ÍSOR – ICELAND GEOSURVEY

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Photo Sigurður G. Kristinsson

ÍSOR – ICELAND GEOSURVEY

• Owned by the Icelandic government.

• Provides specialized services to the Icelandic power industry, the Icelandic government and international companies.

• Operates on the free market on competitive basis.

• Profit goes exclusively into scientific research and to strengthen Iceland GeoSurvey.

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Photo Niels Giroud

70 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE

• 1945 Established as a part of the State Electrical Authority.

• 1956 A Geothermal Division was formally established.

• 1967 National Energy Authority established.

• 1997 The GeoScience Division of the National Energy Authority of Iceland was established.

• 2003 Iceland GeoSurvey – ÍSOR.

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Photo Jón Ragnarsson

Photo Guðmundur Pálmason

Photo Sigurður Harðarson

75 EMPLOYEE 2018

• 22 Geologists

• 22 Physicists & Geophysicists

• 9 Engineers & Tecnologists

• 7 Chemists & Geochemists

• 11 Other Academic Education

• 4 Other Education

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Photo Brynja Jónsdóttir

SERVICES

• Geothermal exploration

• Drilling consultancy

• Well logging and mud logging

• Well testing and evaluation

• Resource assessment and management

• Geothermal training

• Environmental studies

• Groundwater studies

• Engineering geology

• Offshore exploration

5Photo Sigurður G. Kristinsson

GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT

• Gathering and evaluation of existing data.

• Surface exploration and exploration drilling, Pre-feasibility report.

• Drilling and testing of add. exploration/confirmation wells.

• Concept design, EIA assessment, feasibility study.

• Detailed design, construction, drilling, supervision.

• Testing, commissioning, training.

• Operation and resource management and after considerable time, abandonment.

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Photo Egill Árni Guðnason

GEOLOGICAL MAPPING• Geological and structural mapping

• Stratigraphic mapping

• Mapping of soil temperatures

• Geothermal surface manifestations

7Photo Brynja Jónsdóttir

GEOLOGICAL MAPS

• 1:100 000

• Geological Map of Southwest Iceland.

• Geological Map of the Northern Volcanic Zone. Northern Part.

• Geological Map of the Northern Volcanic Zone, Southern Part.

• Geological Map of the Eastern Volcanic Zone, Tungnaáarea.

• 1:600 000

• Geological Map of Iceland. Bedrock.

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MAPPING OF SOIL DIFFUSION

• Gas flux measurements in the field.

• Results from the Krafla field north Iceland.

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Photo Finnbogi Óskarsson

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

• Resistivity surveys

• Seismic surveys

• Seismic monitoring

• Gravimetric measurements

• Surface GPS measurements

10Photo Hjálmar Eysteinsson

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

Sampling and analysis of

• Geothermal water, gas and steam

• Groundwater

• Cuttings/cores from wells

• Scaling and corrosion

• Rock samples

11Photo Brynja Jónsdóttir

DRILLING CONSULTANCY• Well siting

• Well design

• Drilling supervision

• Mud logging services

• Well logging services

• On site geological consultancy

12Photo Tobias B. Weisenberger

WELL LOGGING

• Temperature / pressure

• Caliper

• Resistivity, Neutron logs (n-n)

• Natural gamma ray

• TeleViewer

• Water sampling in wells

• Cement bound logs (CBL)

• Casing Collar Locator (CCL)

• Downhole Video Camera

• Gyroscopic logging

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Photo Jón Ragnarsson

Photo Jón Ragnarsson

WELL TESTING

• Injection- and flow testing

• Well test design

• Well stimulations

• Tracer- and interference testing

• Appraisal of existing wells

• Chemical sampling and analysis

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Photo Jón Ragnarsson

Photo Jón Ragnarsson

Photo Christa Feucht

RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT

• Conceptual models

• Volumetric assessment

• Geothermal system modeling

• Estimate the effects of reinjection

• Evaluation of the production

• Optimization of field development

• Reinjection research and planning

• Environmental monitoring

• Sustainability assessments

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VOLUMETRIC ASSESSMENT / RESERVOIR MODELLING

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To evaluate the resource up on completing the surface exploration - is to carry out a volumetric assessment of the resource. This assessment is improved by the information gained from the exploration drilling, often by applying Monte Carlo statistics to the volumetric assessment.

Reservoir modelling is the key to sustainable reservoir management. It includes among others:

3D finite element models of the geothermal fields where all available data are used as input.

Predicts the pressure and temperature decline of the reservoir with time.

GROUNDWATER RESEARCH

• Exploration for freshwater and aquifers

• Siting of boreholes

• Design of boreholes and wells

• Assessments of water requirements

• Analysis of water quality

• Measurements of groundwater pollution

• Advice on waterworks structures

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Photo Egill Árni Guðnason

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

• Protection data

• Processing and presenting of data

• Geographic information system

• Three-dimensional output

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Photo Brynja Jónsdóttir

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

• Monitoring environmental changes

• Gravity and leveling surveys

• Chemical pollution

• Protection

• Re-injection studies

• Gas emission monitoring

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Photo Sigurður G. Kristinsson

INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES

Geothermal experience

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Photo Gylfi Páll Hersir

ACTIVITIES ABROAD

Guadeloupe

Asores

Nicaragua

Poland Turkey

Tanzania

Kenya

Ethiopia

Djibouti

Philippines

Fiji

Projects

ÍSOR – Iceland GeoSurvey

Projects 2017/2018

El Salvador

Belgium

Indónesía

Montserrat

Kazakhstan

China

Bolivia

ICELANDIC KNOW-HOW IN OLKARIA, KENYA

• Evaluation of the size and quality of the geothermal resources.

• Recommendation of the optimum utilization of the field.

• Training of KenGen's employees.

• Feasibility study for power plants in harmony with the optimized capacity of the geothermal field. That includes:

• Evaluation of existing power plants and recommended modifications.

• Recommendations for location, size and types of new power plants.

• Evaluation of the environmental impact.

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NICARAGUACAPACITY BUILDING BY ICELAND GEOSURVEY AND ICEIDA

• Five year program of geothermal capacity building within Nicaraguan government agencies.

• Training and helping the staff of the Ministry of Energy and Mining (MEM) and the Ministry of Environment (MARENA).

• Reservoir monitoring.

• Geophysical and geochemical data analyses and estimation.

• Installing of a chemical laboratory.

• Environmental Impact assessments.

• Estimating and evaluating the results of the exploration phases.

• Estimating powerplant designs for maximum utilization.

• Tendering of concessions, legislation and regulations in harnessing geothermal energy etc.

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Photo Sigurður G. Kristinsson

DOMINICA CARIBBEANDRILLING

• Co-operation between Iceland GeoSurvey (ÍSOR) and Iceland Drilling Company (IDC) to provide the drilling and other services.

• Three slim exploration wells, one reinjection well and one production well drilled in the southern part of the island.

• Design of wells.

• Drilling of all wells.

• On site geological consulting (mud logging) and geophysical well logging.

• Conduct discharge measurements, sampling and analysis of fluid.

• Environmental monitoring related to the drilling and the discharge measurements.

• Estimation of output.

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Photo Magnús Á. Sigurgeirsson

PHILIPPINES PARTIAL SURFACE EXPLORATION, DRILLING AND FLOW TESTING

• Geothermal exploration and exploration drilling in Mindoro. Slim wells and production wells. Icelandic Drilling Company (IDC) carried out drilling of production wells.

• Resistivity measurements.

• Design of wells.

• Drilling of production wells.

• On site geological consulting (mud logging) and geophysical well logging.

• Conduct discharge measurements, sampling and analysis of fluid.

• Environmental monitoring related to the drilling and the discharge measurements.

• Estimation of output.

• General consultation.

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Photo Helga M. Helgadóttir

INDNOR PROJECT AGNEYODARASPACE HEATING IN CHUMATHANG, HIMALAYAS, INDIA

• Project supported by the Norwegian Research Council with participants from Norway, India and Iceland (ÍSOR).

• Demonstration of utilization of low-temperature geothermal water for space heating.

• Heating of a small restaurant and a guesthouse in the village Chumathang at an elevation of about 4,000 m a.s.l. with water from a hot spring (78°C).

• Hlekkur á stutt Youtube myndband

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Photo Árni Ragnarsson

GEOTHERMALTRAINING• United Nations University

Geothermal Training Programme

• University of Iceland

• University of Reykjavík

• Iceland School of Energy (ISE)

• Keilir

• Icelandic International Development Agency (ICEIDA)

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Photo Brynja Jónsdóttir

TRANSFER OF GEOTHERMAL KNOWLEDGE 1979-2019

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718 scientists and engineers from 63 countries, 6 months training

GEOTHERMAL TRAINING

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El Salvador

China

Indonesia

Chile

Rumenia

Azores Greece

Australia

JapanTurkey

Italy

Philippines

KenyaUganda

Tanzania

EthiopiaNicaraguaCosta Rica

Sérhæfð námskeið, fyrir og í samstarfi við JHS og önnur fyrirtæki

ICELANDIC COOPERATION PROJECTS IN AFRICA

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ÍSOR, Mannvit, Verkís, Efla, Reykjavik Geothermal, Green Energy Group, Arctic Green Energy, KS-Orka etc.

• Several training workshops, including fieldwork • Update on Olkaria resource estimate • Assisting GDC on Geothermal Center of Excelence,

through ICEIDA • Exploration management• Well head turbines• Steam field and Power Plant design

• Assisting local government in tendering out consessions

• Surface exploration, conceptual modelling and resource assessment

• Developing geothermal areas

• Surface exploration in the Alid area

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Djibouti

• Surface exploration• Assisting local government in

development through ICEIDA• Drilling by IDC comencing

Kenya

ICELANDIC COOPERATION PROJECTS IN LATIN AMERICA AND ASIA

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ÍSOR, Mannvit, Verkís, Efla, Reykjavik Geothermal, Green Energy Group, Arctic Green Energy, KS-Orka etc.

• Reconnaissance work in several areas• Surface exploration• Assistance in setting up PM system• Assisting in acquiring concessions and planning for exploration and drilling• Targeting of exploration well, well design, drilling program and drilling supervision• Training of experts for public and private sector

Chile

China

District heating

Indonesia• Surface exploration and well siting• Drilling consultation• Development of geothermal areas

ICELANDIC COOPERATION PROJECTS IN EUROPE

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ÍSOR, Mannvit, Verkís, Efla, Reykjavik Geothermal, Green Energy Group, Arctic Green Energy, KS-Orka o.fl.

Sao Miguel and Terceira, Azores Islands (Portugal)

• Drilling of wells• Power plant consultation• Flow testing of wells and

recommendations for further development

Holland, Belgium

• Well logging and reservoir consultation

FranceRheingraben and Guadeloupe

• Monitoring of flow test, evaluation of flow data, Tracer Flow Measurements (TFT), Stimulation

• Monitoring of temperature and pressure changes in the reservoir Study of well integrity (calcite scaling and/or casing problems)

Germany

• Power plant consultation and design

• Consultation on geothermal development and resource assessment in Molasse

Turkey• Consultation for World Bank in promoting exploration drilling• Consultation for Turkish Developing Bank on exploration drilling• Flow testing and interference testing• Exploration consultation in several areas• Consultation onPower Plants and resources

GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION IN ICELAND

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Photo Auður Agla Óladóttir

ICELAND

• N-Atlantic Mid Oceanic Ridge

• Plate boundaries

• Hot spot

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GEOTHERMAL MAP OF ICELAND

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High-temperature areaLow-temperature area

HIGH TEMPERATURE FIELDS

• 200 – 350°C

• Depth: 1 – 3 km

• Related to volcanism and plate boundaries.

• Suitable for electricity production with conventional turbines.

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Nesjavellir, Iceland >300°C fluid used to produce electricity

Photo E,mil Thor

MEDIUM TEMPERATURE FIELDS

• 150 – 200°C

• 1 – 5 km

• Mostly found in deep sedimentary basins around the world as well as in volcanic areas.

• High flow rates necessary for electricity.

• Binary systems needed for electricity production.

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Húsavík, Iceland 124°C water used to produce electricity

LOW TEMPERATURE FIELDS

• Below 150 °C

• At 1 – 3 km depth

• Often related to a single fracture or fracture zone.

• Suitable for space heating, balneology, fish farming etc.

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Photo Brynja Jónsdóttir

PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN ICELAND 2017

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PJ Ktoe %

Hydropower 50.6 1,209 20.3

Geothermal 152.2 3,635 60.9

Oil 42.2 1008 16.9

Coal 4.8 115 1.9

Total 249.8 5,967 100

Primary energy consumption 730 GJ/capita1 PJ = 1000 TJ = 1,000,000 GJ1kWh = 3,600 kJ1 toe = 41.868 GJ

Source: National Energy Authority

Hydropower 20,3%

Geothermal60,9%

Oil16,9%

Coal 1,9%

PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN ICELAND 1940-2017

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GEOTHERMAL POWER STATIONS IN ICELAND

4141

Reykjanes 2006100 MW

Svartsengi 1977 - 200774.4 MWe + 190 MWth

Hellisheiði 2006 - 2011303 MWe + 133 MWth

Nesjavellir 1996 - 2005120 MWe + 300 MWth

Bjarnarflag 19693 MWe

Krafla 1977-97 60 MWe

Húsavík – Kalina 20002 MWe

Þeistareykir 2017 90 MWe

Total 752.6 MWe

ELECTRICITY POWER PRODUCTION WITH GEOTHERMAL

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Top 10 geothermal countries. Installed capacity – MW (January 2018) – 14,060 MW in total

Source: ThinkGeoEnergy

GEOTHERMALUTILIZATION

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°C

20

60

100

140

80

40

220

200

180

160

120

CO2 production

Methanol production

Snow melting Bathing and swimming District heating

Greenhouses Fish farming

Seaweed processing Salt production

GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION IN ICELAND 2017

44Source: National Energy Authority

Installed powerMW

Energy consumption

TJ/year GWh/year

Space heating 2.000 25.204 7.001

Greenhouses 37 518 144

Fish farming 85 2.135 593

Industrial process heat 80 1.012 281

Snow melting 218 2.065 574

Swimming pools 194 3.367 935

Direct uses total 2.614 34.300 9.528

Electricity generation 708 18.611 5.170

Geothermal utilization total 3.322 52.911 14.697

GEOTHERMALDISTRICT HEATING

• Iceland GeoSurvey has been a key actor in all developments of district heating in Iceland.

• A few key figures for geothermal district heating systems in Iceland:

• Reykjavik Energy: 1000 MWth

• Húsavík: 40 MWth

• HS Orka: 150 MWth

• Hveragerði: 65 MWth

• Akureyri: 80 MWth

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Photo Brynja Jónsdóttir

ENERGY SOURCES USED FOR SPACE HEATING 1970-2017

46Source: Orkustofnun

PROS AND CONS OF GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION

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CHALLENCES

• Resource depletion may occur

• Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) and even CO2 is high in somereservoirs

• High resource risk, high investment cost and longproject development cycle

• Geothermal steam fields require sophisticatedmonitoring and maintainance

ADVANTAGE

• Renewable

• Low/negligible CO2 emission

• Low requirement for land

• Stable base load

• Relatively low cost per kWh

• Proven/mature technology

VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN SEPTEMBER 1984

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At only 2 km distance from the Krafla Power Plant

THE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT

Before geothermal space heating: Reykjavik in 1933 covered with smoke from coal heating.

With geothermal space heating: Reykjavik in 2008, almost same view but without visible air pollution.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT

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THE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT

THANK YOU

br@isor.is

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www.isor.is

Photo Sigurður G. Kristinsson