders.Althoughwehavecollectivelydefinedthesetermsinourglossary,wewelcomeyourfeedbackforoperationaldefinitionsthatweshouldusefortheseterms. Q2.5:Whatistheexpectationfor“oversight”andhowwouldaProgramreconcilemultipledepartmentsusingonefacility?A2.5:TheCouncilmembersbelievethatifmultipledepartmentsareusingone
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facility,thattheneedforanoversightbodyandstandardpoliciesandprocedureswouldbecritical.ThereisnosinglewayinwhichaProgramshouldprovideoversightforactivities.TheProgramwouldneedtodescribeintheSelfStudyhowthisoversightisaccomplishedandevaluated.
Q2.6:Concernwasexpressedaboutneedingtoprovidebudgetsandfinancialsupportinformation.
A2.6:Thisisviewedassensitiveinformationbyanumberofrespondents.ThegoalinthiselementistoensurethattheProgramhasthemeansnecessarytosupportitsmissionandassurestability.Someprogramsmaybeuncomfortablesupplyingsalaryinformationataperson-by-personlevel;thisobjectivecouldbeachievedifinformationwereprovidedinaggregateatthelevelofcategoriesofrevenueandexpense.Forexample,totalsalaryexpense,totalnon-salaryexpense,andtotalcapitalexpenseinformationwouldsuffice.Thisinformationwillremainconfidential.Q2.7:Whataretheexpectationsforthequalificationsofinstructors/faculty?Isanadvanceddegreerequiredorisexperienceasufficientqualification?Howwillcompetencybedemonstrated?Willweneedtosharetheevaluationsofourindividualinstructorsandfaculty?
A2.7:TheCouncilmembersagreethatthismaybedifficultareatoaddressastherearepeoplewhohavebeendoingcredibleworkandleadingthefieldwithoutanadvanceddegreeinthespecialtyofsimulation.Similartotheprocessesdevelopedwithmanynewermedicalspecialties,individualswhohavebeendevelopingthisfieldwillbeevaluatedviareviewofportfolios,résumés,curriculadeveloped,etc.Tocrediblyachieveaccreditation,wehavetoassessthequalificationsofinstructors,facultyandotherswhoperformvitalrolesinthePrograminthecontextofthatprogram.Applicantsmusthaveaformalprocesstodocument,evaluateandreviewthequalifications,trainingandexperienceofallstaff.Q2.8:Whatdowemeanwhenwesay“evidence-based”suchasevidence-basededucationalmaterials? A2.8:Itwasagreedthatthereisnotthesamelevelofevidenceinsimulationasthereisindiabetescare,forexample.TheBestEvidenceinMedicalEducation(BEME)projectoutlinesthechallengesinthisregard.EducationalmaterialsormethodsthathavebeenproventhroughrigorousinterventionsandresearchwillbeintegratedintoaccreditationstandardsandconsultationasdeemedappropriateandgenerallyapplicablebytheAccreditationCouncil.
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Q2.9:CanIutilizemyinstitutionalororganizationalpoliciesandproceduresinsteadofcreatingadditionalpoliciesandproceduresforjusttheProgram?A2.9:Whiletherearesomeorganizationalpoliciesandproceduresthatcanbecross-referencedtoapplytothesimulationprogram,otherpoliciesandproceduresmustbedevelopedspecificallyfortheProgram.Programpoliciesandproceduresareexpectedtoaddressconfidentiality,complaintresolution,qualityimprovement,instructor/assessortrainingandevaluation,andvideoretentionspecifictothesimulationenvironmentencompassingallindividualsinvolvedwiththeProgram.Q2.10:WhatisaStrategicPlan?A2.10:Astrategicplanistheprocessofcomprehensive,integrativeprogramplanningthatconsidersthefutureofcurrentdecisions,overallpolicy,program/organizationdevelopmentandlinkstooperationalplans.Theprocessshouldalignwithandallowtheprogramtofulfillitsmissionandachieveitsvision.Allareasofaccreditationincludingcorestandards,assessment,research,teaching/education,andsystemsintegrationandpatientsafetyshouldbealignedwiththestrategicplanoftheProgram.Q2.11:Whatismeantbyprioritizationofprogramutilization?As.11:InalignmentwiththeProgram’smission/visionandstrategicplan;theProgramhasaprocessforprioritizingsimulationcourses,activities,andrequestsinasystematicmanner.Theprogramisabletodescribethisprocessandprovidedocumentationofprioritizationsmadethatfollowthedescribedprocess.Q2.12:WhatisSystemsIntegrationandcanyouprovideanexample?A2.12:Systemsintegrationincludesaligningorganizationalgoalsandsimulationactivities,withbidirectionalfeedback.Theseareexamplesofseveralwaysthatsimulationcanbeusedtosupportorganizationalgoalswhenintegratedintoabi-directionalprocess(e.g.usingafeedbackloop):
1.Simulationcanbeemployedtohelppeoplelearnorpracticemethodsthatcouldbehelpfulinattaininganorganizationalgoal,suchimprovingtheprocessofcentrallineaccessasmeansofreducingthenumberofhospital-acquiredinfections.Itisnotnecessarythatsimulationoccurasanisolatedintervention;itcouldbeacomponentofamulti-prongedeffort.
2.Simulationcouldbeusedasanintentionalin-situprobebeforeopeningneworrenovatedpatientcareunits,providingpracticetotheparticipantsaswellasinformationtotheorganizationtosupportimprovementsbeforeactualpatientcareoccursinthoseunits.
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3.SimulationcontentcouldbebasedonSeriousSafetyEvents,precursorevents,pro-activeidentificationofpossiblelatenthazards,etc.
4.Systemhazardsorlatentconditionscouldbeidentifiedduringsimulations,andthatinformationprovidedtoappropriateorganizationalleadersforremediation.Identificationoftheseconditionscouldbeintentionallysought,orrecognizedserendipitously.
5.Virtual,tabletoporothertypesofsimulationscouldbeusedasacomponentofamodelingprocessintendedtobetterunderstandorimprovepatientflow,hospitalsystemsorotheraspectsofpatientcare.
6.Simulationscanbedesignedtocrosstheboundariesofmultiplepatientcareareas,disciplinesand/orsupportsystemssuchasasimulationwhichbeginsatthehelicopterlandingpad,andprogressesintotheED,includingtransportandsecurityofficersaswellashealthcareproviders.
AprogramcanbeconsideredforSystemsIntegrationaccreditation(seeglossary)ifitdemonstratesconsistent,planned,collaborative,integrated,anditerativeapplicationofsimulation-basedassessment,research,and/orteachingactivitieswithprocessimprovementandsafetyprinciplestoimproveclinicalcare,patientsafety,and/oroutcomemetricsacrossthehealthcaresystem(s).Q2.13:OurprogramwouldliketoapplyforaccreditationintheareaofAssessment,butatthistimeweonlyprovidemarketedcoursessuchasACLSandPALS.AreweeligibleforAccreditationinAssessment?A2.13:ApplicationforaccreditationinAssessmentwillbelimitedtothosecenterscreating,validating,and/orperforminghumanperformanceassessmentusingexplicit,preferablyvalidated,criteria.Assessmentleadershipandassessorsmusthavespecificandsubstantialtraining,expertise,anddemonstratedcompetencyintheartandscienceofhumanassessment.Assessmenttoolsmaybe(1)internallycreatedifjustifiedbyexpertpanelreviewor(2)definedbyprofessionalsocieties,licensingbodies,orcertificationorganizations.Externallycreatedstandardizedandmarketedcourses,andthestandardizedassessmenttoolsassociatedwithsuchcourses,willbeconsidered,butmaynotbesufficient,intheaccreditationofprogramsinAssessment.3.PROCESSESQ3.1:WillallPrograms-largeandsmall-beabletoaffordaccreditationifthefeesaresettofullycoverexpenses?WilltherebeanadequatenumberofReviewerstoreviewProgramsinatimelymannerifthereisarapiduptakeofSSHaccreditationinthesimulationcommunity?
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A3.1:Itistheexpectationthatthecostwillbereasonablefortheservice.TheCouncilhadselected20additionalreviewersandtrainedthosereviewersinitiallyin2011withadditionalannualrequiredtraining.Q3.2:Requiring a site visit is an expensive element of an accreditation program. Is it necessary that it is included in the processes? A3.2:TheCouncilagreedthatitisimportanttodetermineanddocumentthevalueofon-sitevisits.Ingeneral,webelievethatthepurposeistoclarifyandverifythreeelements:(1)sitecharacteristics,byobservation(2)outcomes,byspeakingwithlearnersandobservingtrainingsessionsorvideosand(3)organizationalsupportandalignment,bymeetingwithkeyindividuals.Weareevaluatingourfindingstodeterminewhethertocontinuethisaspectofourprocess.Q3.3:Istheaccreditationdesignationtimelimited? A3.3:Theaccreditationdesignationislimitedto5yearswithproofofmaintenanceandimprovementviaanannualreport.Q3.4:HowdoestheAccreditationcommitteedevelopandimproveitsstandardsandprocesses?ThefollowingcommentwasreceivedbytheAccreditationCouncil:“Accreditingbodiesmusthaveprocessesfortheestablishment,reviewandrevisionoftheiraccreditationstandards,policiesandprocedures.BasedontheinformationprovideditisnotclearwhatprocessestheSSHisusingtoestablishitsaccreditationstandards,policiesandprocedures.AtaminimumtheSSHaccreditationprocessesshouldbewidelydistributedforreviewandcommentbythecommunityofinterest.”
A3.4:TheCouncilbelievesthatthisstatementistrueandweareconductingouractivitiesinaresponsibleandprofessionalmanner.TheDRAFTstandardswereestablishedbyexpertconsensus,includingexpertsinadultlearning,evaluation,simulationandaccreditation.CommentsandinputintothedevelopmentofthestandardsweresolicitedattheannualmeetingandbypostingtheDRAFTstandardsonthewebsiteandsolicitingcommentsfromthepublic.ThestandardswereagainrevisedfollowingcompletionofPhaseI,byexpertconsensus,reviewofdatacollectedduringtheinitialphase,andfeedbackfromprogramswhoparticipated.Q3.5:Isthereacourseororientationwecantakebeforeapplying?A3.5:Atthistime,SSHdoesnothavesuchacourse.ItispossiblethatSSHwill
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developsuchaprograminthefuture. Q3.6:Howcantheorganizationusethestatementofaccreditation? A3.6:Basedonthepilotstudyfindings,theuseofthestatementofaccreditationwillbefurtherdefined,andaccreditedinstitutionsaswellasinterestedapplicantswillbeinformedofthepotentialuses.Q3.7:Whatisthedurationofaccreditation? A3.7:Threeyearswithannualself-studyreports. Q3.8:Ifmyprogramwasnotgrantedaccreditation,whencanwereapply?A3.8:AfteraperiodofoneyearfromBoardofReviewdecision Q3.9:WhatarethepossibleAccreditationdecisions? A3.10:“Accredited”or“NotAccredited.”Wewillorwillnotgrantaccreditation. Q3.11:Whatdothefeesinclude? A3.11:Thefeescoversurveyexpensesandallowforreinvestmentinthemissionofaccreditation.Inadditiontothestatedfees,theprogramisalsoresponsibleforreviewertravelexpenses.Q3.12:Isthereanappealprocessifmyprogramisdeniedaccreditation?A3.12:SSHhasdevelopedanappealprocessforprogramsthataredeniedaccreditation.Q3.13:CanIpayinEuros?A3.13:AlthoughSSHisaninternationalorganization,paymentsmayonlybemadeinUSdollarssincethebankutilizedbySSHresidesintheUnitedStates.4.REVIEWERS/SURVEYORS
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Q4.1:Concernwasexpressedthattheprocessofaccreditationwouldreward“insiders”. A4.1:TheCouncilunderstandsthatthisconcernisnotatypicalforanygroupbeginningaccreditationand/orcertificationprocesses.Itistheexpressintentofeveryoneinvolvedintheprocessthatparticipation,objectivity,transparencyanddueprocesswillbebuiltintoSSH’saccreditationpolicies.CouncilmembershaverecusedtheirassociatedinstitutionsfromapplyingforaccreditationduringthePilotPhase,butwillbeeligibleforaccreditationinfutureyears.Sitereviewersmustsignaconflictofinterestattestingthereisnorealorperceivedconflictwhenperforminganon-sitereview.Innocircumstancewillasitereviewerorcouncilmemberbeinvolvedinthereviewoftheirassociatedinstitution.5.OTHERACCREDITINGORGANIZATIONSQ5.1:HowdowereconcileaccreditationbySSHwiththatofotherbodies?A5.1:Whilespecialtyordomainspecificrequirementswillcontinuetovarybyspecialty,SimulationasaspecialtyistherecognizedexpertiseofSSH.TheuniquevalueofaccreditationbySSHistherecognitionofsimulationexpertiseasopposedtodomainexpertise.TheaccreditationofasimulationprogrambySSHofferstobothinterprofessionalcentersandparentinstitutionstheadvantagesofeconomyofscale,wherebythe“commondenominator”ofexcellenceinaccreditedsimulation-basedprocessescanprovideimportantlocalstatureandwell-deservedcredibility.SSHisopenlywillingtocooperateandcoordinatewithspecialtyorganizationsinfacilitatingaconjointfunctionofaccreditationprocesses,suchthatduplicationofeffortsisavoidedwherepossible.SSHviewsaccreditationbythisorganizationasuniquelyvaluable,andabenchmarktowhicheverysimulationcentershouldaspireformanyreasons,includingthefollowing:• Theintegrationofsimulationintohealthcaresystemsandprocessesisincreasingandwillprogressivelybecomepartofthetraining,assessment,research,andprocessimprovementinfrastructureofalldisciplines,althoughatvaryingtrajectories.Overtime,becausealldisciplineswillvaluetheimpactofsimulation-basedprocesses,therewillbeanaturaltendencytobothcoordinateanddictatesimulation-relatedprocessesaccordingtoeachdiscipline’sperceivedneeds.Thismay,infact,includeaccreditation,potentiallyemergingfromeverydistinctdiscipline.• Logistically,itmaybecomeunwieldyandexpensiveforanyonesimulationcentertodevotetherequiredenergiestoobtainingcertificationinmanydistinctdisciplinesthroughentirelydifferentpathways.Strategically,foranyparentinstitution,itmaybefinanciallystressfulandadministrativelyinefficienttoallow
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(orexpect)everydistinctdisciplinewithinitsspheretoacquireuniqueaccreditationstatus,disciplinebydiscipline.
Q5.2:Howdoweaddressthepotentialforaccreditationrequirementsthatconflictwithcurrentorfuturestandardsofotheraccreditingorganizations?ThefollowingcommentwasreceivedbytheAccreditationCouncil:“TheintroductiontotheSSHaccreditationstandardsstatesthataSimulationProgramisdefinedasan"organizationorgroupwithdedicatedresourceswhosemissionisspecificallytargetedtowardsimprovingpatientsafetyandoutcomesthroughassessment,research,advocacyandeducationusingsimulationtechnologiesandmethodologies"(referfirstpage,secondparagraph).TheCouncilonAccreditationofNurseAnesthesiaEducationalPrograms(COA)isconcernedifthisstatementmeansthatSSHwillspecificallyaccreditnurseanesthesiaprogramswithsimulationcentersandthatprogramsthatseekSSHaccreditationwillhavetomeetSSHeducationalrequirementsthatmayconflictwithCOArequirements.Whilethecurrentdraftstandardsareverygeneralthisalsoleavestherequirementsforcomplianceuptointerpretation.ItisalsoimportanttonotethatthestandardsaresubjecttofuturerevisionandmaybecomeproblematicifwhenrevisedtheyconflictwithCOArequirements.Tohelpaddresstheseconcernsa"SimulationProgram"needstobemoreclearlydefinedandastatementaddedthatdeferstheestablishmentofaspecializededucationalprograms'educationalrequirementstothespecializedaccreditingorganizationsuchastheCouncilonAccreditationofNurseAnesthesiaEducationalPrograms(COA)thatisrecognizedbytheU.S.DepartmentofEducation(USDE)andtheCouncilforHigherEducationAccreditation(CHEA)toaccreditnurseanesthesiaeducationalprograms.”A5.2:TheAccreditationCouncilbelievesthataccreditationbySSHprovidesauniquevalue(seeFAQ).Wedonotforeseeaconflictwiththestandardsofotherspecialtyaccreditingorganizations.Q5.3:AccreditationoftheSSHaccreditationprocess? A5.3:Webelieveitisappropriatetoseekrecognitionasanaccreditingorganization.
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GlossaryofTermsforSSHAccreditation1. Accreditation–aprocesswherebyaprofessionalorganizationgrants
recognitiontoasimulationprogramfordemonstratedabilitytomeetpre-determinedcriteriaforestablishedstandards.
2. AccreditationCycle–theperiodfromprogramapplicationforaccreditationto
notificationofaccreditationstatus.Thisperiodincludes:reviewofinitialapplication,notificationofselectionforon-sitereview,on-sitereviewbySSH-SARTteam,BoardofReviewdeliberation,andnotificationoffinaldecisiontoprogram.TherewillbeoneAccreditationcycleperyear.
3. ART-S–acronymforAssessment,Research,Teaching/Education,andSystem
Integrationstandards.a. Assessment–Recognitionofprogramscreating,validating(beyond
faceandcontentvalidity),and/orperformingstandardsofhumanperformanceassessment.
b. Research–Recognitionofprogramsactivelyinvolvedindatagathering,analysis,anddisseminationofknowledgeforadvancingthescienceofsimulation.
c. Teaching/Education–Recognitionofprogramsforregular,recurringactivitieswithdefinedcurriculaandongoingvalidationthatemployssimulationmethodologiesappropriateforlearningobjectivestoinstruct,teach,ortrainparticipantsforformativeintegrationofcognitive,procedural,andattitudinalgoals.Theprogramwillbeabletodemonstrateeffectivenessoftheircurriculum.
d. SystemsIntegration–Recognitionofprogramswhodemonstrateconsistent,planned,collaborative,integrated,anditerativeapplicationofsimulation-basedassessment,research,andteachingactivitieswithsystemsengineeringandriskmanagementprinciplestoachieveexcellentbedsideclinicalcare,enhancedpatientsafety,andimprovedoutcomemetricsacrossthehealthcaresystem(s).
4. Assessor–apersonwhoperformsstandardsofhumanperformanceassessment.Assessorsmusthavespecificandsubstantialtraining,expertise,anddemonstratedcompetencyintheartandscienceofhumanassessment.
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5. Bestpractice–anideathatassertsthatthereisatechnique,method,process,
activity,incentive,orrewardthatismoreeffectiveatdeliveringaparticularoutcomethananyothertechnique,method,process,etc.Theideaisthatwithproperprocesses,checks,andtesting,adesiredoutcomecanbedeliveredwithfewerproblemsandunforeseencomplications.Bestpracticescanalsobedefinedasthemostefficient(leastamountofeffort)andeffective(bestresults)wayofaccomplishingatask,basedonrepeatableproceduresthathaveproventhemselvesovertimeforlargenumbersofpeople.
6. Biosketch–abriefsummaryofone’sprofessional/educationaccomplishments,
publications,andaffiliations.Abiosketchisanabbreviatedcurriculumvitaemeanttohighlightimportantaspectsoftraining,education,experience,andprofessionalinterest.
7. Certification–theprocessthroughwhichanorganizationgrantstoan
individualwhomeetscertainestablishedcriteriaandeligibilityrequirements.Certificationisavoluntaryprocess.
8. Complaint–acomplaint,asdefinedforthepurposesofaccreditation,isany
writtenorverbalcomplaintrelated(butnotlimited)tocoursedelivery,educatorconduct,programmanagement,roomdesign/comfort,andlearnertolearnermisconduct.Acomplaintcanbemadebyanypersonassociatedwiththesimulationprogramincludinglearners,educators,assessors,andtechnicalspecialists.
9. ComplaintResolutionProcess(forprograms)–aformalprocessdesignedto
maintainopencommunicationbetweenallmembersandlearnersofasimulationprogram.Theexpressionofsatisfactionordissatisfactionisanimportantopportunitytoimprovequalityofaprogram.Acomplaintresolutionprocessmustincludetheprocedureforinvestigatingcomplaints,managingcomplaints,providingfeedback,andimplementationofmeasuresforimprovement.
10. Compliance–describesthegoalthatprogramsseektomeetormaintainthe
standardsandpoliciessetforthbytheCouncilforAccreditationofHealthcareSimulationPrograms.
11. ConfidentialityProcedure(Learnerspecific)–aprocedurethatmaintainsthe
confidentialityoflearnerswhileengagedinasimulation-relatedactivity.Theproceduremustaddressprocedurestopreventthedisclosureofinformationrelatedtolearnerperformancetounauthorizedindividualsorsystems.
12. ContentExpert–awell-establishedindividualwithsubstantiveexpertiseinthe
relatedtopicareaandservesasaconsultant.
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13. CoreInstructors/Educators/Staff/Faculty–thoseindividualsthatare
intricatelyandroutinelyinvolvedinthesimulationeducationcurriculumandthatareresponsibleforthecontent,implementation,andevaluationofthecurriculum.
14. CoreStandards–thefundamentaloperationalstandardsthatunderpinthe
successofaProgram.Therearestandardsassociatedwithfive(5)elementsthatallProgramsmustmeetregardlessofthespecificareainwhichtheyareapplyingforaccreditation.TheCoreStandardsare:(1)Mission&Governance,(2)Organization&Management,(3)Facilities,Technology,SimulationModalities,andHumanResources(4)Evaluation&Improvement,(5)Integrity,(6)Security,and(7)ExpandingtheField
15. Course–adesignedactivityinvolvingtheuseofsimulationthathasbeen
developedusingsimulationmethodologywithidentifiablegoals,objectives,andoutcomes.
16. Curriculum–acompleteprogramoflearningrelatedtosimulationthatincludes
identified/desiredresults,adesignforincorporationofsimulationintoeducationalactivities,andsuggestedmethodsofassessmentforevaluation.
17. CurriculumVitae(CV)–awrittendescriptionofone’sworkexperience,
educationbackground,professional/organizationalaffiliations,andprofessionalaccomplishments.ACVismorecomprehensiveanddetailedthanatraditionalresume.
18. Debriefing–aformal,reflectivestageinthesimulationlearningprocess.
Debriefingisaprocesswherebyeducatorsandlearnersre-examinethesimulationexperienceandfostersthedevelopmentofclinicaljudgmentandcriticalthinkingskills.Itisdesignedtoguidelearnersthroughareflectiveprocessabouttheirlearning.
19. Deliberation–TheCouncilforAccreditationofHealthcareSimulationPrograms
willassessapplicationsforcompliancewiththeAccreditationStandards.Thisprocesswillincludeareviewoftheapplicationassubmittedaswellasthefindingsfromthereviewteams.TheAccreditationReviewersandBoardofReviewwillmeetinclosedsessiontoreviewapplications.
20. Educator–aspecialistinthetheoryandpracticeofsimulationeducationwho
hastheresponsibilityfordeveloping,managing,and/orimplementingeducationalactivities.
21. EligibleforAccreditation–Tobeeligibleforaccreditation,programsmustbe
inexistenceforatleast2yearsoverallandatleast2yearsforeachareafor
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whichaccreditationisrequested.Inaddition,programsmustdemonstratethattheymeetthecorestandardsofaccreditation.
22. Evidence-based–Educationalmaterialsormethodsthathavebeenproven
throughrigorousevaluationandresearchwillbeintegratedintoaccreditationstandardsandconsultationasdeemedappropriateandgenerallyapplicablebytheCouncilforAccreditationofHealthcareSimulationPrograms.
23. ExperientialLearning–theprocessoflearningthroughdirectexperience.
Experientiallearninginvolvesthelearneractivelyparticipatingintheexperience,learnerreflectionontheexperience,useofanalyticalskillstoconceptualizetheexperience,andtheuseofdecision-makingandproblem-solvingskillstogainnewideasfromtheexperience.
24. Facilitator–anindividualthathelpsbringaboutanoutcomebyproviding
indirectassistance,guidanceorsupervision25. Formativeassessment–aprocessfordeterminingthecompetenceofaperson
engagedinahealthcareactivityforthepurposeofprovidingconstructivefeedbackforthatpersontoimprove.
26. Governance-Governanceencompassestheresponsibilityforsecuringthelong
termsustainabilityofthesimulationprogram;assuringthatitfulfillsitsobligationstoitsconstituentsandthatitismeetingitsdesiredmissionandvision.Governancealsoincludessupportingtheprioritiesandstrategicdirectionofthesimulationprogram.
27. HighStakesAssessment-Ahigh-stakesassessmentisonehavingimportant
consequencesforthetesttaker,andservesasthebasisofamajordecision.Passingisassociatedwithimportantbenefits,suchassatisfactionofalicensureand/orcertificationrequirement,ormeetingacontingencyforemployment.Failingtoohasimportantconsequences,suchasbeingrequiredtotakeremedialclassesuntiltheassessmentcanbepassed,orbeingbannedfrompracticewithinacertaindisciplineordomain.Thus,highstakesassessmentisonethat:●isasingle,definedassessment(perhapswithcomponentsubunits)●hascleardistinctionbetweenthosewhopassandthosewhofail●hasdirectconsequencesforpassingorfailing(something"atstake").
28. HybridSimulationMethodologies–theuseofacombinationoftypesofsimulationthatintegratestheuseofsimulatorsandstandardizedhumanpatientsimulatorsinasimulationevent.
29. Integrity–aprogramisconsideredtohaveintegrityifitisconsistentinits
mission,actions,values,methods,measures,principles,expectations,andoutcomes.
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30. Interprofessional–whenstudentsfromtwoormoredifferentprofessions
learnfromandabouteachothertoimprovecollaborationandthequalityofcare.Althoughthistermmaybeassociatedwithmulti-disciplinaryandmulti-specialtylearning;interprofessional,forthepurposesofthisdocument,isdistinguishedfrommultidisciplinary(theactofjoiningtwoormoredisciplineswithoutintegration)andinterdisciplinary(connectingandintegratingschoolsofprofessionswiththeirspecificperspectives,tocompleteatask).
31. LearnerContactHour–aunitofmeasurementthatdescribesoneperson
participatingfor60minutesinanorganizedlearningactivitythatiseitherdidacticorclinicalexperiencerelatedtosimulation
32. Medical/Clinical/ProgramDirector–anindividualwhooverseesthedaily
operationofasimulationprogram.Thismayincludethedevelopment,implementation,andassessmentofthesimulationprogram.Thedirectoroverseesthepersonnel,budgetary,andregulatoryconcernsandisaccountablefortheoveralladministrationoftheprogram.
33. Moulage–theartofapplyingmockinjuriesormanifestationsofabnormal
medicationconditionstoincreasetheperceivedrealismofasimulation.34. Program–WhileSSHunderstandsthedifferenceinterminologyfrom
organizationtoorganization;forthepurposesofthisdocument,anysimulationcenterorserviceisreferredtoasa“program”.Thisrequiresutilizationofsimulationforhealthcareeducation,assessmentand/orresearchwithdedicatedpersonnelanddefinedsimulationcurriculum.Seesimulationprograminhealthcare
35. Realism–theabilitytoimpartthesuspensionofdisbelieftothelearnerby
creatinganenvironmentthatmimicsthatofthelearner’sworkenvironment.Realismincludestheenvironment,simulatedpatient,andactivitiesoftheeducators,assessors,and/orfacilitators.
36. ResearchExpertise–whenanindividualdemonstratesextensiveknowledgein
simulationthroughresearchasevidencedbymultiplepublicationsofrigorousstudiesutilizingsimulation.
37. Simulation–atechniquethatusesasituationorenvironmentcreatedtoallow
personstoexperiencearepresentationofarealeventforthepurposeofpractice,learning,evaluation,testing,ortogainunderstandingofsystemsorhumanactions.Simulationistheapplicationofasimulatortotrainingand/orassessment.
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38. SimulationCenter–entitywithdedicatedinfrastructureandpersonnelwheresimulationcoursesareconducted.AcentermaysupportseveralSimulationPrograms.
39. SimulationExpert(Educator)–anindividualwhohasdemonstratedexpertise
insimulationeducation,curriculumdesign,implementation,andevaluationthroughyearsofexperience.
40. SimulationExpertise–anindividualwhoisregardedinthecommunityasan
expertinsimulationthroughyearsofexperienceorresearchexpertiseandoftenactsasaconsultantormentorforotherindividualsinthecommunity
41. SimulationFidelity–thephysical,contextual,cognitive,andemotionalrealism
thatallowspersonstoexperienceasimulationasiftheywereoperatinginanactualactivity.
42. SimulationGuideline–arecommendationofthequalitiesforsimulation
fidelity,simulationvalidity,simulationprogram,orforformativeorsummativeevaluation.
43. SimulationPrograminHealthcare–anorganizationorgroupwithdedicated
resourceswhosemissionisspecificallytargetedtowardsimprovingpatientsafetyandoutcomesthroughassessment,research,advocacy,andeducationusingsimulationtechnologiesandmethodologiesincludingformalworkshops,courses,classes,orotheractivitythatusesasubstantialcomponentofsimulationasatechnique.Aformalsworkshop,course,class,orotheractivitythatusesasubstantialcomponentofsimulationasatechnique.
44. SimulationStandard–astatementoftheminimumrequirementsfor
simulationfidelity,simulationvalidity,simulationprogram,orforformativeorsummativeevaluation.
45. SimulationValidity–thequalityofasimulationorsimulationprogramthat
demonstratesthattherelationshipbetweentheprocessanditsintendedpurposeisspecific,sensitive,reliable,andreproducible.
46. Simulator–anyobjectorrepresentationusedduringtrainingorassessment
whichbehavesoroperateslikeagivensystemandrespondstotheuser’sactions.
47. SSH-SART–SocietyforSimulationinHealthcareSimulationAccreditation
ReviewTeam.EachsitebeingsurveyedforaccreditationshallundergoasurveyprocessunderthereviewofaSSH-SARTgroup.
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48. SubstantialProgramChange–ASubstantialprogramchangeisonethataffectsthemission/vision,structure,organizationalleadership,functionality,policies/procedures,and/ortheorganizationalchart(s)oftheProgram.AllsubstantialprogramchangesshouldbereporttotheManagerofAccreditation.
49. Standardized(Human)PatientSimulation–simulationusingapersonor
personstrainedtoportrayapatientscenario,oractualpatient(s)forhealthcareeducationinbothskillsandcommunicationandhealthcareassessment.
50. StandardizedPatient–anindividualwhoistrainedtoactasarealpatientin
ordertosimulateasetofsymptomsorproblemsusedforhealthcareeducation,evaluation,andresearch.
51. SteeringCommittee–acommitteecomposedofhigh-levelstakeholderswho
provideguidanceonkeyissues,marketingstrategies,resourceallocationandoverallprogrampoliciesandobjectives.
52. StrategicPlan–theprocessofcomprehensive,integrativeprogramplanning
thatconsidersthefutureofcurrentdecisions,overallpolicy,program/organizationdevelopmentandlinkstooperationalplans.Theprocessshouldalignwithandallowtheprogramtofulfillitsmissionandachieveitsvision.
53. SummativeEvaluation–aprocessfordeterminingthecompetenceofaperson
engagedinahealthcareactivityforthepurposeofcertifyingwithreasonablecertaintythattheyareabletoperformthatactivityinpractice.
54. SystemsEngineering–aninterdisciplinaryfieldofengineeringfocusingon
howcomplexprojectsshouldbedesignedandmanaged.Logistics,coordinationofdifferentteams,modeling,automaticcontrolofmachinery,andhumanfactorsbecomemorechallengingwhendealingwithcomplexandhigh-stakeshealthcareprovision.Thisfielddevelopsandassesseswork-processesandtools(includingsimulation)tohandlesuchprojects,andoverlapswithbothtechnicalandhuman-centereddisciplines.
55. Task-Trainer–trainingmodelsutilizedtoteachorpracticeaspecificskill.
Examplesincludeintravenouslinearms,intra-osseouslinelegs,intubationheads,andcentralvenouslinechests.
56. TechnicalSpecialist–anindividualwhoprovidestechnologicalexpertiseand
instructionalsupportforasimulationprogram.Thisincludes,butisnotlimitedto,dailyoperationsofthesimulationlab,maintenanceofequipment,managementoflabsupplies,managementofsimulators,programresponsibilityofsimulators,andcollaborationwithfacultyandstaff.