Post on 14-Apr-2018
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Soil, marine ,noise and
thermal pollution
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Soil
Formation of soil from the parent material (bedrock):
mechanical weathering of rocks by temperaturechanges, abrasion, wind, moving water, glaciers,chemical weathering activities and lichens.
Under ideal climatic conditions, soft parent materialmay develop into 1 cm of soil within 15 years.
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O-horizon: freshly-fallen & partially-decomposed leaves, twigs, animalwaste, fungi & organic materials.Colour: brown or black.
A-horizon: humus/partiallydecomposed organic matter & someinorganic mineral particles. darker &looser than the deeper layers.
O & A-horizon: contain a largeamount of bacteria, fungi, earthworms,small insects, forms complex food web
in soil, recycles soil nutrients, &contribute to soil fertility.
B-horizon /(subsoil): less organicmaterial & fewer organisms than A-horizon.
C-horizon: consists of broken-up
bedrock, does not contain any organicmaterials. Chemical composition helpsto determine pH of soil & alsoinfluences soils rate of waterabsorption & retention.
R-horizon: The unweathered rock
(bedrock) layer that is beneath all theother layers
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geology/label/soillayers/7/29/2019 Soil, Marine ,Noise and Thermal Pollution
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Soil Pollution
Soil pollution is caused by the presence of chemicals or other
alteration in the natural soil environment.
Resulting in a change of the soil quality
likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering publichealth and the living environment.
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CAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATION
Soil erosion/degradation is the loss of top soil
erodes fertility of soil & reduces its water-holding
capacity.
Excessive farming, construction, overgrazing,
burning of grass cover and deforestation
Excess salts and water (Salinization)
Excessive use of fertilizers & pesticides
Solid waste
:
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First effect of pollutants Washed away: might accumulates somewhere
Evaporate: can be a source of air pollution Infiltrate through the unsaturated soil to the
groundwater
DDT: fat soluble, stored in fatty tissues
Interferes with calcium metabolism Results in thin egg shells in birds
Agent orange: code name for one of the herbicidesand defoliants (results in leaf fall) used by the U.S.
military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Duringthe Vietnam War, between 1962 and 1971, the United States militarysprayed 20,000,000US gallons (80,000,000 L) of chemical herbicides
and defoliants in Vietnam anti fertility, skin problems, cancer
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Control of soil pollution
Use of pesticides and fertilizers should be minimized. Cropping techniques should be improved to prevent
growth of weeds.
Special pits should be selected for dumping wastes.
Controlled grazing and forest management.
Wind breaks and wind shield in areas exposed to wind
erosion
Afforestation and reforestation.
3 Rs: reduce, reuse, recycle
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Information needed to clean up materials added to soil
Kind of material-organic or inorganic- is the material
biodegradable/ dangerous to animals & humans
How much materialwas added to the soil, will it overload
the organisms in the soil
C:N ratio of the pollutant material
Nature of soil: will the soil be able to handle the material
before groundwater is contaminated
Growing conditions for the soil organisms:- is it too cold,
too wet etc.
How long the material has been on site: is there evidence
of environmental problems, is it undergoing decomposition.
Immediate danger to people & environment: Urgency of
the situation.
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Bioremediation
The use of naturally occuring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi &
plants to break down or degrade toxic chemical compounds that have
accumulated in the environment
It is a method that treats the soils and renders them non-hazardous, thus
eliminating any future liability that may result from landfill problems or
violations.
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Factors affecting bioremediation
Microbial factors
Temperature favorable for organisms
Availability of water (Moisture content)
Availability of nutrients (N,P,K)
C: N (carbon: nitrogen) ratio of the contaminant
material< 30:1
pH
Availability of Oxygen in sufficient quantity in soil.
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In situ Bioremediation : The treatment in
place without excavation of contaminated
soils or sediments. Ex situ bioremediation: requires pumping
of the groundwater or excavation of
contaminated soil prior to remediationtreatments.
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Types ofIn situ Bioremediation
Biostimulation: To stimulate the activity of microorganismsby adding nutrients and electron acceptors (e.g. O2)
Bioventing: Injecting air through soil to stimulate microbegrowth in unsaturated zone
Biosparging: Injection of air/nutrients into unsaturated andsaturated zones
Bioaugmentation: inoculation of soil with microbes oradding exogenous microbes to the subsurface
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In-situ-Bioremediation
Biostimulation(stimulatesbiological activity)
Bioventing(Inject
air/nutrients intounsaturated zone goodfor midweight petroleum,jet fuel)
Biosparging(Inject
air/nutrients intounsaturated andsaturated zones)
Bioaugmentation(inoculates soilwith microbes)
Less expensive Creates less dust Less possibility of contaminant
release into environment
Good for large volumes
Slower
Doesnt work well in clays or
highly layered subsurfaces
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Biostimulation
Biosparging
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Ex-situ -Bioremediation Slurry-phase-Soil combined with
water/additives in tank,
microorganisms, nutrients,oxygen added
Solid-phase
Land-farming: soil put on pad,leachate collected
Soil biopiles: soil heaped, airadded
Composting: biodegradable wastemixed with bulking agent
Land Applied waste addeddirectly to soil which is later
planted to a crop.
Easier tocontrol
Used to treatwider range ofcontaminantsand soil types
CostlyFaster
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Advantages of Using Bioremediation Processes
Compared With Other Remediation Technologies
(1) biologically-based remediation detoxifies hazardous substancesinstead of merely transferring contaminants from on environmentalmedium to another;
(2) bioremediation is generally less disruptive to the environment than
excavation-based processes; and
(3) The cost of treating a hazardous waste site using bioremediationtechnologies can be considerably lower than that for conventionaltreatment methods: vacuuming, absorbing, burning, dispersing, or
moving the material .
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Marine pollution
The introduction by man, directly, or indirectly, of
substances or energy to the marine environment
resulting in deleterious effects such as: hazards to
human health, hindrance to marine activities, impairment
of the quality of seawater for various uses and reductionof amenities.
Does not include natural processes like volcanic
eruptions or earthquakes
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Marine pollutants
Agricultural run offs ((herbicides, pesticides andnutrients)
Sediments
Sewage (Faecal Coliform and Pathogens) Chemicals, Metals and Radioactive Substances
Persistent toxins (PCBs, DDT, heavy metals)
Oil
Plastics
Energy (Thermal & light)
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Sources of marine pollutionLand sources
80% of non-biological marine pollution comes from land based
activities pipes discharging directly into marine waters(sewage,
industrial, chemical and food processing wastes)
Riverine flows into the sea carry pollutants from the entirecatchment area.
From Air
Global atmospheric inputs to the sea from air discharges
Oil spills and offshore sources
Oily discharges from ballast water and bilge water during
routine ship operations and illegal dumping of solid waste Designated dumping grounds at sea
Accidental spills from Ships carrying hazardous substances, oil,gas etc.
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Control measures for oil pollution
Natural process of emulsification of oil by
use of chemical dispersants: can besprayed on the oil.
Slick-lickers: continuous belt of absorbent
material dips through the oil slick & ispassed through rollers to extract oil.
Rocks can be cleaned with high pressure
steam
Effects of marine poll tion
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Effects of marine pollution:
Effects on sea life
Effects on birds
Effects on human being
Health
Business
Eutrophication and development ofred tides (phytoplankton
blooms carrying red pigmentation)
Development ofoil slick: When oil is spilled on sea, it spreadsover the surface forming a thin film called OIL SLICK. Which
damage marine life
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Damages marine life to a large extent, for salt-marsh plants, oil
slicks can affect flowering, fruiting and germination.
Coral reefs
If liquid oil contaminates a birds plumage, its water-repellentproperties are lost, drown, die
Drill cuttings dumped on seabed create anoxic conditions & result inthe production of toxic sulphides in the bottom sediment thuseliminating the benthic fauna.
Fish and shellfish production facilities can also be affected by oilslicks. Commercial damage is tainting: imparts an unpleasant flavorto fish and seafood & is detectable even at extremely low levels ofcontamination.
Effects of marine pollution
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NOISE POLLUTION Defined as unwanted sounds that
unreasonably (a kind of harsh, loud andconfused sound), intruding into our daily
activities
The most significant attributes of noise are:i) Its loudness
ii) Duration
The unit of noise is decibel.
Human ear can tolerate noise up to 120
decibels.
S f NOISE POLLUTION
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Sources of NOISE POLLUTION(i) Road Traffic:
Most prevalent and most damaging source
Impact of road traffic noise depends on factors like: road location & design,and land useplanning measures, building design,vehicle standards & driving behavior
(ii) Air Traffic
Noise from supersonic crafts are dangerous because of its intensity
(iii) Railways:
The level of noise associated with rail traffic is related to type of engine or rolling stock
used, speed of the train, track type & condition, warning signals at crossings, whistles &
horns, freight classification yards, & railroad construction & maintenance.
(iv) Industry
Product fabrication
Product assembly
Power generation Processing.
(v) Construction: construction equipments.
(vi) Consumer products: recreational, hobbies/workshop, household, music.
(vii) Other sources: sirens, agricultural noise, noise from animals, humans & military
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Measurement of Noise
Noise intensity is measured in decibel (Db) units Decibel scale is logarithmic,
Each 10 Db increase represents a 10 fold increase innoise intensity
distance diminishes the effective decibel level reachingthe ear.
e.g. Moderate auto traffic at a distance of 30 m ratesabout 50 decibels, but for the same, for a driver with acar window open or a pedestrian on the sidewalk, sametraffic rates about 70 decibels.
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Effects of Noise
At 45 decibels of noise, average person cannot sleep,
At 85 decibels hearing damage, & at 120 decibels ear
experiences pain.
Lack of sleep, irritability, heartburn, indigestion, ulcers, high blood
pressure, & possibly heart disease Hearing loss
Non-auditory physiological effects
Annoyance
Communication interference
N i P ll ti C t l
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Noise Pollution ControlSource path receiver concept: Can be controlled either
by reducing the noise at the source orby preventing
its transmission orby protecting the receiver
At the source: lubrication of machines, tightening theloose units, reducing the eccentricity
In the path: keeping the noisy machine covered,construction of noise barriers, sound-proofing of thebuilding
Receiver: No use of horns other than in emergency,vehicle engines and appliances in good Condition,purchase the least noisy air conditioner or vacuumcleaner/quieter appliances, rest areas away fromnoise, turn down volume of Stereos.
Th l P ll ti
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Thermal Pollution Thermal pollution is the process of heating up of water
bodies through run off or discharge
Decreases the solubility of oxygen, resulting in suffocationof plants and animals
Human activities introducing thermal pollution: Industries and power plants
Trees and tall vegetation providing shades are cut down
Soil erosion by construction, removal of stream side vegetation,farming practices, overgrazing & recreation increases reduction ingreen
Thermal pollution can also occur through Earthquakes
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Effects of Thermal Pollution
Thermal shock
Thermal enrichment: Heated water from power plant
may be used to extend plant growing season, speed up
growth of fish and other aquatic animal for commercial
purpose