Social Welfare Administration

Byungdeok Kang

Handong Global University

Organizational Theory The Main Target of Administration?

Organizational Theory?

Organizational Theories

• Bureaucracy

• Scientific Management

• Universal Management

• Human Relations Approach

• Open System Theories

• Contingency Theories

• New Institutional Theory

Rational/Legal Approach Understanding/explaining an organization based on

rationality and/or legality

Organization

Rationality

Legality

Examples:

Bureaucracy Bureau

“office / organization / department”

Bureaucratic

“Involving a lot of complicated

official rules and processes”

Historical Trend

Max Weber

Ideal (efficient) organization

= Rational legal bureaucracy

Ideal Structure?

Key Elements of Bureaucracy Criticisms

Advantages

How about bureaucracy in social welfare organizations?

Scientific Management

Started by F. Taylor

Steel industry (assembly line)

The core work processes of the organization to maximize efficiency and productivity in an organization

Potential Problems

Limitations as a closed system theory

Agreeability on an purpose between managers and workers

Individualized problems and holistic approach

Scientific Knowledge in Social Welfare Organizations

Universal Management= Classical theory of organization, Administrative management

theory, Mechanic theory, etc.

Henri Fayol, Luther Gulick, and Lyndall Urwirk

Differences between scientific management and universal management?

Scientific Management vs. Universal Management

Basic Functions of Management

H. Fayol L. Gulick (POSDCORB)

Planning Planning

Organizing Organizing

Staffing

Commanding Directing

Coordinating Coordinating

Reporting

Budgeting

Controlling

Faylor’s 14 Principles of Management1. Division of work

2. Authority and responsibility

3. Discipline

4. Unity of command

5. Unity of direction

6. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest

7. Remuneration

8. Centralization

9. Scalar principle

10. Order

11. Equity

12. Stability of tenure of personnel

13. Initiative

14. Esprit de corps

Classical Theories in Today’s HSOs

Characteristics of a human service organizations designed on the basis of classical principles … ?

Major Contributions that classical theories offer to human service programs/organizations

Major Weaknesses

Human Relations Approaches Organization = formal aspects + informal aspects

Hawthorne Experiment

Study of the effect of physical working conditions

Little success in showing of the positive effects of physical working conditions

Major Findings

Importance of social and psychological needs & the effects of informal group within the formal organizational structure

The Human Resources Model The purpose …

is to develop organizational forms

that build on the worker’s strength & motivation

McGregor’s Types of Managers

Theory X Manager

Theory Y Manager

Likert’s Four Basic Types of Organizations

System 1 (Exploitive Authoritative)

System 2 (Benevolent Authoritative)

System 3 (Consultative)

System 4 (Participative Group)

Open Systems Theory

Org.Org.

Org.

Org.

Environment

Closed Systems

Open Systems

In - Thru -Output -Feedback

Contingency Theories

Lawrence and Lorsch (1963): How do organizations adapt to best meet the demands of

their environment? Degree of Structure

Orientation of Members toward Others

Time Orientation

Goal Orientation

stablest e

u ln ab

Burns and Stalker (1994)

Mechanistic Form

Organic Form

In Summary …Administrative

ThemeTheories Assumptions

Goal attainment Rational-Legal Approach

Economic model of human behaviors

Set specific goalsSpecialization & Formalization Structure … rational (efficiency)

… legal (authority & rule)

Management of people (staff & clients)

Human Relations Human behaviors are embedded in a web of social relations: relationships

Leadership … person-orientedStaff … participation in mgmt of org.

Administrative Theme

Theories Assumptions

Proficiency & efficiency

Contingency; Network

A function of fit between contingency & internal structure

Structure Environment: Stable Centralized form

Unstable Organic formKnowledge:

Certain Simple bureaucracyUncertain Professional bureaucracy

Organizational Approaches for 21st C. Human Services

Small, non-bureaucratic, not-for-profit organizations (known as alternative programs or street agencies)

Critical and Feminist Theories

Human Service Organizations and Empowerment