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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: West Africa

Section 2: Central and East Africa

Section 3: Southern Africa

Summary

Chapter Intro 1

Human-Environment Interaction The economies of Africa south of the Sahara depend more on agriculture and mineral resources than on manufacturing. Today, a number of challenges face the people of this region, including environmental damage, the spread of disease, and various ethnic conflicts. How might governments use their countries’ resources to help people?

Chapter Intro 2

Section 1: West Africa

Geographers study how people and physical features are distributed on Earth’s surface. While some West African countries lie on the coast, others are located in the dry interior.

Chapter Intro 2

Section 2: Central and East Africa

Cooperation and conflict among people have an effect on the Earth’s surface. In various parts of Central and East Africa, ethnic conflicts have hurt both people and the environment.

Chapter Intro 2

Section 3: Southern Africa

Patterns of economic activities result in global interdependence. The export of valuable minerals, such as diamonds and gold, is important to the economies of southern Africa.

Chapter Intro-End

Section 1-Main Idea

Geographers study how people and physical features are distributed on Earth’s surface.

Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• subsistence farm

• cacao

• landlocked

• overgraze

Academic Vocabulary

• benefit

• stable

Section 1-Polling Question

Would you relocate every few years if your job required it?

A. Yes

C. Depends on the job

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Section 1

Worldwide monitoring groups are looking closely at Africa’s diamond industry. It is very likely that Ghana accepts millions of dollars’ worth of smuggled diamonds. Civil war rebels from Côte d’Ivoire use them to finance their fighting. They issue fraudulent certificates identifying the “conflict diamonds” as legitimate. Once this is done, the smuggled gems are sold legally.

Section 1

Nigeria

Nigeria is a large, oil-rich country that has more people than any other nation in Africa south of the Sahara.

Section 1

Nigeria (cont.)

• Nigeria is one of the largest nations in Africa south of the Sahara, and it has the largest population of any country in the region.

– Ethnic conflict and political uncertainty have kept Nigeria from benefiting from its rich natural resources.

Section 1

• Although nearly all of Nigeria’s economy relies on oil production, most of the country’s people are farmers who have subsistence farms, or small plots where they grow only enough to feed their families.

Nigeria (cont.)

Section 1

• Larger farms produce cash crops, such as rubber, peanuts, palm oil, and cacao, a tropical tree whose seeds are used to make chocolate and cocoa.

• By focusing on cash crops, Nigeria has not grown enough food crops, so food must be imported.

Nigeria (cont.)

Section 1

• Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups, the four largest being the Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, and Ibo.

– Nigerians speak many different African languages, but they use English in business and government.

Nigeria (cont.)

Section 1

• About 50 percent of Nigeria’s people are Muslim, 40 percent are Christian, and 10 percent practice traditional African religions.

Nigeria (cont.)

Religion in Selected Countries of West Africa

Section 1

• Although 60 percent of Nigerians still live in rural areas, many people have left their farms in search of better jobs in the cities.

• The largest city is the port of Lagos.

• Abuja, Nigeria’s capital, is a planned city that was built during the 1980s.

Nigeria (cont.)

Section 1

• Nigeria is a federal republic, with powers divided between a national government and states.

Nigeria (cont.)

Section 1

• Nigeria still faces the challenge of building a stable, or secure, democracy, and ethnic and religious differences continue to threaten national unity.

• In the early 2000s, violence between Christians and Muslims in certain areas raised fears of another civil war.

Nigeria (cont.)

Section 1

A B C D

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What is Nigeria’s major source of income?

A. Cacao

B. Oil exports

C. Timber

D. Palm oil

Section 1

The Sahel and Coastal West Africa

West Africa consists of inland grasslands and coastal rain forests, areas with different populations and resources.

Section 1

The Sahel and Coastal West Africa (cont.)

• Except for Mauritania, the Sahel countries—Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad—are landlocked, or without a sea or an ocean border.

• The lack of a good transportation system and ports limits the ability of the Sahel countries to develop their valuable deposits of uranium, gold, and oil.

Section 1

• Only grasses and small trees grow in the Sahel, which receives little rainfall.

• A major farming activity is raising livestock but overgrazing, or when the animals strip areas so bare that winds blow away the soil, combined with the dryness of the area, contribute to desertification.

• Populations in the Sahel are small because of the difficult living conditions.

Section 1

• The countries of Coastal West Africa include the Cape Verde Islands and the mainland countries that stretch from Senegal to Benin.

• As in other regions, rain forests here have been cleared for palm, coffee, cacao, and rubber plantations.

• This has led to deforestation along the area’s densely settled coasts.

Section 1

• As people migrate in search of work, they have settled in port cities, such as Dakar (Senegal) and Accra (Ghana).

Section 1

• Civil wars have cost many lives and destroyed the economies in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Côte d’Ivoire; but Ghana, Senegal, and Benin have stable democracies and generally prosperous economies.

Section 1

What language do most people of the Sahel and Coastal West Africa speak?

A. French

B. English

C. Arabic

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Section 1-End

Section 2-Main Idea

Cooperation and conflict among people have an effect on the Earth’s surface.

Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• sisal

• habitat

• cassava

• genocide

Academic Vocabulary

• source

• shift

• restore

Do you believe the United States should be directly involved in restoring peace to countries like Darfur and Rwanda?

A. Yes

Section 2

World aid groups are not always welcomed. Eritrea’s leaders are at odds over the donation of food for its people. When Eritrea was fighting for its independence from Ethiopia, aid was given to Ethiopia, not Eritrea. Eritrea’s leaders now mistrust offers of outside help, insisting they will take care of themselves.

Section 2

Central Africa

Although rich in natural resources, Central Africa remains largely undeveloped because of a difficult environment and political conflicts.

Section 2

Central Africa (cont.)

• The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a major source of copper, tin, and industrial diamonds.

• Many of the minerals are found in the country’s interior, but thick rain forests, political unrest, and lack of roads limit the mining of the resources.

• For many years, a civil war hurt efforts to develop the country’s economy.

Section 2

• The Democratic Republic of the Congo has more than 200 different ethnic groups who speak African languages, but French is the country’s official language.

• Although most Congolese people live in rural areas, the capital, Kinshasa, has more than 6 million people.

Section 2

• Gabon has used its rich resources of oil, manganese, uranium, and timber to build a prosperous economy.

• Cameroon produces cacao and coffee for export.

Section 2

• Both Congo and the Central African Republic have remained in poverty because of weak governments.

• Equatorial Guinea has benefited from its oil resources.

• Likewise, the island country of São Tomé and Principé have shifted to oil production instead of exporting cacao and coconuts.

Section 2

A B C D

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Why has the Democratic Republic of Congo not been able to take full advantage of its rich resources?

A. Lack of roads

B. Political unrest

C. Thick rain forests

D. All of the above

Section 2

Southern East Africa

The highlands in the southern part of East Africa attract people and support thriving farms. The region has experienced much conflict, however.

Section 2

Southern East Africa (cont.)

• Tanzania, the largest of the southern East African countries, has many ethnic groups, each with its own language, but most people speak Swahili.

• Friendly relations among the groups plus a stable government have prevented conflict in Tanzania since independence.

Section 2

• Most Tanzanians farm or herd livestock. Export crops are coffee and sisal, a plant fiber used to make rope and twine.

• The island of Zanzibar, off Tanzania’s coast, supplies a spice called cloves.

Section 2

• National parks in Tanzania help to protect the habitats of the country’s wildlife.

• A habitat is the type of environment in which a particular animal species lives.

• Serengeti National Park attracts many ecotourists, or people who travel to another country to view its natural wonders and wildlife.

Section 2

• Most of Kenya’s people live in the highlands in the center of the country.

• Nairobi is the country’s capital and the largest city in East Africa.

• Mombasa, on the Indian Ocean coast, is a large and busy port.

Section 2

• Most Kenyans are farmers who raise corn, bananas, sweet potatoes, and cassava, a plant whose roots are ground to make porridge.

• Some larger farms raise coffee and tea for export. The country also has a large system of national parks to help protect its wildlife.

Section 2

• Kenya has many different ethnic groups, with the Kikuyu people making up one-fourth of the population.

• Most Kenyans live in rural areas, but many have moved to the cities in search of a better life.

Section 2

• After independence from Britain in 1963, Kenya prospered despite rule by one political party.

• Recently, Kenyans have made advances toward democracy, but a disputed presidential election in 2007 led to violent riots.

• The violence ended when the rival candidates agreed to share power in the new government.

Section 2

• Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi are landlocked countries in the highlands of East Africa.

• Rich soil and plentiful rainfall are good for both subsistence farms and plantations. Crops are bananas, cassava, potatoes, corn, grains, coffee, cotton, and tea.

Section 2

• Rwanda and Burundi have the highest population densities in Africa south of the Sahara.

• Uganda was ruled for much of the 1970s by a cruel dictator, Idi Amin, but in recent years, it has become more democratic and prosperous.

Section 2

• About 80 percent of the people in both Rwanda and Burundi are Hutu, but the Tutsi ran the governments and economies for many years.

• In the 1990s, civil war erupted, including genocide, or the deliberate murder of a group of people because of their race of culture.

Section 2

• A Hutu-led government in Rwanda killed hundreds of thousands of Tutsi. Two million more Tutsi became refugees.

Section 2

What is the capital of Kenya?

A. Nairobi

B. Mombasa

C. Zanzibar

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Section 2

The Horn of Africa

The countries of the Horn of Africa have all been scarred by conflict in recent years.

Section 2

The Horn of Africa (cont.)

• Sudan, the largest country in Africa, is covered in the north by the dunes of the Sahara and the Nubian Desert.

• In the central area of grassy plains, the two main tributaries of the Nile River—the Blue Nile and the White Nile—join at Khartoum, Sudan’s capital.

• Southern Sudan receives plenty of rain and has fertile soil and swamplands.

Section 2

• Most of Sudan’s people live along the Nile River or its tributaries and use Nile waters to irrigate their fields of sugarcane, grains, dates, and cotton—the country’s leading export.

• Sudan also has large reserves of oil in the south.

Section 2

• During the A.D. 500s, missionaries brought Christianity to the region.

– About 900 years later, Muslim Arabs entered northern Sudan and converted its people to Islam.

– The British and Egyptians together ruled Sudan from the late 1800s until 1956 when the country became independent.

– Since then, Sudan has been ruled mostly by military leaders.

Section 2

• From 1983 to 2004, Arab Muslims in northern Sudan and Christian black Africans and followers of local religions in southern Sudan fought a bitter civil war, killing about 1.5 million and driving many more from their homes.

• Another 200,000 likely have been killed during a conflict in Sudan’s western Darfur region that began in 2001.

Section 2

• Landlocked Ethiopia’s landscape varies from hot lowlands to highlands and rugged mountains.

• Mild temperatures and good soil in the highlands are good for raising grains, sugarcane, potatoes, and coffee, a major export crop.

Section 2

• In the 1980s, a drought in Ethiopia turned the once-rich fields into seas of dust.

– A resulting famine killed more than 1 million Ethiopians through starvation and disease.

Section 2

• About 85 percent of Ethiopians live in rural areas, although the capital, Addis Ababa is one of the largest cities in East Africa.

– Ethiopians practice Christianity, Islam, or traditional African religions.

– Almost 80 languages are spoken in Ethiopia.

– Amharic, similar to Hebrew and Arabic, is Ethiopia’s official language.

Section 2

• Eritrea is a small Muslim country that broke away from Ethiopia in 1993 and sits on the shores of the Red Sea.

– Most of Eritrea’s people farm, but farming is uncertain work because the climate is dry.

Section 2

• Somalia is situated on the tip of the Horn of Africa and has a long coastline but few natural harbors.

– Much of the country is hot and dry, which makes farming difficult.

– Most of Somalia’s people are nomadic herders on the country’s plateaus.

– In the south, rivers provide water for irrigation of fruits, sugarcane, and bananas.

Section 2

• Nearly all the people of Somalia are Muslims, but they belong to different clans. In the late 1980s, disputes among these clans led to civil war.

• Today, armed groups control various parts of Somalia.

• The country does not have a truly functioning government.

Section 2

• Djibouti is located at a narrow water passage that links the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.

– This passage is the meeting point of a number of trade routes that link the Indian Ocean with the Mediterranean Sea, as well as Africa with Southwest Asia.

Section 2

– Djibouti has an excellent harbor and modern port at its capital, the city of Djibouti.

– Shipping and commerce have become the heart of Djibouti’s economy.

Section 2

• Most of Djibouti’s people are Muslims who in the past lived a nomadic life of herding, but the dry climate makes farming and herding difficult.

– Many have moved to the city of Djibouti to find jobs.

Section 2

A B C D

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What is the major export crop of Ethiopia?

A. Cassava

B. Bananas

C. Coffee

D. Sweet potatoes

Section 2-End

Section 3-Main Idea

Patterns of economic activities result in global interdependence.

Section 3-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• constitution

• suffrage

• migrant worker

• enclave

Academic Vocabulary

• structure

• brief

• widespread

Do you know anyone who travels a long distance for a job, perhaps to another state or country?

A. Yes

Section 3

In Madagascar, the bite of a centipede feels like touching a hot stove. And the bombardier beetle sprays a burning acid at its enemies. Equally bad—or maybe worse—is the small leech that crawls behind an eyeball to find a meal. Saltwater will flush it right out, but people who have experienced it are not eager to have it happen again.

Section 3

Republic of South Africa

The Republic of South Africa has great mineral wealth, and has experienced major political and social changes in recent decades.

Section 3

Republic of South Africa (cont.)

• South Africa (officially called the Republic of South Africa) has the most highly developed economy in Africa.

– Important exports are minerals such as gold, diamonds, and platinum.

– Industry, farming, and ranching are also developing successfully in South Africa.

Section 3

• In rural areas, many people live in poverty and depend on subsistence farming.

• In the cities, industries have not grown fast enough to provide enough jobs.

Section 3

• In the early 1900s, British and Afrikaner settlers fought for control of South Africa, but in 1910 these groups united their territories to form the Union of South Africa.

– It was part of the British Empire and was ruled by whites.

– Black South Africans set up the African National Congress (ANC) in 1912 in hopes of gaining power.

Section 3

• White South Africans established apartheid to control the non-European population, but apartheid ended in the early 1990s.

– South Africans then wrote a new constitution based on majority rule.

– A constitution is a document describing the structure and powers of a government and the rights of citizens.

Section 3

– The constitution declared that people of all races and both genders would have equality.

– It granted suffrage, or the right to vote, to all citizens who are 18 or older.

Section 3

A B C D

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What minerals are exported out of South Africa?

A. Gold

B. Diamonds

C. Platinum

D. All of the above

Section 3

Other Southern African Countries

Other southern African countries are rich in resources and are home to many different ethnic groups.

Section 3

Other Southern African Countries (cont.)

• The six countries of inland southern Africa include Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi.

• Each is landlocked, has a mild climate, and is dominated by high plateaus.

Section 3

• Most of the citizens practice subsistence farming in rural villages.

• Thousands move to the cities or to South Africa as migrant workers.

• They spend most of the year working in mines and factories, visiting their families only a few times for brief periods.

Section 3

• Within South Africa are Lesotho and Swaziland, both enclaves, or small territories located inside a larger country.

• Both are poor countries that depend on South Africa for goods and markets.

Section 3

• Botswana is a country with swamplands and part of the vast Kalahari Desert.

– Its economy relies on the mining and exporting of diamonds and other minerals.

– The dry climate limits farming, so food must be imported from South Africa.

– Botswana is one of Africa’s strongest democracies.

Section 3

• Zimbabwe is rich in gold, copper, iron ore, and asbestos.

• Some large plantations grow coffee, cotton, and tobacco.

Section 3

• For years, Europeans owned Zimbabwe’s richest farmland.

– In recent years, the government has tried to turn over this land to Africans, but this has led to disorder and violence.

– The economy has been hurt, and there are widespread shortages.

– People in Zimbabwe have protested against the strong-handed rule of their president, Robert Mugabe.

Section 3

• City-dwellers in Zambia work in mining and service industries.

• Villagers grow corn, rice, and other crops to support their families.

Section 3

• Malawi boasts wetlands, lakes, mountains, and forests.

• Wildlife in Malawi’s national parks attracts visitors from around the world.

• Its people grow tobacco, tea, and sugar for export.

• After years of harsh government, Malawi became democratic in the mid-1990s.

Section 3

• Angola and Namibia have Atlantic Ocean coastlines.

• Angola is one of Africa’s major oil producers, and Namibia mines diamonds, copper, gold, and zinc.

• Despite this mineral wealth, most people in Angola and Namibia live in poverty and practice herding and subsistence farming.

Section 3

• Mozambique borders the Indian Ocean.

• After achieving independence, the country’s development was slowed by civil war and famine.

• Recently, Mozambique has begun to attract foreign investors.

Section 3

• Madagascar, Comoros, Mauritius, and Seychelles are island nations in the Indian Ocean.

• They are populated by a mix of peoples from Asia as well as from Africa.

Section 3

• Madagascar has a sizable population, but the others are relatively small, especially tiny Seychelles.

• All of these countries depend on agriculture, although Mauritius has a growing banking industry, and Seychelles has a strong tourist industry.

Section 3

A B C D

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What resource is Zimbabwe’s major source of income?

A. Copper

B. Timber

C. Bananas

D. Coffee

Section 3-End

West Africa

• Nigeria is a major oil producer and is Africa’s most populous country.

• Ethnic and religious differences threaten Nigeria’s political stability.

• The Sahel countries have dry climates.

• Plentiful rainfall supports agriculture in coastal West Africa.

Central Africa

• The Democratic Republic of the Congo has more than 200 distinct ethnic groups.

• Gabon’s economy thrives on oil, timber, and minerals.

• Some Central African countries have suffered from years of political instability.

East Africa

• The economies of Tanzania and Kenya rely on tourism and farming.

• Ethnic conflict led to millions of deaths in Rwanda and Burundi during the 1990s.

• Droughts and warfare have often occurred in countries located on the Horn of Africa.

Southern Africa

• Many countries of southern Africa have large deposits of metal ores and gems.

• In the 1990s, apartheid ended in South Africa and a new democratic constitution was put in place.

• Most people in southern Africa live in rural villages and practice subsistence farming.

VS-End

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Vocab1

subsistence farm

small plot of land on which a farmer grows only enough food to feed his or her family

Vocab2

tropical tree whose seeds are used to make chocolate and cocoa

Vocab3

landlocked

having no border with ocean or sea

Vocab4

overgraze

problem that occurs when grazing animals like cattle and sheep eat too much of the sparse vegetation in a semiarid region

Vocab5

benefit

something that does good to a person or thing

Vocab6

stable

firmly established; not likely to change suddenly or greatly

Vocab7

plant fiber used to make rope and twine

Vocab8

habitat

type of environment in which a particular animal species lives

Vocab9

cassava

a plant whose roots are ground to make porridge

Vocab10

genocide

mass murder of people from a particular ethnic group

Vocab11

source

a point where something begins

Vocab12

to change from one to another

Vocab13

restore

return; to put or bring back into existence or use

Vocab14

constitution

document that describes the structure and powers of a government and the rights of people in a country

Vocab15

suffrage

right to vote

Vocab16

migrant worker

person who earns a living by temporarily moving to a place separate from his or her home in order to work

Vocab17

enclave

small territory entirely surrounded by larger territory

Vocab18

structure

an arrangement of parts

Vocab19

not very long

Vocab20

widespread

scattered or found in a wide area

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