SPEECH ON THE SEVENTIETH BIRTHDAY OF STALIN (21 DECEMBER 1949) – MAO ZEDONG

“Stalin is our greatest father and teacher. In the name of Chinese people and Chinese Communist Party, we celebrate comrade Stalin's seventy birthday. May he be in the best health and live a long life! Leader of both the world's working class and Communist Internationale — Ten thousand years of life to Stalin!”

Russia

RISE OF COMMUNISM

ROAD TO THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION• Nicholas II tries to hold on to an autocracy• One guy in charge

• 1905 – Bloody Sunday• 200,000 people march in St. Petersburg

• Better working conditions and a national legislature.

• Russian troops start shooting people

• Hundreds killed, 1,000+ wounded = riots

• Nick II has no choice but to agree to legislature • called the Duma (gets rid of it after 10 weeks)

• Gives Russian people a taste of liberty

• 1914 – Russia enters WWI• 9 million casualties

• Nick II moves to the Eastern Front to keep an eye on things.• Leaves his wife at home to

run the government.• She is influenced by Rasputin

and people think he is calling the shots.

• Makes rich Russians mad

• They end up killing him -- eventually

• March 1917• Nick II realizes its

over• Quits as Czar• July 1918 Lenin

orchestrates the murder of the entire family.

• Bolsheviks take over and a civil war breaks out (1918-1923)• Due to controversy over governing philosophy

(Communism vs. Moderates)• Red Army (Bolsheviks) Vs. White Army (everyone

else)• Results in another 14,000,000 deaths• Fighting, hunger, flu• The Red Army wins and Russia becomes a

Communist Country.

STALIN• Emphasized

industrialization & strengthening agriculture

• 1930’s – Russia isolated from the West

FIVE YEAR PLANS • Goal = modernize Soviet Union• Increase agriculture & industry

• Stalin saw Russia as 150 years behind

• Collectivization • Forced and led to disaster

• Man-made famine in Ukraine• Kurkuls resisted collectivist farms as they saw it as a return to serfdom

• Cruel but a victory for communists

• USSR didn’t meet most of the goals • Still a HUGE step towards full industrialization

Kharkiv-1932

China

RISE OF COMMUNISM

BEGINNINGS OF COMMUNISM •Qing (Manchu’s) overthrown

(1911)• Nationalist Party comes to power • Civil War – Warlords •Bad for peasants

CHINESE ROLE IN WWI • The Chinese declared war on Germany• Hoped Allies would reward them by giving

China back to the Chinese• INSTEAD - the Treaty of Versailles gave Japan

the rights to Shandong Province• May 4th Movement (1919)

• National protests against weak Chinese Response to ToV

THE RISE OF COMMUNISM •1921 – officially establish the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) •Nationalists vs. Communist

THE CHINESE STRUGGLE • Two forces

1. Nationalist movement to push the foreign merchants and capitalists out

2. A strong worker/peasant movement to liberate the people from oppression by their own leaders and business people

CIVIL WAR• 1930 – Nationalists vs. Communists.

• The Long March • Mao and followers chased– 9000 km and 90 % of people

died – survivors led revolution

• Meanwhile… Japan invades China from North• foreign attack forced the Nationalists and Communists to

unite to save China

Mao Zedong-1947

CONTAINMENT AFTER WWII• US policy of containment – stop spread of

communism • Communist (Mao) drove Nationalist (Chiang) to

Taiwan in 1949

• Declared founding of PRC (People’s Republic of China)

• “Two Chinas”

• PRC was NOT recognized by UN until 1972

• PRC evolves in 2 phases:

• 1. The Soviet Model (1949-1957)

• Land reform

• Civil reform

• 5 Year Plan

• 2. Great Leap Forward (1958-1963)

RULE BY MAO ZEDONG

THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD (1958-1963)

• Five year plan to modernize China

• Mao, after touring China felt they we capable of producing more

• In order to increase industrial output, agricultural output must increase to provide food

• This leads to famine due to irresponsible farming techniques

• Also, this was a period of drought and floods

• Machines were unreliable, as they were constructed quickly

• Fails, ~20 million die

Unloading Docks by Hand

Backyard Steel Production

The Four Pests Campaign

ECOLOGICAL CRISIS

• This campaign was intended to create a hygienic China

• Killed rats, mosquitos, flies, and sparrows

• Fallout

• Sparrows ate rice seeds, but also insects that reduced crop production

• Upset the ecological balance, lower crop production

CULTURAL REVOLUTION • Mao unhappy with market-oriented policies • Cultural Revolution (60’s & 70’s) – political,

social, economic change • Remove “Old China”

• Scholars sent to the fields to work

• Universities & libraries were destroyed

• Elementary education • “All people should be able to read and write”

• Based on Marxism

• Political, economic & social equality

• Increased industrialization & agriculture

• Power lies with the urban working class

• Based on Marxism

• Political, economic & social equality

• Increased industrialization & agriculture

• Power lies with the peasants

MAO VS. LENINMao Lenin

TOTALITARIANISM

WHAT IS IT?• A government that takes total, centralized,

state control over every aspect of public AND private life.• People give up liberty for a sense of security.• Need a dynamic leader to pull it off• Stalin

• Mao

• Hitler

1. Police Terror• Violence and terror

keep people in line.

• The secret police ENFORCE policy NOT protect citizens and catch criminals.

• Spy on citizens

• May beat or even murder people

WHAT YOU NEED TO MAKE A TOTALITARIAN STATE WORK

2. Indoctrination• Instruction in

government beliefs

• Glorify the leader• And his ideas

• Begins with the young• Schools are key

• Ex Hitler Youth

3. Propaganda and Censorship• Used to sway people

• Must have control of ALL media to make it work.

• The goal present false information as the truth.

• Anyone who tries to call the government out must be dealt with harshly • prison or a bullet

4. Persecution• Usually ethnic or

religious

• You need someone to blame when things go wrong.

• Need to be identifiable• Live in certain places

• Follow “special” laws

Police Terror

Indoctrination

Propaganda

Persecution

• The KGB (secret police)• Kept tabs on

EVERYONE• Tap phones, read

mail, random arrests and interrogations/ forced confessions.

• Arrest LOTS• send them to the

gulag (labor camp)

• Or shoot them

CASE STUDY- STALINIST RUSSIA

Vasili Blokhin (KGB Executioner)

•Once shot 7,000 Polish prisoners in 28 Days Nikolai Yezhov (head of the KGB in the 1930’s

• Propaganda and Censorship• Stalin’s government controlled:

• Newspapers, movies, radio, and other sources of info.

• All Stalin, all the time

• Everything was a success, all policies were great, Stalin was awesome, etc, etc, etc…

• Education & Indoctrination

• The communist party controlled ALL schools• from preschool to college

• Get the Party message for a LONG time.

• ANY teacher or professor who challenged the Party view was arrested.• Ex. – Stalin wasn’t in St. Petersburg

for the start of the October Revolution(true by the way)?

• OFF TO THE GULAG

• 10 – 15 years.

• Communists don’t like religion• “Opiate of the masses”

• Russian Orthodox church pegged as the “bad guy”.

• Stalin especially hated churches – many torn down during is regime

STALIN AND THE ECONOMY• Stalin saw that Russia was behind the rest of the world• Wanted to catch up quick

• His solution was a COMMAND ECONOMY• Government makes all of the economic decisions.

• Stalin’s idea Five Year Plans• Set impossible goals for industrialization

• Two ways to reach the goals

1. Don’t make as many consumer goods

2. Lie about the figures.

• In the end it worked (sort of)• Production increased but numbers not met

STALIN AND AGRICULTURE• 1928• Stalin decides to collectivize farms• No individual property – big government farms

• Ended up having to force people off the land

• Also had to force people on to the land

• Produce more but it is mismanaged from the start

• Widespread famine (food shortage)

• Results in the death of 5 – 10 million people.

IN-CLASS PROJECT (3-4 PER GROUP)1. Write our leaders “myth”

• Humble Beginnings, Triumph over Adversity, Victory

2. Who is the “Enemy of the State”?

3. How is the leader to be celebrated?

4. Goals for the communist state (20 Minimum)

• How will it be achieved?

5. Flag of the State

6. Poster of our leader

7. Poster of what the ideal society will look like