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Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Decline of the Qing Dynasty
Section 2: Revolution in China
Section 3: Rise of Modern Japan
Visual Summary
Chapter Intro
In what ways can one culture influence another?During the Meiji Restoration, the imperial court was moved to the shogun’s palace in Edo (now Tokyo). The palace was eventually replaced with the Japanese Imperial Palace, which houses the emperor and his family today. It has been rebuilt many times because of fires and war. It has been restored using traditional Japanese architecture. In this chapter you will learn how Japan emerged as an industrial society.
• What elements of traditional Japanese culture were affected by ideas of
Western civilization?
• How has Japanese culture influenced life in the United States?
Chapter Intro
Chapter Intro 1
The Decline of the Qing Dynasty
What factors led to the decline of China’s Qing dynasty?
Chapter Intro 2
Revolution in China
How did China change as a result of revolution and Western Influence?
Chapter Intro 3
Rise of Modern Japan
How did Western technology lead to Japan’s modernization?
Section 1-Main Idea
The BIG Idea
Competition Among Countries As the Qing dynasty declined, Western nations increased their economic involvement with China.
Section 1-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• extraterritoriality
• self-strengthening
• spheres of influence
• Open Door policy
• indemnity
Academic Vocabulary
• highlighted • exclusive
Section 1-Key Terms
People and Places
• Guangzhou
• Chang Jiang
• Hong Kong
• Hong Xiuquan
• Guang Xu
• Empress Dowager Ci Xi
• John Hay
A. A
B. B
Section 1-Polling Question
Can a country close its borders to all trade and still be successful?
A. Yes
B. No
A B
0%0%
Section 1
Causes of Decline
Pressure from the West and corruption, government incompetence, and peasant unrest from within led to the decline of the Qing dynasty.
Section 1
• Western powers wanted China to loosen trade restrictions that limited trade to the port at Guangzhou.
• To compensate for Britain’s unfavorable trade balance, the British began trading opium.
Causes of Decline (cont.)
Opium Imported Into China
Section 1
• The Chinese retaliated with a blockade on Guangzhou, sparking the Opium War.
• The British navy quickly defeated the Chinese by sailing up the Chang Jiang to Nanjing.
Causes of Decline (cont.)
Section 1
• In the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, the Chinese agreed to:
– Open five coastal ports
– Limit taxes on British imports
– Pay for the cost of the war
– Give Hong Kong to Great Britain
– Allow Westerners living in China the right of extraterritoriality
Causes of Decline (cont.)
Section 1
• The Qing dynasty began to suffer from corruption, peasant unrest, and incompetence. Population growth created a food shortage and many people died of starvation.
• Hong Xiuquan led a peasant revolt called the Tai Ping Rebellion (1850–1864).
Causes of Decline (cont.)
Section 1
• The rebellion called for social reforms, such as giving land to peasants and making women equal to men.
• Europeans helped the Qing dynasty defeat the Tai Ping when they saw how destructive the Tai Ping forces were.
• The Tai Ping rebellion was one of the most devastating civil wars in history, during which as many as 20 million people died.
Causes of Decline (cont.)
Section 1
• The Qing dynasty was in decline and called for reforms under a new policy called “self-strengthening.”
• The Chinese government wanted to adopt Western technology but keep Confucian values. It modernized the military and built up industries while keeping the culture.
Causes of Decline (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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In retaliation to the unequal trade imbalance, what did the British begin to sell to the Chinese?
A. Opium
B. Silk
C. Tea
D. Silver
Section 1
The Advance of Imperialism
Western nations and Japan set up spheres of influence in China to gain exclusive trading rights.
Section 1
• Between 1886 and 1985, France, Russia, and Great Britain seized land throughout East Asia.
• European states began creating spheres of influence throughout China’s heartland by negotiating with warlords for exclusive trading rights and railroad and mining privileges.
The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)
Spheres of Influence in China, 1900
Section 1
• The Chinese lost control of many territories:
– Russia forced China to give up territories in Siberia.
– Tibet became independent from Chinese influence.
– The Japanese gained the island of Taiwan.
– Germany demanded territories in the Shandong Peninsula.
The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)
Section 1
• The emperor Guang Xu called for One Hundred Days of Reform. Guang Xu wanted to base the Chinese government, education system, and military on Western models.
• Many conservatives opposed the reforms, including Empress Dowager Ci Xi, who became a dominant force at court.
• Ci Xi and the imperial army imprisoned the emperor and exiled, prosecuted, or imprisoned supporters of the reforms.
The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)
Section 1
• The reforms were met with limited support because of the following weaknesses:
– Damaged careers of many scholars
– Neglected agriculture
– Focused too heavily on the elite classes
– Could not end foreign influence
The Advance of Imperialism (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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Which is not a reason that Guang Xu’s reform policies were not supported by Chinese society?
A. Agriculture was neglected.
B. Reforms were focused too heavily on the elite.
C. Reforms could not end foreign influence.
D. Scholars were given too much power.
Section 1
Responses to Imperialism
The United States proposed an Open Door policy to guarantee it would have equal trading rights with European countries in China.
Section 1
• In 1899 the U.S. secretary of state, John Hay, wrote notes to Britain, Russia, Germany, France, Italy, and Japan asking each country to respect equal trading rights in China.
• There was no opposition to Hay’s proposal, leading to establishment of the Open Door policy.
Responses to Imperialism (cont.)
Section 1
• The Open Door policy reduced trade restrictions and foreign influences.
• The policy also eased fears throughout the Western nations that one country would obtain overwhelming influence throughout China.
Responses to Imperialism (cont.)
Section 1
• A secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists formed in opposition to foreign influence in China and initiated the Boxer Rebellion.
• The Boxers began killing foreigners, including Western businessmen, and Christian missionaries and converts.
Responses to Imperialism (cont.)
Section 1
• An allied army formed in retaliation and crushed the rebellion and demanded more concessions from the Chinese government, including a heavy indemnity.
Responses to Imperialism (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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What is an indemnity?
A. A payment for damages
B. A trade restriction
C. Land won in a war
D. A legal fine
Section 2-Main Idea
REVOLUTION IN CHINA
Section 2-Main Idea
The BIG Idea
Self-Determination Reforms led to a revolution in China, and the arrival of Westerners brought changes to its culture and economy.
Section 2-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• provincial
• commodities
Academic Vocabulary
• phase
• motive
Section 2-Key Terms
People and Places
• Sun Yat-sen
• Henry Pu Yi
• General Yuan Shigai
• Shanghai
• Wuhan
A. A
B. B
Section 2-Polling Question
A government needs to change as society progresses.
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A B
0%0%
Section 2
The Fall of the Qing
Sun Yat-sen led a successful revolution to end the Qing dynasty, but he was unable to establish a stable government.
Section 2
• After the Boxer Rebellion, Empress Dowager Ci Xi implemented numerous reforms in an attempt to hold onto power, including the formation of legislative assemblies at the provincial level.
• Sun Yat-sen believed the Qing dynasty could no longer govern China.
The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
Section 2
• Sun Yat-sen formed the Revive China Society and a three-stage reform process:
– Military takeover
– Transitional phase preparing people for democracy
– Establishment of a constitutional democracy
The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
Section 2
• After the death of the Empress, the infant Henry Pu Yi became China’s last emperor.
• In 1911, the followers of Sun Yat-sen revolted and the Qing dynasty collapsed.
The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
Fall of the Qing Empire
Section 2
• The Nationalist party lacked political and military power and was forced to allow General Yuan Shigai, a member of the old order, to serve as president.
• Yuan did not have much support. The reformers did not like his traditional, dictatorial manner of ruling and supporters of the Qing dynasty viewed him as a traitor.
The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
Section 2
• Yuan dissolved the parliament, sparking a rebellion led by the Nationalists. The Nationalists fled to Japan after the rebellion failed.
• After Yuan’s death, China experienced several years of civil war.
The Fall of the Qing (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Why was General Yuan Shigai chosen to be the new president?
A. He was the leader of the Nationalist party.
B. He controlled the army.
C. He supported the Qing dynasty.
D. He was elected by the people.
Section 2
Cultural Changes
Western culture had a dramatic effect on many Chinese people, especially those living in cities.
Section 2
• Western culture in China was most evident in the cities, where a national market for commodities such as oil, salt, copper, tea, and porcelain appeared.
• Westernization affected China in three ways:
Cultural Changes (cont.)
– Introduced modern means of transportation
– Created an export market
– Integrated the Chinese market into the world market
Section 2
• Imperialism also had negative effects.
Cultural Changes (cont.)
– China depended on the West.
– Many Chinese were exploited, and local industries were destroyed.
– Profits went to foreign countries rather than to the Chinese economy.
Section 2
• After World War I, foreign investment drawn out of China, enabling Chinese businesspeople to develop new ventures.
• Modern cities such as Shanghai, Wuhan, Tianjin and Guangzhou became major industrial and commercial centers.
• In the rural areas, life remained largely unchanged. Traditional jobs and family roles remained the same.
Cultural Changes (cont.)
Section 2
• The cities experienced the most change, with Western cultural influence at it strongest and Confucian social ideas on the decline.
• The culture began to truly change when intellectuals introduced Western books, art, music, and ideas to China.
• Conservatives remained loyal to traditional culture, clashing with radical reformers who wanted it eliminated.
Cultural Changes (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What event gave the Chinese a chance to develop modern businesses?
A. World War I
B. World War II
C. Shanghai Rebellion
D. Revival of Confucianism
Section 3-Main Idea
The BIG Idea
Competition Among Countries Western intervention opened Japan to trade, and the interaction between Japan and Western nations led to a modern industrial Japanese society.
Section 3-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• concessions
• prefectures
Academic Vocabulary
• subsidy
• context
Section 3-Key Terms
People and Places
• Matthew Perry
• Edo Bay
• Millard Fillmore
• Kyōto
• Mutsuhito
• Edo
• Ito Hirobumi
• Port Arthur
A. A
B. B
Section 3-Polling Question
Countries benefit from trade with one another.
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A B
0%0%
Section 3
Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure
Under military pressure from the United States, Japan signed the Treaty of Kanagawa, which opened two ports to Western trade.
Section 3
• Ruling for 200 years, the Tokugawa shogunate kept relations with outside countries at a minimum and carried on a policy of isolationism.
• Western nations wanted Japan to open their ports to trade.
• U.S. President Millard Fillmore sent Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan.
Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.)
Section 3
• Concessions were made by shogunate officials, and they signed the Treaty of Kanagawa with the United States.
• The Treaty approved:
Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.)
– The return of shipwrecked American sailors
– The opening of two ports to Western traders
– The establishment of a U.S. diplomat in Japan
Section 3
• Other European nations forced Japan to sign similar treaties.
Japan Responds to Foreign Pressure (cont.)
• A group of samurai warriors called the Sat-Cho opposed opening foreign relations with the West and forced the shogun to promise to end foreign relations.
• The Sat-Cho attacked the shogun’s palace at Kyōto, resulting in the collapse of the shogunate system and the beginning of the Meiji Restoration.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Why did Japanese leaders agree to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa?
A. They wanted U.S. products.
B. They were afraid of U.S. guns.
C. They wanted to overthrow the shogun.
D. They wanted foreign relations with the West.
Section 3
The Meiji Restoration
The Meiji government attempted to modernize Japan’s political, economic, and social structures.
Section 3
• The young emperor, Mutsuhito, called his reign the Meiji, meaning “Enlightened Rule.”
The Meiji Restoration (cont.)
• The Sat-Cho held the real power and moved the capital from Kyōto to Edo.
• The new leaders stripped the daimyo of their land and created prefectures.
Section 3
• Ito Hirobumi led a commission that traveled to many Western countries to study their governments.
• The result was a political system modeled after Imperial Germany. It was democratic in form, but authoritarian in practice.
The Meiji Restoration (cont.)
Section 3
• The Meiji implemented a land reform that gave land to the peasants. Because of bad harvests, many peasants could not pay their taxes and became tenant farmers.
• The government used the land-tax revenues to promote industry. The revenue went toward struggling industries and to improving transportation and communication.
The Meiji Restoration (cont.)
Section 3
• A new imperial army with modern weapons was created that was based on required military service.
• A new educational system, based on the American model, was created, and foreign specialists were brought to Japan to teach.
• Western fashion and culture became popular, and women gained more rights.
The Meiji Restoration (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which of the following is not a social change resulting from Meiji modernization?
A. Women gained more rights.
B. Traditional values were replaced with capitalism.
C. Laborers faced harsh working conditions in some industries.
D. People began wearing Western-style clothes.
Section 3
Joining the Imperialists
By the early 1900s, Japan strengthened its military and started building an empire.
Section 3
• The Japanese needed raw materials and wanted to expand by obtaining colonies, as the Europeans had done.
• Japan claimed control of the Ryukyu Islands, which belonged to the Chinese Empire.
• The Japanese next forced the Koreans to open their ports to Japanese trade.
Joining the Imperialists (cont.)
Japanese Expansion
Section 3
• China and Japan went to war over influence in Korea. Japan won, resulting in Korea’s independence.
• China also ceded Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan.
• Japan led a successful surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur.
• The Japanese navy defeated the Russian fleet.
Joining the Imperialists (cont.)
Section 3
• The Russo-Japanese War made Japan one of the world’s great military powers.
• The United States recognized Japan’s role in Korean affairs, and, in return, the Japanese recognized the U.S. role in the Philippines.
• Some Americans began to fear the rise of Japanese power. In 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt stopped Japanese immigration into the United States.
Joining the Imperialists (cont.)
Significance of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which event made it clear that Japan was one of the world’s great powers?
A. Russo-Japanese War
B. Communist Revolution
C. Meiji Revolt
D. Korean War
Section 3
Culture in an Era of Transition
The culture of Western nations greatly influenced Japanese traditional culture.
Section 3
• From literature to architecture, the Japanese modeled Western styles and techniques.
• Western technology strongly influenced traditional Japanese culture:
Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.)
– Japanese authors began translating Western novels.
– Writers began to imitate Western styles, such as Realism.
Section 3
– The Japanese invited technicians, engineers, architects, and artists from Europe and the United States to teach modern skills in Japan.
• The Japanese also influenced other cultures.
Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.)
– Japanese arts and crafts, including porcelains, textiles, fans, folding screens, and woodblock prints, became popular throughout Europe.
Section 3
– Japanese gardens became popular in the United States.
Culture in an Era of Transition (cont.)
• By the end of the nineteenth century, many Japanese began a return to Japanese traditions.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
What aspect of Japanese culture became popular in the U.S.?
A. Japanese music
B. Japanese clothing
C. Japanese education system
D. Japanese gardens
VS 1
IMPERIALISM in China
• The Qing dynasty began to decline due to pressure from the West and internal corruption.
• Western nations and Japan created spheres of influence in China to gain exclusive trading rights.
• In order to secure its own trading rights, the United States proposed an Open Door trading policy.
VS 2
REVOLUTION AND TRANSITION in China
• After China failed to reform, Sun Yat-sen led a rebellion that ended the Qing dynasty.
• Lacking military and political strength, Sun was unable to establish a stable government.
• European traders brought new ideas to China that changed the lives of many Chinese.
VS 3
TRADE AND IMPERIALISM of Japan
• After signing the Treaty of Kanagawa, Japan opened two ports for Western trade.
• The Meiji government tried to modernize its political, economic, and social structure.
• Japan built up its military and began expanding its territory.
• Western ideas and technology influenced Japanese culture.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 4a
Figure 4b
Figure 5
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Vocab1
extraterritoriality
living in a section of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country’s laws
Vocab2
self-strengthening
a policy promoted by reformers toward the end of the Qing dynasty under which China would adopt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values and institutions
Vocab3
spheres of influence
areas in which foreign powers have been granted exclusive rights and privileges, such as trading rights and mining privileges
Vocab4
Open Door policy
a policy, proposed by U.S. secretary of state John Hay in 1899, that stated that all powers with spheres of influence in China would respect equal trading opportunities with China and not set tariffs giving an unfair advantage to the citizens of their own country
Vocab5
indemnity
payment for damages
Vocab6
highlighted
centered attention on
Vocab7
exclusive
limited to a single individual or group
Vocab8
provincial
local; of or relating to a province
Vocab9
commodity
a marketable product
Vocab10
phase
a part in the development cycle
Vocab11
motive
a reason to take action
Vocab12
concession
a political compromise
Vocab13
prefecture
in the Japanese Meiji Restoration, a territory governed by its former daimyo lord
Vocab14
subsidy
government payment to encourage or protect a certain economic activity
Vocab15
context
the circumstances surrounding a situation or event
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