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LIBRARY ST. MARY S COLLEGE
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AUGUST, 1853.
N EW BOOKSIN THE COURSE OF PUBLICATION
BY
MESSRS. RIVINGTON,ST. PAULAS CHURCH YARD, AND WATERLOO PLACE.
I.
INDEX of MODERN BOOKS in THEOLOGY and GENERAL LITERATURE, published upon a NEW SCALE ofREDUCED PRICES. In 8vo.
Messrs. RIVINGTON beg to announce that they have recently made a generalreduction in the prices of their Publications (excepting School Books, on
account of the allowance made to Tutors, Periodicals, and Publications not
exceeding four shillings). The above INDEX containing the new prices and
particulars of their plan may be had gratuitously. Their arrangementswith Authors remain undisturbed under this system, upon which they propose
to continue the publication of New Works and New Editions, in the hope of
increasing the circulation of their books, and promoting uniformity and mode
ration of price ; and assisting to maintain, by these arrangements, the respecta
bility of the Bookselling Trade and advance the interests of Literature.
II.
SOME ACCOUNT of the COUNCIL of NIOEA, in connexion with the LIFE of ATHANASIUS. By JOHN KAYE, D.D.,late Lord BISHOP of LINCOLN. In 8vo. Price 8s. [FormerScale, Qs.~\ (Now ready.)
III.
THE THIRD EDITION of the LIFE, WRITINGS, and OPINIONS of JUSTIN MARTYR. By the SAME AUTHOR. In 8vo.Price 6s. Qd. [Former price, 7s. 6d] (Just published.)
IV.
A COURSE of SERMONS on the EPISTLES and GOS-PULS for each Sunday in the Year.
Bythe Rev. ISAAC
WILLIAMS,B.D., late Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and Author of a " Harmony of the Gospels, with Reflections," in 8 vols. In 2 vols. small8vo. (In the Press.)
V.
ST. HIPPOLYTUS and the CHURCH OF ROME in theEarlier Part of the THIRD CENTURY; from the newly-discovered"PHILOSOPHUMENA," or, the Greek Text of those Portionswhich relate to that subject; with an ENGLISH VERSION andNOTES ; and an Introductory Enquiry into the Authorship of the Treatise, and on the Life and Works of the Writer. By CHRISTOPHERWORDSWORTH, D.D., Canon of Westminster. In 8vo. 8*. 6d.
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BOOKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED
VI.
THE FIRST ITALIAN BOOK; on the Plan of the Rev.T. K. ARNOLD S FIRST FRENCH BOOK. By Signer PIFFERI,Professor of the Italian and Latin Languages, and DAWSON W.TURNER, MA., Head Master of the Royal Institution School,Liverpool. In 12mo. (In the Press.}
VII.
AN EIGHT WEEKS JOURNAL in NORWAY, c., in1852. By Sir CHARLES S. H. ANDERSON, Bart. (With 32Outlines of Scenery.} In crown 8 vo. 6s. (Just published.)
VIII.
PftAYERS for the SICK and DYING. By the Author of"SICKNESS : its TRIALS and BLESSINGS." Is. 6d.
IX.
SYNTAX of the GREEK LANGUAGE, especially of theATTIC DIALECT, for -the Use of Schools. By Dr. J. N. MADVIG,Professor in the University of Copenhagen. Translated from theGerman by the Rev. HENRY BROWNE, M.A., and edited by thelate Rev. THOMAS KERCHEVER ARNOLD, M.A. With anAppendix on the Greek Particles, by the Translator. In square 8vo.8s. 6d. (Now ready.)
X.
A SELECTION from the LECTURES delivered at St. Margaret s, Lothbury, on the Tuesday Mornings in the Years 1850, 1851,1852. By the Rev. HENRY MELVILL, B.D., Principal of theEast India College, and Chaplain to the Tower of London. In small8vo. Price Qs. [Former Scale, 75.]
* * This is the only Edition authorized and revised by Mr. Melvill.
XI.
MEDITATIONS and PRAYERS on the ORDINATIONSERVICE for DEACONS. By the Rev. JOHN HOTHERSALLFINDER, M.A., Principal of Wells Theological College. In small8vo. (In preparation.)
XII.THE MEDEA of EURIPIDES; with ENGLISH NOTES
from the German of Witzschel. Edited by the Rev. THOMASKERCHKVER ARNOLD, M.A., late Rector of Lyndon, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 35. (Just published.)
Recently published in this Series, with English Notes :
1. EURIPIDIS BACCH^E, 35. HIPPO LYTUS, 3s. HECUBA, 3s.2. SOPHOCLIS (EDIPUS COLONEUS, 4s. (ED1PUS TYRANNUS,
45. PHILOCTETES, 85. AJAX, 3s. ANTIGONE, 4s.3. ECLOGUE ARISTOPHANIC.E (CLOUDS), 35. 6d. (BIRDS),
35. 6d.
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BY MESSRS. RIVINGTON.
XIII.
THE SECOND HEBREW BOOK, containing the BOOKof GENESIS. With Syntax and Vocabulary. By the late Rev.T. K. ARNOLD, M.A. In 12mo. (Nearly ready.)
Lately published, by the same Author,The FIRST HEBREW BOOK. 12mo. 7s. 6d.
XIV.SERMONS preached at Romsey. By the Hon. and Rev.
GERARD J. NOEL, M.A., late Canon of Winchester, and Vicar ofRomsey, Hants. With a Preface by SAMUEL WILBERFORCE,D.D., Lord
Bishopof Oxford. In 12mo. 7s. 6d. [Former Scale,
8s. Qd.]XV.
THE THIRD GREEK BOOK; containing a Selection fromXENOPHON S CYROP^EDIA, with Explanatory Notes, Syntax,,and a Glossarial Index. By the Rev. THOMAS KERCHEVERARNOLD, M.A., late Rector of Lyndon, and formerly Fellow ofTrinity College, Cambridge. In 12mo. 3s. 6d. (Now rtady.)
XVI.
THE FOURTH GREEK BOOK; or, the Last Four Booksof XENOPHON S ANABASIS, containing the HISTORY of theRETREAT of the TEN THOUSAND GREEKS : with Explanatory Notes, and Grammatical References. By the SAME EDITOR. In12mo. 4s. (Now ready.)
XVII.PAROCHIAL FRAGMENTS relating to the PARISH of
WEST TARRING, and the CHAPELRIES of HEENE and DUR-RINGTON, in the County of SUSSEX; including a Life ofTHOMAS a BECKET, and some account of the learned JOHNSELDEN. (Published in Aid of the Restoration of the Church ofWest Tarring.) By JOHN WOOD WARTER, B.D., Vicar ofWest Tarring. In 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. (Now ready.")
XVIII.SERMONS. SECOND SERIES. (Preached at Rome in 1851
and 1852.) By the Rev. FRANCIS B. WOODWARD, M.A., Chaplain to the English Congregation at Rome. In 12mo. Price 6s. 6d.
[Former Scale, 7s. 6dJ]
Lately published,The FIRST SERIES. Price 6s. (jd. [Former price, 7s. QdJ]
XIX.EARLY INFLUENCES. By the Author of "Truth without
Prejudice." Third Edition. 3s. 6d.
AIs, by the same Author,TRUTH WITHOUT PREJUDICE. Fourth Edition. 3s. 6d.
xx.THE DARK AGES ; a Series of Essays in illustration of the
Religion and Literature of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and TwelfthCenturies. By the Rev. S. R. MAITLAND, D.D., F.R.S., and F.S.A.,some time Librarian to the late Archbishop of Canterbury, and Keeperof the MSS. at Lambeth. Third Edition. In 8vo. Price 10s. Cd.
[Former price, 12s.] (Now ready.)
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BY MESSRS. RIVINGTON. 5
XXX.ECCLESIASTICAL BIOGRAPHY: or, LIVES of EMI
NENT MEN connected with the HISTORY of RELIGION inENGLAND, from the commencement of the REFORMATION tothe REVOLUTION. Selected, and Illustrated with NotEs. ByCHRISTOPHER WORDSWORTH, D.D., late Rector of Buxtedwith Uckfield, Sussex, and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge.Fourth Edition. In 4 vols. 8vo. With 5 Portraits. Price 21. 14s.
[Former price, 3Z. 3s.]Also, by the same Editor (uniformly printed),
CHRISTIAN INSTITUTES : A Series of DISCOURSES and TRACTS,selected, arranged systematically, and illustrated with NOTES. SecondEdition. In 4 vols. 8vo. Price *2l. 14s.
[Former price,31.
3s.~]
XXXI.THE INSPIRATION of HOLY SCRIPTURE, its NA
TURE and PROOF : Eight Lectures delivered before the Universityof Dublin during the Years 1852 and 1853. By WILLIAM LEE,M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College. (In preparation.}
XXXII.THE ANNUAL REGISTER; or, a View of the History and
Politics of the Year 1852. In 8vo. (Now ready.)
XXXIIIA GREEK and ENGLISH LEXICON for the Poems ofHOMER, and the HOMERID^E; illustrating the Domestic, Religious, Political, and Military Condition of the Heroic Age. With anExplanation of the most difficult Passages, and of all Mythologicaland Geographical Proper Names. Translated from the German ofCRUSIUS, by Professor SMITH. Revised and edited by the Rev.T. K. ARNOLD, M.A., late Rector of Lyndon, and formerly Fellowof Trinity College, Cambridge. In 12mo. 9s.
Lately published,
HOMERI ILIAS. With ENGLISH NOTES, by the late Rev.T. K. ARNOLD, M.A. 12*.
xxxiv.HANDBOOK of ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY and HISTORY.
With Questions. Translated from the German of Piitz, by theRev. R. B. PAUL, M.A., and edited by the late Rev. THOMASKERCHEVER ARNOLD, M.A. Second Edition. In 12mo. 6s. 6d.(Just published.}
Also, by the same Editors,1. HANDBOOK of MEDIAEVAL HISTORY and GEOGRAPHY.
4s. 6rf.
2. HANDBOOK of MODERN HISTORY and GEOGRAPHY.5s. 6d.
" The leading characteristic of these Handbooks is their exceedingsimplicity, the excellent order with which they are arranged, the completeness of their details, and the remarkable accuracy and elaborateerudition which they exhibit in every page. They have this furtheradvantage, which it is impossible to over-estimate that they bringdown their respective subjects to the very latest period, and present uswith the results of the most recent investigations of the critics and
antiquarians by whom they have been discussed." Dublin Review.
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BOOKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED
XXXV.THE PSALTER, marked for CHANTING, upon an entirely
new Principle, combining the SENSE and HARMONY. Adaptedfor the Use of Choirs and Parish Churches. By the Rev. JOHNJAMES SCOTT, M.A., Incumbent of Holy Trinity Church, Barn-staple. New Edition. In a pocket Volume, price 2s. Qd.
XXXVITHE CHRISTIAN CHARACTER; Six Sermons preached
in Lent. By JOHN JACKSON, D.D., Lord Bishop of Lincoln.Fourth Edition. In small 8vo. 35. Qd. (Just published.}
XXXVII.
A Second Series of SERMONS, preached in the Parish Churchof Yoxall. By the Rev. HENRY SULIVAN, M.A., Rector ofYoxall, Lichfield. In 12mo. 65.
XXXVIII.
LECTURES on the BEATITUDES, delivered during theSeason of Lent, in St. Paul s Episcopal Chapel, Edinburgh. By theRev. FRANCIS GARDEN, M.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge.In small 8vo. 3s. Qd.
XXXIX.
VIRGILII JENEIS. With ENGLISH NOTES, from theGerman of Dr. DUBNER. Edited by the Rev. T. K. ARNOLD,M.A., late Rector of Lyndon, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College,Cambridge. In 12mo. Gs.
Also, by the same Editor,VIRGILII ^ENEIDOS Lib. I. VI. Addita est Interpretatio ex Ad-
notationibus Heynii, Wunderlichii, Wagneri, Forbigeri, aliorum ex-
cerpta. In 8vo. 12s.
XL.
THE COLONIAL CHURCH CHRONICLE and MISSIONARY JOURNAL. VOL. V. [July, 1851 June, 1852.]In 8vo. 7*.
*** The Contents of this established Journal consist of numerous Original Articles, Correspondence, and Documents relating to the CHURCHin the COLONIES ; Reviews and Notices of New Publications ; togetherwith a Monthly Summary of Colonial, Foreign, and Home News.
Continued in Monthly Numbers, price Qd. each.
XLI.
THE SECOND VOLUME of the Rev. W. H. LANDON SNew GENERAL ECCLESIASTICAL DICTIONARY. Carefullyedited and revised. In 12mo. Price 10s. 6 rf. [ Former Scale, 12s.]( Just published. )
This Work includes an Account of the Sees, Patriarchates, Religious Foundations and Brotherhoods, together with Lists of theArchbishops and Bishops throughout Christendom, from the earliesttimes; also, a History of Sects ; an Explanation of Rites and Ceremonies, and of Ecclesiastical and Ecclesiological Terms ; and a copiousBiographical Dictionary of eminent Ecclesiastical Persons, with a List
of their Writings.
Also, The FIRST VOLUME. Price 10s. Qd. [Former price, 12s.]
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BY MESSRS. RIVINGTON.
XLII.
GRADUS AD PARNASSUM NOVUS ANTICLEPTICUS :founded on Quicherat s Thesaurus Poeticus Lingua Latince. Editedby the Rev. THOMAS KERCH EVER ARNOLD, M.A., late Rectorof Lyndon, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. In8vo. 125.
The object of the ANTICLEPTIC GRADUS is to give the pupil all the helpafforded to him by the old Gradus, supplying it in the form of materialsto be worked up by himself, not in the concrete state of ready-made lines.Its anticleptic character consists in the insertion of expressions and
phrases from the best authors, illustrative of the several words without
producing the complete lines of quotation ; thus exercising the taste ofthe student and
addingto his stock of
poeticalideas, but
obliginghim
to use his own powers upon the matter presented to him. It containsa careful selection of Epithets, and will be found a sufficient Dictionaryfor the best Latin poets.
XLIIT.
SERMONS to the YOUNG. By the Rev. C. E. KENNAWAY,M.A. Second Edition. In small 8vo. 5s.
XLIV.
SELECTIONSfrom CICERO. Part
IV.;De FINIBUS
MALORUM et BONORUM : on the SUPREME GOOD. Witha Preface, and English Notes, partly from Madvig and others, by theRev. JAMES BEAVEN, D.D., late Professor of Theology in King sCollege, Toronto. (Forming a New Volume of ARNOLD S SCHOOLCLASSICS.) In 12mo. 5s. Qd.
XLV.
A NEW AND COMPLETE EDITION OF THE WORKS ANDCORRESPONDENCE of the Right Hon. EDMUND BURKE.In 8 Vols. 8vo. With Portrait. 4l. 4s.
Contents :
1. Mr. BURKE S CORRESPONDENCE between the year 1744 and hisDecease in 1797, first published from the original MSS. in 1844, edited byEarl Fitzwilliam and Sir Richard Bourke, in four Volumes ; containingnumerous Historical and Biographical Notes, and several Original Lettersfrom the leading Statesmen of the period, and forming an Autobiography ofthis celebrated Writer. The most interesting portion of the Letters of Mr.Burke to Dr. French Laurence, published from the original MSS. by the lateArchbishop of Cashel in 1827, is incorporated in the Correspondence :
2. The WORKS of Mr. BURKE, as edited by his Literary Executors, andcompleted by the publication of the 15th and 16th Volumes, in 1826, underthe superintendence of the late Bishop of Rochester, Dr. Walker King.
The political Events of the present day give increased importance and interest to the valuable writings of this eminent philosophical Statesman.
This Edition includes the whole of the Contents of the former Edition, in20 Volumes, published at Ql. 5s.
*** The First Edition of the CORRESPONDENCE may still be had (tocomplete former Editions of the WORKS), in 4 Vols. 8vo. Price ll. 16s.
[Former price, 2/. 2s.]
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BOOKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED
XLVI.
THE IONIAN ISLANDS, PAST and PRESENT. WithRemarks on GREECE and TURKEY.
ByGEORGE F. BOWEN,
Esq., M A , Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford, Author of " MountAthos, Thessaly, and Epirus." In post 8vo. (Preparing for Publication.}
XLVII.
THE CONFIRMATION of FAITH by REASON andAUTHORITY : the Hulsean Lectures preached before the Universityof Cambridge in 1852. By the Rev. GEORGE CURREY, B.D.,Preacher at the Charterhouse; formerly Fellow and Tutor of St.John s College. In 8vo. 7s. Qd. [Former Scale, 8s. Qd. ]
XLVIJI.
A MANUAL for GODFATHERS and GODMOTHERS.With Answers to the objections commonly made against the use ofSponsors. By the Rev. G. HILL, M.A. Curate of Tor Mohun(Torquay), Devon. In small 8vo. 3s.
XLIX.
OCCASIONAL SERMONS, Preached in Westminster Abbey :FOURTH SERIES. (On the CHURCH of IRELAND.) (Sold separately.)
CONTENTS : No. 25. Introductory Discourse on the Church Historyof Ireland. 26. On the Age of St. Patrick. 27. On the Age of St.Columba. 28. Invasion of Henry II. 29. Interval between HenryII. and Henry VIII. 30. Commencement of the Reformation inIreland in the Reign of Henry VIII. 31. Reformation in Ireland inthe Reigns of Edward VI. and Elizabeth. 32. Hindrances of the IrishChurch. 33. Hopes of the Irish Church Conclusion. By CHRISTOPHER WORDSWORTH, D.D., Canon of Westminster. In 8vo.Price 8s. [Former Scale, Qs.~\
Lately published, a NEW EDITION of VOLS. I. II. and III. Price7s. [Former price, 8s. each. ]L.
SUNDAY READING ; or DISCOURSES on some of theFIRST LESSONS appointed in the CALENDAR. By THOMASSWORDE, M.A., Rector of St. Peter s, Thetford, and Chaplain tothe Duke of Grafton. In 12mo. (Just published.)
LI.
CORNELIUSTACITUS,
PART I.(the
first Six Books of theANNALES, ab Excessu Divi Augusti.) With ENGLISH NOTES,translated from the German of Dr. KARL NIPPERDEY, by theRev. HENRY BROWNE, M.A., Canon of Chichester. (Forming aNew Volume of the Rev. T. K.ARNOLD S SCHOOL CLASSICS.)In 12mo. 6s.
LII.
THE LIFE of CARDINAL WOLSEY. By GEORGECAVENDISH, his Gentleman Usher. New Edition, with numerousHistorical and Biographical Notes, by JOHN HOLMES, Esq., ofthe British Museum. In small 4to. Portrait. Price 10s. 6d.[Former price, 125.]
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BY MESSRS. RIVINGTON.
LIII.
EIGHT ESSAYS on VARIOUS SUBJECTS. By the Rev.S. R. MAITLAND, D.D., F.R.S., and F.S.A. In small 8vo. Price4s. Qd. [Former price, 5s.]
Also, lately published by the same Author,
ERUVIN; or, MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS on the NATURE, HISTORY,and DESTINY of MAN. Second Edition. Price 5s. [Former price,5s. Qd.-]
LIV.
A SECOND VOLUME of SERMONS. By the Rev. JOHNPUCKLE, M.A., of Brasenose College, Oxford, Incumbent of St.
Marythe
Virgin,Dover. In 8vo. Price
Qs. [Former Scale, 10s. 6d.~]Lately published, The FIRST VOLUME. In 8vo. Price Qs. [Former
price, 10s. 6c?.]
LV.
THE THIRD EDITION of the FIRST FRENCH BOOK : onthe Plan of " Henry s First Latin Book." By the Rev. THOMASKERCHEVER ARNOLD, M.A., Rector of Lyndon, and late Fellowof Trinity College, Cambridge. In 12mo. 5s. Qd.
Also,
A KEYto the
EXERCISES. ByM.
DELILLE.2*. 6d.
LVI.
THE OLD CHURCH CLOCK. By the Rev. RICHARDPARKINSON, D.D., Canon of Manchester, and Principal of St.Bees College, Whitehaven. Fourth Edition. In small 8vo. 4s. Qd.
LVII.
MOUNT ATHOS, THESSALY, and EPIRUS; being theDiary of a Journey from Constantinople to Corfu. By GEORGEF.
BOWEN, Esq., MA.,Fellow of Brasenose
College,Oxford. In
post 8vo. Price 6s. Qd. [Former price, 7s. Qd.~]
LVIII.
COMFORT for the AFFLICTED. Selected from variousAuthors. Edited by the Rev. C E. KENNAWAY. With a Preface by S. WILBERFORCE, D.D., Lord Bishop of Oxford. SixthEdition. In small 8vo. 4s. Qd.
LtX.
THE CHRISTIAN S DUTY, from the SACRED SCRIPTURES. In Two Parts. PART I. Exhortations to Repentance anda Holy Life. PART II. Devotions for the Closet, in Three Offices, forevery Day in the Week. New Edition. Edited by the Rev.THOMAS DALE, M.A., Vicar of St. Pancras, and Canon of St.Paul s. In small 8vo. Price 4s. Qd. [Former price, 5s.~\
LX.
THE OLD MANS RAMBLES. This Work contains numerous Tales and Dialogues, illustrating the Duties of Churchmen inhumble life, and is well suited for Parochial Libraries. New Edition.In small 8vo. Price 4s. [Former price, 4s. 6c?.]
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10 BOOKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED
LXI.
PLAIN SERMONS on the DOCTRINES and OFFICES ofthe CHURCH of ENGLAND, preached in the Parish Church ofFordham, Cambridgeshire, in the Year 1852. By the Rev. BENJAMINWILSON, M.A., Curate of Fordham, Cambridgeshire. Vol. II. In12mo. 7s. 6d.
LXII.
THE SECOND GREEK BOOK; on the same Plan as" The First Greek Book." By the Rev. THOMAS KERCHEVERARNOLD, M.A., late Rector of Lyndon, and formerly Fellow ofTrinity College, Cambridge. In 12mo. 5s. 6d.
*
*This Work contains an Elementary Treatise on
the GreekParticles and the Formation of Greek Derivatives.
LXI1I.
A HARMONYof the APOCALYPSE ; in a Revised Translation, from the best MSS. By CHRISTOPHER WORDSWORTH,D.D., Canon of Westminster. In Parallel Columns. In 4to. Price4s. 6d. [Former price, 5s.]
LXIV.
A PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION to LATIN PROSECOMPOSITION. By THOMAS KERCHEVER ARNOLD, M.A.,late Rector of Lyndon, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Ninth Edition. In 8vo. 6s. 6d.
*** This Work is founded upon the principles of imitation arid frequentrepetition. It is at once a Syntax, a Vocabulary, and an Exercise Book ;and considerable attention has been paid to the subject of Synonymes.It is used at all, or nearly all, the public Schools.
LXV.
HINTS on the ART of CATECHISING ; being a Posthumous Work of the Ven. EDWARD BATHER, M.A., late Archdeacon of Salop, in the Diocese of Lichfield, and Vicar of Meole Brace.To which is prefixed A CHARGE, ON SCRIPTURAL EDUCATION. Edited by his WIDOW. Third Edition. InlSmo. 2s. 6d.
LXVI.
CHRISTIAN WATCHFULNESS, in the Prospect of SICK-NESS, MOURNING, and DEATH. By the Rev. JOHN JAMES,D.D., Canon of Peterborough, Author of" A Comment on the Collects." Seventh Edition. In 12mo. 5s. (Just published.)
Also, by the same Author,
A DEVOTIONAL COMMENTARY on the MORNING andEVENING SERVICES in the BOOK of COMMONPRAYER.In2Vols. 12mo. 13s.
LXVII.
A New CATALOGUE of MODERN BOOKS in THEOLOGY and GENERAL LITERATURE, with the New ReducedScale of Prices. Arranged in CLASSES according to their SUBJECTS,and with full Titles to each Work. In 8vo. (In preparation.)
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BY MESSRS. RIVINGTON. 11
RECENT PAMPHLETS AND TRACTS.i.
A CHARGE, Addressed to the Clergy of the Diocese of RIPON, at theTriennial Visitation, in April, 1853. By CHARLES-THOMAS LONG-LEY, D.D., Lord Bishop of Ripon. In 8vo. Is. 6d.
ii.
ENGLISH EDUCATION FOR THE MIDDLE CLASSES ; a SERMON, preachedat Hurstpierpoint Church, on the 21st June, 1853, on occasion ofthe Opening of ST. JOHN S SCHOOL. By CONNOP THIRLWALL,D.D., Bishop of St. David s. In 8vo. Is.
HI.
SUGGESTIONS for the EXTENSION of the MINISTRY, by the REVIVAL of theLESSER ORDERS of MINISTERS : in a CHARGE, addressed to the Clergy ofthe Archdeaconry of LONDON, May 3, 1853. By W. H. HALE, M.A.,Archdeacon of London. In 8vo. Is.
IV.
CORRESPONDENCE between BISHOP SPENCER and ARCHDEACONDENISON. In 8vo. Is. Go/.
v.
CHURCH QUESTIONS of 1853 ; a CHARGE delivered to the Clergy of theArchdeaconry of MIDDLESEX, in April, 1853. By the Venerable JOHNSINCLAIR, M.A., Archdeacon of Middlesex, and Vicar of Kensington.In 8vo. Is. 6d.
VI.
THE CHURCH S SONS BROUGHT BACK TO HER FROM FAR ; a SERMON,preached in the Cathedral Church of Canterbury, on Sunday, Feb. 27,1853, the day after the Burial in the Cathedral of the Right ReverendWILLIAM GRANT BROUGHTON, D.D., Lord Bishop of Sydney, andMetropolitan of all Australasia. By BENJAMIN HARRISON, M.A.,Archdeacon of Maidstone, Canon of Canterbury. In 8vo. Is.
VII.SUBSTANCE OF A REPLY TO A DEPUTATION APPOINTED AT A PUBLIC
MEETING OF MEMBERS OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, held in Hobart Town,on Thursday, April 22, 1852. By FRANCIS-RUSSELL NIXON, D.D.,Bishop of Tasmania. Second Edition. In 8vo. Is. 6d.
VIII.
AN ATTEMPT TO ELUCIDATE THEPROPHECIEScoNCERNiNGANTICHRIST:with Remarks on some Works of J. H. Frere, Esq. By the Rev. S. R.MAITLAND, D.D., F.R.S., & F.S.A., some time Librarian to the lateArchbishop of Canterbury, and Keeper of the MSS. at Lambeth. Second
Edition. In 8vo. 2s. 6d.IX.
AN EXPLANATION AND DEFENCE OF THE ATHANASIAN CREED, inTwo Sermons. By the Rev. EDMUND MORTLOCK, B.D., Rector ofMoulton, and late Fellow of Christ s College, Cambridge. In 8vo. 2s.
x.
A FEW WORDS IN ANSWER TO THE ATTACK ON MY " CLASSICAL SCHOOL-BOOKS," published in Eraser s Magazine, and afterwards reprinted forgeneral circulation. By the Rev. THOMAS KERCHEVER ARNOLD,M.A., late Rector of Lyndon, and formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. In 8vo. 6d.
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12 BOOKS RECENTLY PUBLISHED
RECENT PAMPHLETS AND TRACTS. (Continued.)
XI.
THE CLAIM of the INCORPORATED CHURCH BUILDING SOCIETYto MORE LIBERAL SUPPORT on the Part of MEMBERS of the CHURCH of ENGLAND, especially at the Present Time, Advocated in a Letter reprinted fromthe " John Bull " Newspaper, of April 2, 1853. In 8vo. 6d.
XII.
THE STUDY OF THEOLOGY AND THE MINISTRY OF SOULS; THREE SERMONS, Preached in the Chapel of King s College, London, at the OpeningServices of the Theological Department. By EDWARD HAYESPLUMPTRE, M.A., Chaplain and Honorary Fellow, Assistant Preacher atLincoln s Inn, late Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. In 12mo.Is. 6d.
XIII.
ENGLAND S Two GREAT MILITARY CAPTAINS, MARLBOROUGH andWELLINGTON : a LECTURE delivered to the Members of the Churchof England Young Men s Society at Islington, December 17, 1852. By theRev. ROBERT WHELER BUSH, M.A., of Worcester College, Oxford,and Head Master of the Islington Proprietary School. In 8vo. Is. 6d.
AN EXHORTATION on the LORD S DAY. By the Rev. ROBERTWILSON EVANS, B.D., Vicar of Heversham, and late Fellow of TrinityCollege, Cambridge, Author of
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ACCOUNT
OF THE
COUNCIL OF NIC^A,IN CONNEXION WITH THE
LIFE OF ATHANASIUS^
BY
JOHN KAYE, ^BrLORD BISHOP OP LINCOLN.
if:^ H % ^&*1i&
LONDON:PEANCIS & JOHN EIVINGTON,
ST. PAUL S CHUKCH YAED, AND WATERLOO PLACE.1853.
LIBRARY ST. MARY S COLLEGE
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LONDON IGILBERT AND RIVINGTON, PI
ST. JOHN S SQUARE.
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ADVERTISEMENT.
IT is generally known that the death of the learned
andpious
Dr.Kaye
tookplace
at the commence
ment of the present year. In consequence of that
event the publication of this work was postponed,
partly because the revision of the Preface had not
been completed by the Author, and partly because
the Publishers had been led to expect that an
Appendix would be found among his papers. As
this expectation has not been realized, it is con
cluded, either that the Author had abandoned his
intention, or had not the leisure to carry it into
effect. The work is therefore presented to the
public in the state in which it was left at the timeof his decease. The Preface has been submitted
to his learned and very intimate friend, the Rev.
J. A. Jeremie, D.D., Regius Professor of Divinity
in the University of Cambridge, with the view of
correcting verbal errors, shouldany
have occurred,
in that portion of the work which had not received
the final revision of the Author.
July, 1853.
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PREFACE.
THE following work is designed for the use of the
Theological Student, to assist him in arriving at a
just judgment respecting the history and nature of the
Arian controversy. As far as that controversy affected
the temporal interests of the Christians, its history
forms a part of the history of the Roman empire,and, in consequence, occupies the twenty-first chap
ter of Gibbon s great work. That chapter displays,in common with every other part of his history, the
indefatigable industry of the author in collecting
his materials, and his consummate skill in arranging
them, so as to give the reader a clear and comprehensive view of the subject. I think, too, that on
the whole he is not chargeable with unfairness. The
controversy was not between Christians and heathen
philosophers ; there was, therefore nothing to call
forth the expression of that personal resentment
which he has been accused of entertaining against
Christianity. Both parties were Christians; and
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VI PREFACE.
he is content to look down upon them with con
temptuous impartiality. I must, however, add that
I know no part of the history in which the student
requires to be more on his guard against that which
I conceive to be his greatest danger in perusing
it, the danger of becoming insensibly inoculated
with the sceptical and sneering spirit of the author.
The history of the controversy has also been
written by Mr. Newman, in" The Arians of the
Fourth Century." The reader will find occasional
references to the work, as well as to the author s
notes in the Oxford translation of the treatises of
Athanasius. No one can read them without ad
miring the extensive reading and the subtlety of
the writer, nor without feeling a conviction that he
was, when he wrote them, contemplating the step
which he afterwards took, that of secession to
Rome.
Prefixed to the Translation of the Historical
Tracts is a Dissertation on certain chronological
difficulties connected with the life of Athanasius.
The design of my work did not render it necessaryfor me to aim at minute accuracy on these points.I have, therefore, adopted the dates assigned by
Montfaucon, the Benedictine editor, with whom I
concur in thinking that only one council was held
at Rome in the case of Athanasius.
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PREFACE. Vll
I have referred to the Philosophumena under the
name of Origen. In making that reference, I do
not mean to pronounce an opinion on the disputed
question respecting the authorship of the work ; I
have not examined it with that accuracy which
would justify me in pronouncing one. For the
purpose for which I refer to the work it matterslittle whether Origen or Hippolytus, Bishop of
Portus, was the author. I will add the dates of
the principal works of Athanasius, as assigned by
Montfaucon :
Oratio contra Gentes . .^Before
the rise of the AriarO
De Incarnatione Verbi Dei I Controversy, probably \Encyclica ad Episcopos Epistola A.D. 341
Apologia contra Arianos about A.D. 350
De Decretis Synodi Nicaense A.D. 352De Sententia Dionysii A.D. 352
Epistola ad Episcopos lEgypt. et Lib A.D. 356
Apologia ad Constantium A.D. 356
Apologia de Fuga A.D. 357, 358
Epistola ad Monachos A.D. 358
Orationes contra Arianos A.D. 358
Epistola ad Serapionem de Spiritu Sancto . . . .A.D. 358
De Synodis A.D. 359De Incarnatione Dei Verbi et contra Arianos . . . A.D. 365
Epistola ad Afros A.D. 369
ad Epictetum Episcopum Corinthium . . .A.D. 371Contra Apollinarium A.D. 372
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CONTENTS.
PAGEACCOUNT OF THE COUNCIL OF NIC^EA 1
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE FOUR ORATIONS OF ATHANASIUS
AGAINST THE ARIANS 152
SOME ACCOUNT OF THE TRACT DE INCARNATIONE CHRISTI 282
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SOME ACCOUNT
OF THE
COUNCIL OF NIC^EA,&c. &c. &c.
NEXT to the conversion of Constantine to Chris
tianity, the calling of the Council of Nicaea was the
event of his reign most productive of important
consequences to the Church. We might, therefore,reasonably expect to find in the pages of the His
torian of the Church and the Panegyrist of the
Emperor, a full account of the causes which gaveoccasion to it, of the discussions which took place
during its continuance, and of the decrees by which
the assembled Fathers decided the disputed points
and settled the Christian Creed. If, however, we
turn to thepages
of Eusebius \vith thisexpectation,
we shall be disappointed. The subject was one on
which he evidently felt little disposition to dwell,
whether from dissatisfaction with the course which
the proceedings took, or with the Confession of
Faith which the Council finally propounded. No
thing can be more meagre than his account. WeB
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2 COUNCIL OF NIOffiA.
must, therefore, draw our information from other
sources, of which the principal are the writings of
Athanasius, who, though he attended the Council
only as the deacon of the Bishop of Alexandria,
spent his life in the uncompromising assertion of its
decrees; and the works of three historians, one a
bishop,]
Theodoret, the other two laymen,2
Socrates,
and 3 Sozomen, who lived in the fifth century.
1
Bishop of Cyrus in Syria. He bore a prominent part in theCouncils of Ephesus and Chalcedon See Cave s Historia Lite-
raria, Saec. V.2
Socrates says himself, that he was born and bred at Constantinople (L. 5. c. 24), where, while very young, he received
instruction from Helladius and Ammonius, heathen grammarians,who had fled from Alexandria after the commotion excited bythe attempt of Theophilus the Bishop, to destroy the heathen
temples. L. 5. c. 16. This tumult took place in the eleventh
year of the reign of Theodosius, A.D. 389. Valesius assignsreasons for concluding, that he studied rhetoric under the SophistTroilus. He afterwards pleaded as an advocate at Constantinople, and on that account received the title of Scholasticus.
He has been charged with being a Novatian. Valesius thinksthat he was not himself a member of their sect, though he mightnot be disinclined to their tenets.
3 The grandfather of Sozomen had been converted to Chris
tianity, by witnessing a miraculous cure performed upon an in
habitant of the town in which he dwelt, by the monk Hilarion.L. 5. c. 15. His family appears to have been settled at
Maiuma, tie port of Gaza, in Palestine, where he was probablybom. L. 7. c. 28. He afterwards pleaded as an advocate atConstantinople, L. 2. c. 3, and was present at the ceremonywhich took place, during the episcopate of Proclus, in honour ofthe forty martyrs who suffered death during the reign of Licinius,and whose relics had been discovered. L. 9. c. 2.
He alwaysspeaks favourably of the monastic life. He had composed, in
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COUNCIL OF NIC^SA. 6
Accordingto
1
Socrates, Alexander, Bishopof
Alexandria, in discoursing on the doctrine of the
Holy Trinity before the presbyters and other clergy,
insisted so strongly on the Unity in Trinity, that2
Arius, a man skilled in dialectics, charged him with
introducing Sabellianism, and running into the oppo
site extreme, contended that,3 if the Father begat
the Son, He who was begotten had a commencementof subsistence : that there was consequently a time
when the Son was not ; and 4 He derived Hissubstance from things which were not.
5 Sozomen s
account differs in somerespect
from that of Socrates.
According to him, Arius caused the disturbance of
the peace of the Church by broaching his opinions :
and Alexander was charged with remissness, because
he did not immediately notice them. He then
two books, an Epitome of Ecclesiastical History, from the Ascension of Christ to the deposition of Licinius, L. 1. c. 1. p.327 C : this work has perished.
1 L. 1. c. 5. Theodoret, L. 1. c. 2, accuses Arius of beingactuated by envy of Alexander s elevation to the Episcopalthrone.
2 In his letter to Eusebius o f Nicomedia, Arius says that
Alexander used expressions such &s the following: d /m 7ran)p,
cfya VIOQ avi VTrap^i ayevvtiTWc JQ VIOQ ry 0w* ayeri riToyevrjGtaTiv ovre 7riyo/ct, OVTE aro/^w TIVI Trpoayet 6 Qoe TOV vlov eavTov effrl TOV Qtov 6 V\OQ. Theodoret, L. 1. c. 5.
3i 6 Trarrjp eyevrrjae TOV viov, ap^/v VTrap^we e ^ei 6 yivvr]
KCU fK TOVTOV SijXov OTI i\v ore OVK i)v 6 viog a.KO\ovdei TE i, uvdy-
KYJQ et, OVK OVTWV x ftj/ avTOV TYJV viroaTaaiv.4 In other words, He was a created Being, made out of things
which were not. Theodoret, L. 1. c. 2.5 L. 1. c. 15.
B2
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4 COUNCIL OF NICJEA.
summoned the two parties before him, and requiredthem to state their respective arguments, in hearingwhich he exhibited great impartiality : but at last
decided in favour of those who held the Consub-
stantiality and Co-eternity of the Son.l Mr. New
man adopts the account of Alexander s remissness,
and says that much mischief ensued from his mis
placed meekness. Yet it may be urged in his
behalf, that the questions raised by Arius were2
new, and turned upon points beyond the reach of
human comprehension : points, upon which a man,
conscious of hisown fallibility, might
wellpause
before he pronounced an authoritative decision. It
may be doubted also, whether Alexander s meekness
did not conciliate many who might have been
alienated from him, if he had at once assumed a
peremptory and dogmatic tone. Arius appears to
have been a man of unstable mind. 3 He at first1
History of Arians, c. 3. sect. 1. According to Socrates,Alexander became excited, Trpoe opy^ ^ctTrrfrat, by hearing that
many bishops sided with Arius. L. 1. c. 6-els ^K]rTf\(jLv ayuvaai ra Trporepoi * f^c raara. Sozomen, ubi
supra.3
Sozomen, ubi s. Ph^ostorgius tells us, that on the occasion
of the election into the vacant see of Alexandria, after the death
of Achillas, A^nis caused the suffrages, which were going in his
own favour, to be transferred to Alexander, whose election he thussecured. Theodoret, as we have seen, makes a very differentstatement. The same writer adds, that a presbyter of the nameof Alexander, who was next in rank to Arius, and called Baucalis,on account of an excrescence on his back, caused the dispute
between the bishop and Arius, respecting the consubstantiality ofthe Son. L. 1. cc. 3, 4.
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COUNCIL OF NIC^A. 5
attached himself to Meletius, of whom we shallhear more in the account of the proceedings of the
Council, and whom he afterwards quitted. He wasthen ordained deacon by Peter, Bishop of Alex
andria; but when Meletius was excommunicated,
again joined him, and was involved in the same
sentence of excommunication. After the Martyrdom of Peter, having asked pardon for his offence,he was permitted by Achillas, who succeeded Peter,to officiate. He was afterwards admitted to the
presbyterate, and greatly esteemed by Alexander.1
Epiphanius describes him as tall in stature, with a
downcast look, his figure composed like that of a
subtle serpent, to deceive the guileless by his crafty
exterior ; his dress was simple ; his address soft and
smooth, calculated to persuade and attract, so that
he had drawn away seven hundred virgins from the
Church to his party.
2 The flame kindled by the dissensions at Alex
andria quickly spread through the whole of jEgypt,
Libya, and the Upper Thebais, and extended itself
1 Haeresis Ixix. c. 3. This is the passago referred to and
praised by Gibbon, c. 21. In his letter to Eusebius of Nico-
medea, Arms calls Ammonias, by whom he sent it, his fatbut the Benedictine Editor thinks that the title was given to
testify respect, not to express the actual relationship between the
parties. Epiphanius says, that he was by birth a Libyan, and
presbyter of a church in Alexandria, called Baucaleus.
2 Socrates, L. 1. c. 6.
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COUNCIL OF NICE A. 7
Macarius, whom he styles heretical, uninstructed
(aKaTriyjiTwv) men, maintained that}
God, being Him
self unoriginate, existed before the Son. He him
self maintained that the Son was not ingenerate,
nor in any respect a part of the Ingenerate, nor
from any subject matter, but from things which
were not : He subsisted by the will and counsel
(of the Father) before all times and ages, perfect
God, only begotten, unchangeable; and He was not,before He was 2 begotten, or created, or predestined,or founded. For holding this opinion, Arius com
plains that he waspersecuted.
To this letter 3 Eusebius replied in one of en
couragement, in which he expressed his entire con
currence with the opinions of Arius; saying, that
what is made could not be before it was made, and
must have a beginning of existence. 4 He alsoaddressed a letter to Paulinus of Tyre, who, though
numbered by Arius among those who agreed with
him, appears to have abstained from openly givingan opinion. Eusebius, therefore, urged Paulinus to
Tripolis, with calling Him 7rpo/3oA>/, an emission ; and Macarius,who was Bishop of Jerusalem, with saying that He was co-ingenerate avrayirvr)TOQ with the Father.
on Trpovirdp^fi 6 QEOQ TOV vlov dvap^wg.2
OVK r)v Trplv yevvrjdfj, ijroi KriaOrj, rj opiadfj, r) d[J.\t(t)dfj.3 De Synodis, c. 17.1
Theodoret, L. 1. c. 6. It appears from this letter, that
Eusebius of Caesarea had at one time expressed himself more
openly in favour of Arius.
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8 COUNCIL OF NIC^A.
declare himself, and to write to Alexander, with
whom his authority would have great weight. Find
ing that Arius and his friends were thus active in
circulating their sentiments, Alexander, as we have
seen, was roused to anger, and wrote2
letters to
the bishops of the Universal Church to put them on
their guard against the misrepresentations of Eu-sebius and the other supporters of the Arian cause.3 He also addressed a letter to Alexander, Bishop of
Constantinople, in which he entered fully into the
tenets of Arius, whom he charges with being actu
ated by the desire of power. He describes theArians as selecting those passages of Scripture which
speak of the humiliation of Christ, and passing over
those which declare His Godhead, and thus in
sidiously instilling their opinions into the minds of
those who frequented their assemblies. Ebion, he
says, Artemas, and Paul of Samosata were the fore
runners of Arius ; but he derived his doctrine im
mediately from4
Lucian, who had adopted the cause
1 See note 1, p. 4.2
Socrates, L. I.e. 6.3
Theodoret, L. 1. c. 4, who states that Alexander wrote also
to Philogonius and Eustathius, Bishops of Berrhcea, and to other
orthodox bishops. According to Epiphanius, he wrote nearly
seventy letters to different bishops, among whom were Eusebiusof Caesarea, Macarius of Jerusalem, Asclepas of Gaza, Longinusof A seal on, Macrinus of lamnia. He wrote also to Zeno, anaged man of Tyre. Hseres. Ixix. c. 4.
4 Jerome in Catalogo says, that Lucian was a presbyter of
Antioch, a man of great eloquence: that an edition of the Sep-tuagint, which was generally received in the Eastern Church,
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COUNCIL OF NIC^A. 9
of Paul, and had remained out of the communion of
the Church during the incumbency of three suc
cessive bishops of Antioch. Alexander adds, that
three Syrian Bishops, supposed by Valesius to be
Eusebius of Csesarea, Theodotus, and Paulinus, had
espoused the cause of Arius, and confirmed him in
his error. In the encyclical letter, Alexander speaksof the Arians as transgressors of the law, and authors
of an apostasy which might be justly called the fore
runner of Antichrist .
bore his name : that he suffered martyrdom at Nicomedia in the
persecution of Maximin, and was buried at Helenopolis, in
Bithynia. See Eusebius H. E. L. 9. c. 6. According to Epi-phanius, he lived in the time of Constantine, and was numbered
by the Arians among their martyrs. Hseresis, xliii. c. 1. Eusebius of Nicomedia, and Leontius of Antioch were intimate with
him. Haeresis, Ixix. c. 5. The same may be inferred with
respect to Arius, who addresses Eusebius by the title of KriffavraQEOV. Ad Ep. ^gypt. et Lib. cc. 4. 13. Oratio II. contra
Arianos, c. 14. In order, however, to soften the startling sound of
this assertion, they made a distinction and said that the Son wasa creature, but not as one of the creatures; icr/o/ja, aXX ov% we tv
r&v Krifffjuirw, De Synodis, c. 23.4 Hence the title of Anomsearis, De Synodis, c. 31 ; Ad Afros,
c. 7.
KCLKta ^(11 aSrf/C fitKTlKOl TOV VIUV TOV QlOU.
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COUNCIL OF NIOE1A. 11
liable to change, like all other rational creatures. The
Word is also extraneous to and separate from the
essence of God. Moreover, the Father is ineffable
by the Son; for the Son neither perfectly nor ac
curately knows the Father, nor can perfectly see
Him. The Son does not even know His own
essence as it is ; for He was made for our sakes,that God might use Him as an instrument in creat
ing us: He would not have subsisted if God hadnot thought fit to create us. The Arians do not
appear to have shrunk from the consequences of
their opinions; for when asked whether the Wordof God might be perverted as the devil was, theyanswered in the affirmative, since He is by natureliable to change."
We learn from the letter not only the tenets ofArius, but also the manner in which Alexanderrefuted them by appealing to Scripture.
To the assertion that there was a time when the
Word was not, Alexander opposed John i. 1 :" In
the beginning was the Word."
To the assertion that the Son was one of the
things made, the title of Only-Begotten, and tin
declaration of St. John, i. 3, that all things were
Socrates, L. 1. c. 9. p. 23 D ; Sozomen, L. 1. c. 15. p. 347 D ;Ad Jovianum, c. 1.
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12 COUNCIL OF NIC^EA.
made by Him. He who was the Maker could not
be on a level with the things which He made, norcould He who was the Only-Begotten be numberedwith them.
To the assertion that the Word of God was made
fromthings
that werenot,
Alexanderopposed
Psalm1
xlv. 1 ; ex. 3.
To the assertion that the Son is unlike in essence
to the Father, Colossians i. 15, where the Son is
called the Image; and Hebrews i. 3, where He iscalled the radiance of the glory of the Father ; and
John xiv. 9, where Christ says to Philip," He who
hath seen Me, hath seen the Father."
How, Alexander asks, if the Son is the Word or
Reason and Wisdom of God, can it be said thatthere was a time when He was not? for that wereto say that God was then without the Word or
Reason (aXoyog) and without Wisdom. How can Hebe liable to variation or change, who says of Him
self," I am in the Father and the Father in Me "
(John xiv. 10); and "I and the Father are one"
1 In the Septuagint version, ifypevtuTo r/ Kapcia juov \6yov
dyadoi , and tK yaorpog Trpo Ewo^opov iyirvrjad
Xoya>KaTffKevaf. Kal Kara TYJV Zt deov avrov yivvi\aiv TV\V Trpo
TTCLVTWV aluvwv Etvai avTOv. f.irf.1 Kal Trptv ivf.pyf.ia yEVi rjOrjvai,
^vvafJLf.1 i\v kv TU> Trorpt dyevvr/rwc, OVTOQ TOV Trarpog ael Trarpoe, we
Kal fia(Ti\eu)Q aei t Kal orwr^pog dfi, $vvap.f.i TraVra ovroc, aei re Kal
Kara ra avra KOI axraurwe e^ovroc. Bull considers these sen
tences to be an interpolation, partly from internal evidence, but
chiefly on the ground that they are omitted by Socrates, DeFilii, 7&J , III. 9. 3 ; but the Benedictine editor and the
Oxford annotator suppose them to have been purposelyomitted, on account of their heterodox aspect, by Socrates, whowas a maintainer of the orthodoxy of Eusebius. Athanasius cer
tainly refers to them, De Dec. Syn. Nic. c. 3 ; De Synodis, c. 13.In the former place Athanasius mentions his intention of sub
joiningthe letter to the tract, in order to show that Eusebius had
assented to the expression buoouviot; and c rj
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COUNCIL OF NIC^A. 41
states, therefore, that the different expressions were
carefully weighed and canvassed ; and gives his
reasons for assenting to the word oVooucnoc, and to
the expression"
begotten, not made ;" as well as for
concurring in the anathema at the end. He had
never, he says, himself used the expressions con
demned ; nor2
are they to be found Sn Scripture.I have noticed the very meagre account given by
him of the proceedings of the synod. The preference shown to the Confession of Faith finally
adopted over his own, and a consciousness that in
subscribing he had in some measure compromisedhis own opinions, may have contributed to indisposehim to dwell on the subject.
The part which Eusebius took in the Arian con
troversy has caused both his integrity and his ortho
doxy to be called in question. I shall content
myself with observing that he was evidently3
re
garded with suspicion and dislike by the Catholics,
and that it is consequently necessary to receive their
statements respecting him with some allowance.
1 He says that some eminent bishops of former times hadused the word in speaking of the relation of the Son to theFather.
2 Does not this objection apply also to the word bpoovatoQ ?
Athanasius seems to have felt this difficulty. His defence is,that the orthodox used such expressions in a pious, the Arians in
an impious sense, Oratio 1. contra Arianos, c. 30.3
Apologia contra Arianos, c. 77 5 sub fin.
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42 COUNCIL OF NIC.3EA.
The * ^Egyptian bishops charged him in their Encyclical Letter with having offered sacrifice during the
persecution ; and2
Epiphanius tells us that this
charge was openly brought against him at the Council
of Tyre by Potamo, Bishop of Heraclea. Athanasius
also accuses 3 him of having affirmed, in a letter to
Euphratio, that Christ is not true God. Yet wehave seen that he subscribed, though perhaps reluc
tantly, the declaration that the Son is ouoovaios with
the Father ; a subscription which, if sincerely made,
seems to imply a recognition of the4
essential Divi
nity of the Son.
Perhaps the Creed which he proposed to the
Council may give us some insight into the real
nature of his opinions. It is as follows :
"
We believe in one God, Father Almighty,Maker of all things, visible and invisible ; and in one
Lord Jesus Christ, the Word of God, God of God,
Light of Light, Life of Life, the only-begotten Son,
the first-begotten of every creature, begotten of the
1
Apologia contra Arianos, c. 8.2
Haeresis, Ixviii. c. 7.3 De Synodis, c. 17. Euphratio was Bishop of Balanea.4 The word essence appears to me better to express the
meaning of the word ovala than substance. By the essence of a
thing I understand that by which it is what it is. Athanasius
insisted upon the insertion of the word ojjtoovfftoQ in the Creed,
because no other word could so fully expressthat the
Son wasvery God.
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COUNCIL OF NIOEA. 43
Father before allages, by
whom allthings
were
made; who for our salvation was incarnate, and
lived among men ; who suffered, and rose again the
third day, and ascended to the Father, and shall
come again in glory to judge both the quick and
the dead. We believe also in one Holy Ghost.Each of them we believe to be and to subsist the
Father truly Father, the Son truly Son, the Holy
Ghost truly Holy Ghost; as our Lord, when He
sent forth his Apostles to preach, said, Go, make
disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name
of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
Ghost."
Mr. Newman l says of this Creed, that, thoughthe terms were orthodox, and would have satis
factorily answered the purposes of a test if the
existing questions had never been agitated, and were
consistent with certain produceable statements of
the Ante-Nicene Fathers, they were irrelevant at a
time when evasions had been found for them all and
triumphantly proclaimed. He supposes it to havebeen drawn up for the purpose of avoiding a test
which the Arians had committed themselves in con
demning, inasmuch as2 Eusebius of Nicomedia had in
the beginning of the controversy declared that the
Son was not EK T?C ovaias of the Father. If this was
1
History of the Arians, chap. iii. sect. i. p. 272.2 Theodoret, L. I.e. 6.
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44 COUNCIL OF NIC.EA.
the object of Eusebius, the Emperor completely frus
trated it by insisting on the insertion of the wordi
O/UOOUOtO.
In his Notes on the Letter, in the Oxford transla
tion of Athanasius, Mr. Newman has carefully pointed
out the artifices by which he supposes Eusebius tohave evaded the full force of the words which he con
sented to use. Eusebius admitted that the Son was
tK r7c oJcriac, but not as a part; he seems to have
added this qualification in order to guard against
the notion that he supposed the Divine Essence to
be divisible. Mr. Newman, however, doubts whether
he admitted the 6/c rfc ovaiag at all. In like manner,
though he adopted the word djuoownoc, yet Mr. Newman infers from the explanation which he gave of
the sense in which he understood it, that he did
believe, not in a oneness of substance, but in two
substances. In his History of the Arians Mr.1 Newman has said that there is, in the writings of
Eusebius, little which fixes upon him any charge be
yond that of an attachment to the Platonic phrase
ology ; and that had he not connected himself withthe Arian party, it would have been unjust to accuse
him of heresy. In the2 interval between the pub
lication of that work and of the Notes on Athanasius,
his faculty of detecting heresy appears to have be
come more acute. The opinions of Eusebius may1
Chap. iii. sect. 2. p. 282.2 Between 1833 and 1842.
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46 COUNCIL OF NICJEA.
The letter of the Council goes on to say, that the
case of l Meletius was next considered and deter
mined; that he was allowed to retain the title of
bishop, but was restrained from laying on hands in
his own city, and from visiting any other place or
city for the purpose. That they who had been
ordained by him were to receive a2
more regular
ordination, and to be admitted to communion on the
condition that they should retain their honour and
ministry, but be second in all things to those whomAlexander had ordained, and should not possess the
powerof
doing anyecclesiastical act without the
consent of the bishops subject to Alexander s juris
diction. In the event, however, of the death of any
of the Catholic ministers they might take the vacant
according to Philostorgius, Theonas and Secundus alone persisted in their refusal to subscribe the Creed; and Secundus
charged Eusebius of Nicomedia with subscribing in order to
escape banishment ; which, however, he did not escape, as he was
banished three months afterwards, L. 1. c. 8. Athanasius expresslystates that Eusebius subscribed, De Dec. Syn. Nic. cc. 3. 18. And
according to Philostorgius, they subscribed, at the suggestion o
Constantina, the Emperor s sister, with a mental reservation,
affixing to the word 6juoovm (.TnaKoir^, KOI eiffiv VTTO rrji avrov TTU\IV WQ
Trapoidai. Athanasius says that there was neither episcopus nor
chorepiscopus in the region ; which, if the Benedictineeditor
rightly interprets the passage, contained ten or more villages, each
having its presbyter, Apologia contra Arianos, c. 85.3 The Benedictine editor doubts whether he fled to Nico
media.*
According to Athanasius this promise was fulfilled. At the
request of Eusebius, the Emperor ordered a church to be builtfor him.
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COUNCIL OF NIC^EA. G5
tion of Atliaiiasius. He inconsequence
] accused
Macarius of having rushed into his church, leaped
upon the holy table, broken the mystic cup, and
burned the sacred books.
According to2
Sozomen, many other charges were
brought against Athanasius : he was accused of de
posing Callinicus, Bishop of Pelusium, merely be
cause that prelate would not adopt his opinions, and
throwing him into prison ; of committing the care of
the church to one Mark, who had been degradedfrom the
presbyterate;
3 ofcausing
otherbishops
to
be scourged ; and of4
violating a female. But a still
more heinous crime was laid to his charge : his
enemies produced a hand which they affirmed to be
1
Apologia contra Arianos, cc. 11. 27. 37. 41. 46. 83. 85.
In the decree of the ArianSynod
ofPhilippopolis,
Athanasius
himself is charged with breaking the cup. Hilarii ex operehistorico Fragm. iii. c. 6. See also Sozomen, L. 2. c. 25.
2 L 2. c. 25. Philostorgius, L. 2, c. 11. We have seen thatamong the accusers of Athanasius in the matter of the linen vestments was one named Callinicus. Sozomen calls Callinicus a
bishop of the Catholic Church ; but his name appears in the list
of Meletian bishops submitted by Meletius to Alexander.3
Gibbon observes that Athanasius takes no notice of this
charge.4 Sozomen says that this charge is not recorded in the Acts of
the Synod of Tyre. The Benedictine editor assigns satisfactoryreasons for disbelieving that it was ever made. It appears, how
ever, that the Arian was not the only party which had recourseto this species of calumny ; according to Philostorgius, L. 2.
c. 11, a similar charge was brought against Eusebius of Nico-media. See Theodoret, L. I.e. 30.
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66 COUNCIL OF NICJEA.
that of l Arsenius, the Meletian Bishop of Hypsala,
and to be used by Athanasius for magical purposes.
On receiving these accusations Constantine directed
his nephew,2 Dalmatius the censor, who resided at
Antioch in Syria, to summon the accused parties,
and to punish them if convicted. He sent alsoEusebius and Theognius to Antioch, in order that
they might be present at the investigation. Atha
nasius, on receiving the summons,3 caused search to
be made for Arsenius, but could not find him, as he
was concealed by the opposite party, and directed
continually to change his hiding-place. The in
vestigation, however, was speedily closed by the
Emperor, who directed the bishops whom he had
summoned to the dedication of the Church of the
Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, to stop at Tyre by the
way, and inquire into the charges. He appears tohave wavered much in his opinion ; for Athanasius
expressly says that he had satisfied himself by his
own inquiries at4 Nicomedia of the falsehood of the
1
Sozomen, L. 2. c. 23. Apologia contra Arianos, cc. 8. 38.
42. See his own letter to Athanasius, Apologia, c. 69. Theo-doret, L. 1. c. 30. His name does not appear in the list sent in
by Meletius.2 Valesius observes that the Dalmatius here mentioned must
have been the brother, not the nephew of Constantine.3
Apologia contra Arianos, c. 65.4 In the Psammathia, Apologia contra Arianos, c. 65. It
should seem fromthe letter
given by Athanasius, c. 68, that theEmperor had also been satisfied by the investigation before
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COUNCIL OF NKLEA. 67
charge againstMacarius
respectingthe
cup,and that
Dalmatius was sent to inquire only into the charge
respecting Arsenius. Both charges were, however,
remitted to the bishops assembled at
Tyre.
According to2 Sozomen a synod had thirty months
before been summoned at Csesarea, but Athanasius
did not appear. He showed equal unwillingness toattend the synod at Tyre, not so much, Socrates
says, from dread of the accusations, inasmuch as he
was ignorant of their nature, as from fear lest some
innovation should beattempted
in the Creed settled
at Nicsea. The Emperor, however, intimated to
him that, if he did not come willingly, he would
be brought by force; at last, therefore, he obeyedthe summons.
Sixty bishops met at Tyre, and3 Macarius was
Dalmatius of the innocence of Athanasius in the matter of
Arsenius,1
Socrates, L. I.e. 28. He says that it was held in the thirtieth
year of the reign of Constantine ; Valesius says in the twenty-
eighth ; Eusebius mentions, and only mentions it, De vita Con-stantini, L. 4. cc. 41, 42.
2 L. 2. c. 25. Theodoret seems to say that the Emperorallowed the synod to be transferred from Csesarea to Tyre,
thinking that the known hostility of Eusebius to Athanasiuswould furnish the latter with a just plea for not appearing, L. 1.
c. 28. Hilarii ex opere historico Fragm. iii. c. 7. The Benedictine editor places this Synod A.D. 333, and consequently, thatof Tyre A.D. 335.
3
Apologia contra Arianos, c. 71.
F 2
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70 COUNCIL OF NIC^A.
also in the establishment of the innocence of Atha-
nasius. We have seen that the Meletians had1 directed Arsenius to conceal himself; he was, how
ever,2 discovered providentially in the following
manner. He went privately to Tyre ; and the servants of Archelaus, a man of consular rank, heard
some men in a tavern say that Arsenius, who was
reported to have been murdered, was in the house
of a person whose name they mentioned. The ser
vants, having taken such notice of the individuals
who made the statement as to be able to recognize
them, reported what they had heard to their master,who forthwith sought out and secured Arsenius, and
secrated, according to Epiphanius), and that he contrived to escapein the confusion which followed the detection of the falsehood, L. 1.
c. 30. Apologia contra Arianos, c. 65, where he is called Arcaph.1 See the letter of the presbyter Pinnes, in which he gives an
account of the manner in which he enabled Arsenius to avoid the
pursuit of the deacon of Athanasius, Apologia, c. 67.2
Socrates, L. 1. c. 29. Apologia contra Arianos, c. 65.
Athanasius gives a letter in which Alexander Bishop of Thes-
salonica congratulates him on the detection of the conspiracy in
the case of Arsenius, c. 66 ; and one from Arsenius himself, in
which Arsenius expresses his anxiety to be received into com
munionwith the Catholic
Church ;but it contains no allusion
either to the charge or to the detection of the fraud, c. 69. He
gives also one from Constantine to John or Ahab, in proof that
the latter had expressed his sorrow for having been a party to
the accusation. The letter, however, only expresses the Emperor s satisfaction at the return of John to the communion of the
Church, and his reconciliation to Athanasius, c. 70. Socrates
states that Arsenius subscribed the sentence of deprivation against
Athanasius, L. 1. c. 32. The Benedictine editor doubts this : nor
is it probable.
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COUNCIL OF NIC^A. 71
sent word to Athanasius thathe need be under no
alarm, as Arsenius was alive. Arsenius, when seized,
pretended to be another person; but Paul, Bishopof Tyre, who had known him long before, identified
him. When, therefore, Athanasius was summoned
before the synod and the hand was produced, he
asked his accusers whether any of them knew Arse
nius. Many affirming that they did, Arsenius was
introduced, having his hands concealed beneath his
garment. Athanasius then asked whether this was
the man whose hand was cut off; and, gradually
unfoldingthe
garment,showed first
one,then the
other of his hands ; and turning to those present,said :
"
Arsenius, as you see, has two hands ;] whence
the third was obtained, let my enemies explain."
Notwithstanding, however, these proofs of the
innocence of Athanasius, the synod, when the com
missioners returned from the Mareotis, pronounced
a sentence of deprivation against him. He musthave been prepared for this result, since it was
almost entirely composed of his2 enemies ; and, if
1 Socrates doubts, or affects to doubt, whether the accuser of
Athanasius had cut the hand from a dead body, or had purposelymurdered a man in order to obtain it, c. 27. Sozomen, L. 2. c. 25,
gives the statement made by the Meletians of the grounds on which
they were justified in believing that Arsenius was dead.2 Eusebius of Caesarea and George of Laodicea, who had been
degraded by Alexander, took an active part : Apologia contra
Arianos,cc. 8. 77.
Many, however,of those
presentdid not
concur in the sentence. Paphnutius, in particular, took Maximus,
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74 COUNCIL OF NIC^A.
gratification of their animosity than to the esta
blishment of the truth, and summoned them to his
presence.
Most of the bishops had already returned to their
dioceses.l But Eusebius of Nicomedia, Theognius,
Patrophilus, Ursacius, and Valens went to Constan
tinople ; and instead of attempting to substantiate
the charges already brought forward, preferred2 a new
one that Athanasius had threatened to prevent the
exportation from Alexandria of the corn usually sent
toConstantinople.
Thischarge, though
highly im
probable in itself, Constantino either believed or
affected to believe ; he was naturally weary of these
never-ending disputes, and Socrates insinuates that,
regarding Athanasius as the only or principal ob
stacle to the re-establishment of unity in the Church,
the Emperor was glad of a pretence for removinghim out of the way and banishing him to Treves.
Athanasius himself 3 ascribed his banishment to the
wish of the Emperor to place him out of the reach
1
Socrates, L. 1. c. 35. Theodoret, L. 1. c. 31. Sozomen,
L. 2. c. 28, names Theodorus of Heraclea in the place of Patro
philus. Apologia contra Arianos, c. 87, where a second Eusebius
is mentioned.2
Apologia contra Arianos, c. 9.3 Or rather the synod of Egyptian bishops, Apologia contra
Arianos, c. 9. They insinuate that the Eusebians hoped by the last
charge to induce Constantine to punish Athanasius capitally, Ad
Monachos, c. 50. The Benedictine editor places the banishmentof Athanasius A.D. 336.
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7G COUNCIL OF NIOffiA.
1
the Egyptian bishops represent, in the highest degree
improbable that it was ever uttered ; and the pre
cipitancy with which his banishment was pronounced,lends countenance to the account given by Socrates
of the motives by which Constantine was influenced.
Wearied, as I have already said, by the never-
ending disputes, and assailed by the incessant representations of the members of his family and his
court, who were for the most part attached to the
Eusebian party, he persuaded himself that he was
consulting the peace of the empire and of the Church,
as well as hisown, by banishing
Athanasius.
2It is to be observed, that the charges against
Athanasius turned entirely upon acts committed by
him in the administration of his diocese ; upon his
tyrannical exercise of power, either over his own
clergy or over the Meletians. No charge of heretical
teaching was brought against him. Notwithstanding
the inconsistency of Constantino s conduct towards
him personally, the Emperor appears steadily to
have maintained the decree of the Nicene Council.3
The friends of Arius were obligedto
professthat
1
They ask how a private, and not rich, individual could stopthe supply of corn. The Eusebians, however, appear to have
represented Athanasius as rich and powerful : Apologia contra
Arianos, c. 9.2
Compare the decree of the Arian Synod of Philippopolis.Hilarii ex historico opere Fragm. iii. cc. 6, 7.
s
Socrates, L. 1. c. 25: fyaaKwv pi aXXug (ppot ~iv apeiov r)
uTtj ffvvufy doKtl.. See also Sozomen, L. 3. c. 19, and the
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COUNCIL OF NIOEA. 77
his doctrine had always been in accordance with
that of the Council, before they could procure per
mission for him to return from banishment ; nor was
it till after the death of Constantino that any
attempt was made to substitute another creed in the
place of the Nicene.
After the banishment of Athanasius,l Arius re
turned to Alexandria, and again created confusion by
openly preaching his doctrine. Constantino, in conse
quence, summoned him to Constantinople. Alexander
then occupied that see, having succeeded Metro-
phanes. Regarding himself as the guardian of the
Nicene faith, but alarmed at the threats of Euse-
bius that he should be deprived unless he admitted
Arius to communion, he was in a great strait. In
his distress he fled to God ; and after frequent fast
ings and supplications, shut himself up in the churchcalled Irene, and there, prostrate beneath the holy
table,2
prayed for several successive days and nights
note of the Benedictine editor on Hilary contra Constantium,c. 27.
1
Socrates, L. 1. cc. 37, 38. Sozomen, L. 2. c. 29, who says
that Arius went to Constantinople, because the Church of Alexandria refused to communicate with him. Athanasius, Ep. ad
Serapionem, c. 2, says, that the Eusebians prevailed upon the
Emperor to send for him.2 Athanasius gives a somewhat different and certainly more
unobjectionable version of the prayer. According to him, Alex
ander prayed that God would either have mercy on the Churchand remove Arius from the world ; or would remove him (Alex
ander), that he might not witness the reception of Arius. Ep.
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78 COUNCIL OF NIOffiA.
with many tears, that if the doctrine of Arius were
true, he might not live until the day appointed for
the discussion, which was to take place in the presence of Constantine ; but that if his own doctrine
were true, Arius might receive the punishmentof his impiety. Constantine required Arius to
declare on oath that he adhered to the Nicenefaith ; and believing him, commanded him to be re
ceived into communion by Alexander. This took
place on Saturday ; and Arius, who was to be re
ceived into communion on the follo