Transcript of Species Invasions in Large Ecosystems Ballast-mediated Animal Introductions in the Laurentian Great...
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- Species Invasions in Large Ecosystems Ballast-mediated Animal
Introductions in the Laurentian Great Lakes: Retrospective and
Prospective Analyses - Grigorovich, I.A., R.I. Colautti, E.L.
Mills, K. Holeck, A.G. Ballert, and H.J. MacIsaac. 2003 Presented
by: Kamto Chung, Marianne Fernandez & Carrie Kwok
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- Outline of Presentation Introduction Key definitions Background
information Summary of Grigorovich et al. paper Critique of paper
Findings from other studies Current Canadian Ballast Water
Management Regulations Current BWM regulations of other countries
Discussion
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- Key Definitions Invasive Species Also referred to as
non-indigenous species (NIS) BOB/NOBOB Ballast on Board (BOB) No
Ballast on Board (NOBOB) Ballast Water Exchange (BWE) Propagule
Pressure Hypothesis
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- Laurentian Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway Source:
http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/greatlk.htm
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- Objectives What was examined: 1) Retrospective analysis of
non-indigenous species (NIS) in the Great Lakes 2) Patterns of
shipping activities and ballast water discharge 3) Emerging
invasion patterns 4) Forecasting ballast-mediated introductions
Ballast-mediated Animal Introductions in the Laurentian Great
Lakes: Retrospective and Prospective Analyses Grigorovich et al.
2003
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- Methods 1. Historical and emerging patterns of introduction -
Comprehensive inventory of NIS from 1959-1999 - Regression line
slopes - Information for each NIS: 1. Date of first appearance 2.
Locality 3. Native range 4. Most plausible mechanism of
introduction - Invasion hotspots (>1 NIS per 1000 km 2
water)
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- Methods 2. Shipping activities and ballast water exchange -
Comprehensive database developed using annual reports from the St.
Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation, US Custom forms, etc. -
Inferred ballasting and de-ballasting operations by the type of
transaction recorded at each port
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- Methods 3. Forecasting introductions - Developed a qualitative
risk-screening framework Sampling of ballast tanks revealed that
80-100% of organisms loaded abroad were eliminated during
transoceanic transit by open-ocean ballast exchange
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- Method Limitations Historic NIS records may not fully represent
the rate of invasions Species introduced to previously uncolonized
sites within the basin are not considered invasive When no entry
mechanism was indicated in the original record of a species,
assumed the vector based on other studies findings Some ballast
statuses of incoming transoceanic vessels were unobtainable
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- Results 43 aquatic animal and protist species introduced into
the Great Lakes since 1959 Rusty crayfish Eurasian ruffe Zebra
mussels Round goby Sea lamprey Spiny water flea
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- 67% of these were attributed to ballast water discharge
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- Results Since 1959, over 90% of incoming vessels have NOBOB
status NOBOB vessels favour invasion of species capable of diapause
or resistant life stages
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- Results NOBOB ships have residual ballast water and can still
facilitate invasions
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- Results 4 invasion hotspots, comprising 5.6% of total Great
Lakes water surface area Account for 53.5% of NIS recorded since
1959 Generally correspond to the major areas of ballast water
discharge
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- Results Forecasted future introductions: 26 species are
high-risk invaders 10 currently existing in the Great Lakes 16 yet
to be reported in the Great Lakes 37 species are low-risk invaders
6 currently existing in the Great Lakes 31 yet to be reported in
the Great Lakes The extent of ballast-mediated invasions are not
correlated with the quantities of ballast water discharge and do
not follow the Propagule Pressure Hypothesis
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- Critique of Paper Criticisms: Meta-study Lack recommendations
and application what to do with the findings? Inaccurate predictive
model: Several taxa are poorly differentiated morphologically
(cryptic invaders that were introduced before 1959, but remained
undetected for an extended time) Some species posing a risk of
invasion cannot be predicted because certain ports of ballast
origin were not considered
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- Since the paper New studies were done Ballast Water Control and
Management Regulations in 2006, 2011
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- Johengen et al. 2005 Great Lakes Environmental Research
Laboratory Assessment of Transoceanic NOBOB Vessels and
Low-Salinity Ballast Water as Vectors for Non- indigenous Species
Introductions to the Great Lakes
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- Main Findings In order to lower the risk of NIS, you need
conscientious and consistent application of good management
practices Flushing NOBOB tanks with saltwater Salinity tests using
density meter to ensure salt content >30ppt
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- Main Findings sampled over 80 individual NOBOB ballast tanks
and developed detailed biological and physical characterizations of
the residual water and sediment in those tanks Three on-board
experiments suggest that use of ballast water exchange, while
clearly imperfect, can be a beneficial management practice
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- Main Findings Regular flushing was associated with less
residual mud, along with raising salinity Effectiveness of salinity
shock in killing freshwater-tolerant organisms varied according to
species
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- Main Findings To assure maximum protection, new and highly
effective methods to reliably treat ballast water and/or ballast
residuals to significant and scientifically defensible biological
endpoints are required Basically corroborated Grigorovichs earlier
study despite high compliance of these guidelines, NIS still exist,
indicating that the current ballast management strategy is not
fool-proof
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- Ricciardi, A. 2006. Patterns of invasion in the Laurentian
Great Lakes in relation to changes in vector activity positive
correlation between # of NIS and shipping activity/ decade
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- Surprisingly, not a single non-indigenous species ever
established in the Great Lakes basin is known to have disappeared
Accumulation may lead to a greater frequency of synergistic
disruption (ie.quagga mussels and round gobies cause outbreaks of
avian botulism in Lake Erie)
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- Conclusion Consensus among the scientific community that
ballast water still serves as a vector of NIS introductions, even
after BWE guidelines. Severity and timing Amount of NIS spp. vary
~170 Timing Historical reports Ongoing Status?
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- Other Findings Evaluation of the Great Lakes Ballast Water
Management Program Bailey et al. 2011 Program is one of the most
comprehensive globally Results: Risk of ship-mediated NIS
introductions has been reduced No new species found in Great Lakes
since 2006 BWE and tank flushing can effectively decrease the
number of viable propagules in the ballast tank Need to maintain
high inspection effort levels Program initiatives, while providing
a robust defense against introductions, do not provide complete
protection against NIS Although inspection programs can be
expensive, cost of inaction is typically greater $1.6 million
annual spending on inspections; cost of aquatic invasives are at
least $200 million annually Transport Canada
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- International Maritime Organization (IMO) An international
conference held in 1948 adopted this convention to develop
international regulations to improve safety at seas There are
currently 170 States that have membership with the IMO;
representatives meet once every two years.
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- The purpose of the organization is: to provide machinery for
cooperation among Governments in the field of governmental
regulation and practices relating to technical matters of all kinds
affecting shipping engaged in international trade; to encourage and
facilitate the general adoption of the highest practicable
standards in matters concerning maritime safety, efficiency of
navigation and prevention and control of marine pollution from
ships - IMO
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- International Convention for the Control and Management of
Ships Ballast Water and Sediment (BWM Convention) Adopted in
February 2004 As of February 2015, 44 Member States have ratified
the Convention and use their guidelines as part of their Ballast
Water Management plans
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- Main Practices of the BWM Convention: All ships in
international traffic are required to manage their ballast water
and sediments to the Regulation D1 Ballast Water Exchange Standard
or Regulation D2 Ballast Water Performance Standard All ships must
carry a ballast water record book and an international ballast
water management certificate Highly recommend on-board ballast
water treatment system, but in the meantime, mid-ocean BWE is
acceptable
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- Canadas BWM Regulations
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- Exceptions to ballast water rules 1. Bad weather alternative
exchange zones available 1. Accidents still need to minimize risks
2. Ships travelling within the Great Lakes Basin are not subject to
BWM regulations
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- Enforcement of Regulations No unmanaged ballast water permitted
to enter the Great Lakes from the high seas Joint Canada-U.S.
inspections to confirm salinity in ballast tanks DFO: random
sampling and analysis report to Transport Canada
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- BWM Regulations of Other Countries Australia Introduced in 2001
Signed IMO Convention in 2005 The requirements are consistent with
the IMO Convention, but with a few refinements not covered by the
IMO guidelines
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- U.S.A. Member State of the IMO, but did not ratify the BWM
Convention Regulations: Any vessel with ballast water entering U.S.
waters from outside the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone must either:
Conduct mid-ocean ballast water exchange Retain the vessels ballast
water onboard Utilize an alternative control method approved by the
U.S. Coast Guard
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- Questions?
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- Discuss! What recommendations can be made to enhance
Grigorovich et al.s study? Do you think there could be other
improvements or additions to Canadas current BWM regulations? Given
the finding that no new species have been found in the Great Lakes
since 2006, what should the concern of the Canadian government
shift towards?
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- Discuss! What do you think about physical alterations of the
ecosystem in order to protect ecosystem integrity? How does the
issue of invasive species rank as a priority against other ongoing
conservation challenges in the Great Lakes?
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- Literature Cited Australian Government. 2013. Australian
Ballast Water Management Requirements (Version 5). Retrieved from
http://www.agriculture.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/aqis/airvesselmilitary/vessels/ballast/ballas
t-water-mgmt-requirements-v5.pdf February 27, 2015.
http://www.agriculture.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/aqis/airvesselmilitary/vessels/ballast/ballas
t-water-mgmt-requirements-v5.pdf Bailey, S.A., M.G. Deneau, L.
Jean, C.J. Wiley, B. Leung, and H.J. MacIsaac. 2011. Evaluating
Efficacy of an Environmental Policy to Prevent Biological
Invasions. Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 45:
2554-2561. Grigorovich, I.A., R.I. Colautti, E.L. Mills, K. Holeck,
A.G. Ballert, and H.J. MacIsaac. 2003. Ballast-mediated animal
introductions in the Laurentian Great Lakes: retrospective and
prospective analyses. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Science, 60. Groom, M.J., G.K. Meffe, and C.R. Carroll. 2006.
Principles of Conservation Biology 3 rd edition. Sunderland:
Sinauer Associates, Inc. International Maritime Organization. 2015.
Ballast Water Management. Retrieved from
http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/BallastWaterManagement/Pages/Default.aspx
February 27, 2015.
http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/BallastWaterManagement/Pages/Default.aspx
Johengen, T.H., D.F. Reid, and P.T. Jenkins. 2005. Great Lakes
NOBOB assessment: final briefing. U.S. Coast Guard Marine Community
Day.
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- Literature Cited NOAA. 2015. Ballast Water: U.S. Federal
Management. Retrieved from:
http://www.gc.noaa.gov/gcil_ballast_federal.html February 27, 2015.
http://www.gc.noaa.gov/gcil_ballast_federal.html Ricciardi, A.
2006. Patterns of invasion in the Laurentian Great Lakes in
relation to changes in vector activity. Diversity and
Distributions, 12.4: 425-433. Transportation Research Board. 2008.
Committee on the St. Lawrence Seaway: Options to Eliminate
Introduction of Non-indigenous Species into the Great Lakes, Phase
2.