SOCIALIZATION

MEANING

• Transmission of socially appropriate beliefs and behavior patterns to an individual and making possible the development of a self or personality• Process by which an individual internalize many of socially approved values, attitudes, beliefs and behavior patterns of their culture

FUNCTIONS OF SOCIALIZATION

1. Develop the skills and disciplines which are needed by the individual

2. Instill the aspirations and values and the design for living which the particular society processes

3. Teach the social roles which individuals must enact in society

IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION

1.Socialization is vital to culture.

2.Socialization is vital to personality.

3.Socialization is vital to sex-role differentiation

SOCIAL NATURE OF SELF-IMAGE

• Social self – awareness of personal or social identity•Personality – organization of attitudes, beliefs, habits and behavior

ENVIRONMENTAL DEPRIVATION SYNDROME

•A child who deprived of the affectionate contact that is part of socialization can be physically and emotionally impaired for life

NATURE AND NURTURE

• Genetic makeup is a major factor in shaping human behavior• Sociobiology, systematic study of how biology

affects social behavior

LOOKING GLASS SELF

• Charles Horton Cooley

• Major Concept:Our imagination of how other see usOur imagination of how other judge our appearanceThe feeling of that results from our imagination of the

thoughts others have of us (development of self-concept)

Note: three processes namely presentation, identification and subjective interpretation

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

• Development of self-awareness back to the interaction between parent and child

•Parts of selfI - active, spontaneous, idiosyncratic self

- inborn, unsocialized and impulsive self

- accounts for what people want to do- product of individual distinctiveness

Me - arises from social interaction- other people’s definition of who one is- accounts for what people feel they should do

ACCORDING TO GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

Stages of Self Development

Preparatory Stage

-meaningless imitation by the infant

“imitation”

In the first year of life, the person engages in meaningless imitation. There is a lack of symbolic understanding in a sophisticated way.

Play stage

-"taking the role of the other"

actual playing of roles occurs; but no unified conception of self develops.

Person plays one role at a time of a single actor. Significant others are important models for conduct.

Game Stage

"generalized other“ (people who do not have close ties to a child)

this is the completion stage of self-development; the child finds who he or she is; the child also must respond to simultaneous roles; the individual can act with a certain amount of consistency in a

variety of situations because he/she acts in accordance with a generalized set of expectations and definitions he/she has

internalized.

• Significant others – persons with whom an individual has an intimate and long term contact

• Dramaturgy Approach-assume that all the world is a stage-refers to the way in which in daily activity we alter ourselves to fir the audience we are addressing- pioneered by Goffman

ERIK ERIKSON

• Psychological development• Concern with the feelings people develop toward

themselves and the world around them

1. Trust versus mistrust- Infancy

2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt- early childhood

3. Initiative versus guilt- the play stage

4. Industry versus inferiority- school age

5. Identity versus role confusion- adolescence

6. Intimacy versus isolation- young adulthood

7. Generativity versus stagnation- middle adulthood

8. Integrity versus despair- old age

JEAN PIAGET

• Focused on thinking or cognitive development• Through interaction with their environment,

children acquire new ways of thinking and new schemes• Process of learning to talk, to think, and to reason

covers social as well as psychological phenomenon

STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

•Sensorimotor•Language acquisition•Concrete operations•Abstract thinking

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG

• Moral development• Moral Stages:

1. Moral decision based on fear of punishment2. The idea of rewards taken into account3. Immediate punishments and rewards are not

necessary4. Strict adherence to rule, emphasis on law and order5. Adheres to social rules; morality is rooted in basic

human rights6. Internalization of justice, compassion and equality

and human dignity guide decision

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

•Socialization agents- the persons or devices that act to carry out the process of socialization

1.The Familyo The most important agent of socializationo Provides child's reference group, and its attitudes,

norms, values, and practices are the source of the child’s first interpretation of the world

2. Peer GroupsPeople of approximately the same social position and

ageFriendship group of age peersAffects attitudes towards othersPeer group inclines towards uniformity and similarity of

behavior, values and attitudesProvides a transition from dependence to

independence or adulthoodConsists of the many groups made up of childrenEach peer group has its own system of rules and

regulations and its own language and activities, which are supported by a child-oriented system of values and beliefs

3. The SchoolA. Manifest functionB. Latent functions

Children under the control of teachers Learn being a part of larger group of similar age Learn universality Realization that their behavior is recorded permanently

Hidden curriculum in schools

4. The Mass MediaNewspaper, radio, movies, television, books are important

in communicating a society’s beliefs, values, mores, and traditions

Children books, comics and magazines – main sources of reading materials used for socialization

Four important sources:a. Radiob. Moviesc. Televisiond. Social networking sites (SNS)

5.Workplace• New expectation from co workers and from the

employer• New norms

SOCIALIZATION IN ADULTHOOD

• Anticipatory socialization• The process by which people learn to assume a role in

the future

• Developmental socialization• The process by which people learn to be more competent

in playing their currently assumed role

• Resocialization• Occurs when an individual is socialized to adopt a new

system of beliefs different from those he or she is first socialized into

• total institution (organizations that are relatively closed off from the outside world and that follow a formalized life routine under the control of bureaucratic staff)

- the process of stripping away self-images and perspectives that are the results of previous socialization

Desocialization

MODES OF SOCIALIZATION

1. Explicit instruction- the socializer deliberately shows or tell the

person how to behave or what to believe2. Conditioning and innovation

conditioning is the means of establishing a behavior pattern by repeatedly associating a reward (positive reinforcement) or punishment (negative reinforcement) with the behavior

innovation occurs when a person acquires a behavior pattern through experimentation