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Chapter 9: Organizing the Body of your speech
Organizing the Body of your speech
Formulatean
organizing question
Organizing Question???
??
Divide the Speech into Key ideas
Organization
Topical Division
Chronological Division
Spatial Division
Pro-Con Diviosn
Mnemonic Division
Problem-Solution Division
Need a plan division
DevelopKey ideas
4Ss
Signpost the idea
State the idea
Support the idea
Summarize the idea
ConnectKey Ideas
Transitions:
Complementary
Casual
Contrasting
Chronological
Key Terms
Casual Division, Casual Transition, Chronological
transition, Complementary Transition, Mnemonic
Division, Need-plan division, Organizing
Question, Problem solution division, Pro-Con Division, Signpost, Spatial division, topical division, Transition
Organizing Question???? question that, when answered, indicates the ideas and information necessary
to develop your topic
Transition- (verbal & nonverbal) a statement that connects parts of the speech and indicates the nature of their connection Casual Transition- establishes a cause effect relationship between two ideas (Examples: as a result, because, Consequently & Therefore)
Chronological transition- shows how one idea precedes or follows another in time. (Examples: After, as soon as, at last, at the same time, before, later, & while)
Complementary Transition - adds one ideas to another (Examples: also, and, in addition, just as important, likewise, Next & Not only)
Contrasting Transitions-- show how ideas differ (Examples: although, but, in contrast, in spite of, nevertheless, on the contrary, and on the other hand)
Signpost- (part of the 4’s) is a word such as initially, first, second & finalPurpose??? Help listeners follow your organizational pattern & increase likelihood they will remember key ideas.
Key Terms
Organizational Patterns!!!Topical Division
Spatial Division
Chronological Division
Problem-Solution Division
Mnemonic Division
Need a plan division Pro-Con Division
Body
Main topic 1
Subtopic 1
Subtopic 2
Main topic 2
Subtopic 1
Negative positive
Main topics divide into subtopics
main points are organized according totheir physical proximity or geography
organization of a speech according toarguments for and against some policy, position, or action.
division-simple, rigid, organizational approach for a persuasive speech
variation of Problem-solution 1. establish a need 2. present a proposal to meet need 3. demonstrates how proposal stratifies need 4. suggests a plan for implementing proposal
organization of a speech according to a special memory device, such as alliteration, rhyme, or initial letters that spell a word.
Casual Division organization of a speech from cause to affect, or from effect to cause
Organization according to Time
Chapter 10: Introducing & Concluding
Introducing & Concluding
Organize Conclusion of the speech
Audience Attention 1. Question your audience
2. Arouse Curiosity
3. Stimulate imagination
4.Promise something Beneficial
5. Amuse your audience Energize your Audience
6. Acknowledge and compliment your audience
Functions of a Speech Introduction1. Get the attention of the audience
2. State your Topic
3. Establish the importance of your topic
4. Establish your credibility to speak on your topic
5. Preview the key ideas of your speech
OrganizeIntroduction of the Speech
Functions of a Speech Conclusion1. Summarize your key ideas
2. Activate audience Response
3. Provide Closure
Key TermsCircular Conclusion
Direct Question
Preview
Rhetorical Question
Summary
Direct Question- Seeks a Response. Audience may be asked vocally or physically. (Example: By a show of hands)
Rhetorical Question- a question designed to stimulate thought without demanding an overt response
Introduction Questions
Components of a good Introduction Sets the tone of the entire speech.
Should be brief and to-the-point
Attention getter
quote, stat, anecdote, visual aid
Thesis
The main message/idea of
your speech
Preview
describe main points of body of speech
Transition
to body of speech
A. Inform the audience about main points
B. Mention every main body point
C. Identify each as a separate piece of the body.
D. The purpose is to prepare the audience
members for the flow of the speech
E. Word the preview clearly and concisely.
F. Avoid delving into the main points
Know examples of a good Attention Getter
Purpose: * Designed to intrigue the audience members
* Motivate them to listen attentively for the next several minutes.
* It is important for you to spend time strategizing, creating, and practicing the
attention-getter.
QualitiesA. An attention-getter should create curiosity in the minds of your listeners and
B. Convince them that the speech will be interesting and useful.
C. The wording of your attention-getter should be refined and practiced.
D. Delivery should be smooth and confident to let the audience know that you
are a skilled speaker who is prepared for this speech.
Tell a Story
•Narrate with feeling
Quote a Statistic
•Factual statistic researched
Ask a Question
•Rhetorical question (curiosity)Use a Quotation
*Cite the author
Make an Unusual Statement
Grabs attention
Use Humor
Tasteful Humor that relates to the topic
Define a Thesis statement & Know qualities of a good Thesis Statement
A. Clearly communicates your topic and purpose
to the audience.
B. Be sure to make it clear, concise, and
memorable.
Thesis statement should sum up the objective of your speech in one concise, strong, well thought out statement.
Summary- (Conclusion) parallels the Preview “Tell you what you told us” A. Finish strongly. B. Craft statements that reinforce the message & leave the audience with an
understanding about what was accomplished in speech. C. Create an artistic and effective closing line.D. Take time to work on writing the close well to be able to leave the audience thinking
of you as a well-prepared, confident speaker.
A good Conclusion
Summarize the Key Ideas
The main points are restated
Activate Audience
Provide Closure
Circular Conclusion- Final step echoes or refers to
the attention getting step of the introduction
Chapter 11: Outling Your Speech
Outlining Your Speech
Functions of Outlining
5 MAIN purposes:
1. Allows the speaker to check the scope of the topic
2. It tests the logical relations between main points and sub points
3. It check the relevance of sub points
4. It gauges the balance of the speech
5. It can function as speaking notes, jogging the speaker’s memory with key words in correct order
Complete sentence
Key word/ Phrases outlines
Principles of Outlining
1. Each symbol number or letter- should represent only 1 idea
2. Coordination & subordination should be represented by a consistent system of letters and numbers properly indented.
3. Any point divided into sub points must have at least two.
4. Complete sentences and key words should be mixed only in the speaking outline
5. Coordination point throughout the outline
Should have simple, parallel, grammatical construction
Stages of Outlining
1. Working Outline
2. Formal Outline
3. Speaking Outline
Key Terms
Complete sentence outline, Coordinate
ideas, formal outline, key word or phrase outline, Speaking
outline, Subordinate ideas, Working Outline
Different Types of Outline Styles Complete sentence outline- each item is a sentence
key word or phrase outline- each item is a key word or phrase
formal outline- is a complete sentence outline reflecting the full content and organization of your speech
Speaking outline- for yourself (brief) Example Notecard
Organization Technique Coordinate ideas- Are those of equal value or importance in the overall pattern of the speech
Subordinate ideas- subtopics that support the main topics
Chapter 3: Speaking Confidently
Speaking Confidently
Speaker Nervousness
Normal
*Communication Apprehension
*(PRPSA)
*3/4 College students anxious of public speaking
*Public Speaking > Death
Control speaker
Nervousness
Channel energy Gestures
Learn How to Build Speaker
Confidence1. Know how to react to stress
2. Know your strengths & weaknesses
3. Know speech Principles
4. Know that it always looks worse inside
5. Know your Speech!!
7. View speech positively (+)
8. Visualize Success
9. Project confidence
10. Test your message
11. PRACTICE your speech
12. Gain Perspective after your speech
Prepare 1stspeech
1. Understand the assignment
2. Develop your speech content
3. Organize you’re your speech
4. Word your speech
5. Practice your speech
6 . Deliver your speech
7. Evaluate your speech
Key Terms
Cognitive Restructuring
Communication Apprehension
Visualization
Key TermsCommunication Apprehension- perceived “fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated
communication with another person or persons” and one form, public speaking is especially widespread.
(Goal to channels Nervousness incorporate into motivated movements)
2 Methods to HELP! :)1. Cognitive Restructuring – method to reduce communication anxiety.
Recognizes nervousness caused by illogical beliefs.
1. Identify Negative self statements
2. Replace negative ones with positive ones
2.Visualization- method to combat anxiety by visualizing themselves delivering
effective presentations.
Communication ApprehensionCA quiz Results
How to Conquer? Prepare ahead. Realize it exists. What are your fears? Now look to see what is realistic, what is not? You can plan how to respond to realistic fears. Practice breathing and relaxing. Most fear can be reduced by deliberate slow breathing. Plan and practice your breathing. Try visualization exercises. Don’t clench your fists or lock your knees. Look at foreheads Stay away from caffeine Get support! Talk to your teacher, a friend, another student in the class, a counselor, etc. Have Realistic Goals! Some folks do not completely eliminate speech anxiety, but instead learn to reduce it or manage it. Set goals and make
specific plans
Commonness of nervousness & Fear of speaking“Natural”
Fear Ranking?? 1.Public Speaking 2.Deathmore than 40% of people say their top fear was speaking in front of other people. According to one survey, fear of public speaking came before heights, death, illness and other common phobias.
Chapter 5: Analyzing your Audience
Analyzing Audience
Recognize
Value of
your Audience
1. Recongnize your own place as part of your audience
2. RESPECT your listener
3. Recognize and act on audience feedback!
AnalyzeAudience
BeforeSpeech
Demographics
Psychographics
Audience Needs
Analyze Audience
During Speech
Attention
Comprehension
Evaluation
Analyze audience
After Speech
Accomplished?
Strongest/weakest
Improve NEXT speech
Key Words
Attitude , Audience Disposition, Audience Profile, Audience segmentation , Audience Targeting, Behavior, Belief , Captive Audience, Demographics , Maslows Heigharchy, Psychographics, Value, Volumatry audience
Analyze Audience NeedsMaslows Heigharchy- physiological needs, Safety needs, Belongingness & Love needs, Esteem needs, Self Actualization Needs.
Analyze Audience DispositionAudience Disposition- describes how listeners are inclined to react to speakers and their ideas
Types of AudienceVolumatry audience- has assembled of its own free will
Captive Audience- in contrast is required to be present
Gathering Information….. About the Audience
?
??
?
??
Analyze Audience DemographicsDemographics- Are characteristics of the audience such as Age, gender, ethnicity, education,
religion, economic status, & group membership
Audience segmentation- divisions, sections, subgroups that constitute your listener .
Audience Targeting- when speaker choose to only speak to one or more segments of larger audience.
Analyze Audience Psychographics Psychographics- is a term for audience characteristics such as values, beliefs, attitudes & behaviors.
Attitude- expressions approval or disapproval.
Value- expresses a judgment of what is desirable or undesirable, right or wrong, good or evil.
Belief-something we accept as true and it can usually be state as a declarative sentence.
Behavior- is an overt action it is how we act.
Demographics + Psychographics +Speaking situation = Audience profile
Audience Centered Egocentric “why do I care”
Situational Analysis- Physical Setting, Size, INTEREST???
Chapter 12: Wording Your Speech
Wording of Speech
Functions of Language
1. Communicates ideas between speaker & Listener
2. Sends messages either intentional or unintentional
3. It establishes & strengthens social bonds between groups of people
4. It is an instrument of play because it is the arena for joking & Battles
Principles of Effective Language
1. Use language Correctly
2. Use language clearly
3. Use language vividly
4. Use language inclusively
5. Oral style
Key Terms
Alliteration, antithesis, cliché, connotation, denotation, jargon, metaphor, nonsexist language,
parallelism, personification, repetition, sexist language, simile, tone
Ways to use WordsCheck Language useConnotation-Emotional response evoked which changes the meaning of a wordDenotation- Dictionary Definition of the wordExample “Hot” or “Tool”
figures of SpeechMetaphor- comparison of 2 dissimilar things using “like or as”Simile- comparison of 2 dissimilar things using “like or as”Personification- Human qualities to OBJECTS. Examples: “Angry sea”, “Jealousy raising it’s ugly head” or “Blind Justice”
Use of structures of Speech Alliteration- the repetition of beginning sounds in adjacent or nearby words. Parallelism- when they express two or more ideas in similar language structure.Repetition- restate words, phrases or sentences. Antithesis- uses parallel construction to contrast ideas.
Oral STYLETone- the relationship established by language& grammar between a writer or speaker and that person’s readers or listeners.
ClichéTired expressions that lost originalityExamples: Is everything Crystal Clear? orDid I hit the nail on the Head?
Rules Regulative Rules – specify when how where
and with whom to talk about certain things. Phonological Rules-rules on how to
pronounce each word Syntactic Rules-rules on word placement
Things to ConsiderRe
petit
ionRepetition-shouldn't be redundant or boring, but instead add a sense of importance to the repeated phrase, word, or idea.
• The most effective speech is one the audience remembers. Repetition aids comprehension
• Dr. Martin Luther King's "I Have A Dream," speech repeats the rhetorical effect "I have a dream”
Conc
isene
ss Get to the point!
Point should be clear.
Avoid:
"what I want to say is" "what I'm getting at is."
If words aren't adding any meaning to the speech, they should be cut.
“My first main point is.”
“ My conclusion is”
“My thesis statement is”
Know
You
r Aud
ienc
e word choice depends on the addressees.
• Presenting at a comedy club requires different language than speaking at a college public speaking course.
• Carefully examine your audience to choose what level of formality is essential, and if slang is suitable.
• Usually, public speaking requires a higher rank of formal speech, and slang is not used like it would be in casual speech.
Abstract vs. Concrete????
Chapter 13: Delivering your Speech
Delivery of Speech
Principles of Nonverbal
Communication
1. Part deliberate/part unintentional
2. Few nonverbal “universal meaning”
3. Conflicting trust nonverbal
4. Message intended overridden by nonverbal
Methods of Delivery
Speaking Impromptu
Speaking from Memory
Speaking from Manuscript
Speaking Extemporaneously
Qualities of Effective Delivery
1. Helps listener & speaker
2. BEST looks natural, comfortable & spontaneous
3. Delivery is best when the audience is not aware of it
Elements of Vocal Delivery
Rate & Pause
Volume
Pitch & Inflection
Articulation & Pronunciation
Elements of Physical Delivery
Appearance
Posture
Facial Expression
Eye contact
Movement
Gestures
Key Terms
Appearance, Articulation, Delivery, Eye contact, Facial
Expression, Gestures, Impromptu speaking,
Inflection, Movement, Pause, Pitch, Posture, Pronunciation,
Rate, Speaking, Extemporaneously
Speaking from manuscript
Speaking from Memory, Volume
Elements Know the different Methods of delivery (In class??)
Read from manuscript
•only done when absolute accuracy is required
Reciting from memory
•seldom done, if done rehearse until you’re very comfortable doing it
Impromptu
•speaking with little or no preparation
•avoid unless you are extremely comfortable with the subject
Extemporaneously
•carefully prepared and delivered from a brief set of notes
• Should sound spontaneous even if it has been rehearsed extensively
How & when to utilize the various methods of delivery?
How to do Well in Public Speaking??? Steps to Success
PRACTICE PRACTICEPRACTICE
Think positive thoughts! Don’t engage in self-
sabotage
Know your Topic
Know your Audience
Know Yourself
Know your
Speech
Focus on your
Message, not
yourself
Recognize your value
and uniqueness
“Never let them see ya sweat!”
Tips Be enthusiastic
Present on topics that interest you Be professional Know it well enough to speak extemporaneously Don’t read off note cards
Physical CommunicationEye Contact
Natural, sends nonverbal message
Don’t read off note card
3X5 ONLY!!!!
Movement
Pacing
Fidgeting
Leaning
Hiding
Gestures
Facial Expressions
Flailing
Position
Look Professional
Verbal CommunicationVolume – loudness or softness
adjust to the situation
(electronically if necessary, don’t yell)
Pitch – highness or lowness of the voice
use inflections in your voice to avoid
“monotone”
Rate- speed at which you speak
125-190 wpm is normal, too slow leaves
people hanging on your words, too fast
and they get confused and miss information
What you think your doing…
Articulation, Delivery, Inflection, Pause, Pronunciation
Goals: Reaches your audience
You only have one chance, make it count
Feels natural Move, gesture, be
natural yet appropriate Is not distracting
PRACTICE to ensure you are not distracting your audience with verbal fillers, slang, etc.\
Record yourself
Chapter 15: Speaking to Inform
Speaking to Inform
Characteristics of a speech to inform
Research a subject
Synthesize data
Communicate to listeners
1. How much does audience already know?
2. What does the audience need to know in order to understand
3. Cn I present this information in the allotted times so the audience will
remember
Informativespeech Topics
Speeches about people
Speeches about objects
Speeches about places
Speeches about activities or events
Speeches about processes
Speeches about concepts
Speeches about conditions
Speeches about issues
Guidelines for speaking to
inform
1. Stress your informative purpose
2. Be objective
3. Be specific
4. Be clear
5. Be accurate
6. Limit your ideas & supporting materials
7. Be Relevant
8. Use appropriate organization
9. Use appropriate forms of support
10. Uee effective delivery
Key Terms
Speech to Inform
“Demonstration Speech/How to?”
Speech to Inform “Demonstration Speech/How to?”
Seek Knowledge to know, Understand & Use. The goals of an informative speech are to impart
knowledge, enhance understanding or permit application.
Example: I choose How to use SmartArt which
Impart knowledge (awareness of this study tool)
enhanced understanding (where to locate the tool to study)
permitted how to apply this skill to their lives (useable)
Different Types of Speaking to Inform
A speech about Benjamin Franklin’s
accolades would be a
Speeches about
people.
A speech regarding The Great Wall of
China and it’s importance in China’s culture would be a Speech about
Places.
Speeches solely about the planet,
Saturn would be a
speech about objects
The origins of krumping would be an example of
speech about
activities or events.
An overview of steps on how to clean your room
would be categorized as a
speech about
processes.
English 1301 is a class
that specifically requires
students to give
speech about
concepts
A doctor giving a speech referring
the state of patients’ health after consuming uncooked meat
would be an example of speech about
conditions.
Criminal Justice courses often require you to give speech
about issues when
you discuss topics like the death penalty.
Examples