Post on 18-Apr-2018
SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN URBAN
TRANSPORT TRANSPORT
Addressing the Gender Bias
Himani Jain (Ph.D.)Principal Consultant
P4Planning Consultants
Gendered Cities
• Distinguishes socially constructed roles determined
from being male or female
• Cities are not gender neutral
• Woman is not a universal category (varies by income, • Woman is not a universal category (varies by income,
religion, region, age, class, ethnicity, ……… )
Woman
• Strong link – ‘Shelter-transport -livelihood’
• Higher informal sector participation OR
• Restricted access to streets, bazaars, better prospects
Woman are transport
(Anand and Tiwari, 2006; Srinivas, 2008; Deike, 2002)
Woman are transport
poor
• Have inferior access to
private means of
transport
• Also difficult access to
public transport
Woman on city streets
• Larger cities report higher rate of crimes
• Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad amongst highest
• 90% women have faced some kind of harassment
• 65% had faced 2-5 incidents in last year• 65% had faced 2-5 incidents in last year
• Incidents are evenly spread over day, night, near
office, near home streets, public transport, etc.
(NCRB, 2008-12; Vishwanath, 2013; Phadke et al., 2011)
Gender Issues in Transport
• 70% of women are harassed by the
roadside
• 50% inside public transport
• 42% while waiting for transportWomen and Public Space Postcards,
Mumbai, India• 42% while waiting for transport
• 54% women and 69% men who
witness an incident of harassment
prefer to stay uninvolved.
(study by Jagori and United Nations Women, 2010)
Mumbai, India
Image source: PUKAR Gender and Space
Project
By law
• The Constitution of India guarantees –
– Equality to all Indian women (Article 14)
– No discrimination by State (Article 15
(1))(1))
– Equality of opportunity (Article 16)
– Equal pay of work (Article 39 (d))
• Special provisions to be made by State in
favour of women for securing just and
humane conditions of work ……. (Article
42)
Women vs. Man
More women than men are -
• have no mode of transport available at
all and walk, dependent on public
transport.
• less likely to have access to motorized
means of transport.
• less likely to use bicycles
• dependent on informal services and
door-to-door transport provision.
• waiting times and average total
journey time is 10 to 25% greater.
Needs of Woman
• Makes more trips related with caretaking (child care
and elder care) and household responsibilities
• Higher share of household’s travel burden and the
costs in both time and money are higher
Woman and Travel
• Trip – chaining is
common
• Women make • Women make
more frequent
trips
• Women travel
shorter distances
but walk longer
distances
Woman and transport
Woman gain access to older
vehicles, such as bicycles and
motorcycles.
Women tend to choose -Women tend to choose -
• door to door service that can
reduce walk trip (bicycles, cycle
rickshaws, auto rickshaws, etc.)
• which are accessible easily, less
crowded, cheaper in short
distance (e-rickshaws, grameen
sewa, etc.).
Women and Modes
• Walking is predominant
mode of travel for low
income women
• Inferior access and higher
Walking
Cycling or IPT
concerns for safe riding
environment – lesser
cycling
• Mostly dependent on
public transport or IPT for
long distance
Cycling or IPT (rickshaws, auto,
e-rickshaws, feeder, etc.)
Public transport
(buses, etc.)
Solution…..
1. A gendered approach vs. the traditional gender-
neutral position.
2. Gender sensitive urban transport parameters and
audit-
• Gendered innovations 1 – in transportation aspects
• Gendered innovations 2 – in urban planning and design
Gendered Innovations
1. Urban transport design and implementation –
• "Mobility of care", data collection variables
• Understanding gender differences - "trip chaining".
• Gathering data disaggregated by sex• Gathering data disaggregated by sex
2. City planning and urban design and implementation –
• Integrating gender expertise into urban planning and
neighbourhood design
• Gender-aware street and public space design
(http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/case-
studies/transportation.html#transport-conclusions
European Commission, 2007)
1. Policy Approach
• Swedish transportation policy and institutions
objectives for 2010 call for a transportation system
[that] is gender-equal…….. .
• The City of Malmö developed the public transport • The City of Malmö developed the public transport
integrating gender equality - public consultations,
review of design and system, service scheduling,
feedback etc.
• Clarity in NUTP, more women in transport planning,
design, administration, construction, operations and
monitoring/control .
2. Physical Design Approach
• “Between two stops” service Montréal
Québec, Canada
• Removing steps from streets to platforms for
baby carriages, luggage, wheelchairs.
• Step-free level access to trains, subways, and
buses from platforms.
• Lively, active, well lit, footpaths and bus stops
• Safe and secure, last mile connectivity with
attractive feeder systems
• Metro and BRT systems in many Indian cities
(Transport for London, 2007; Montréal Québec, 2010; Sánchez de Madariaga, 2013)
3. Personal Security approach
TfL and Toronto Transit Commission –best
practices
• Women only sections or seats in buses or
women only buses / coaches
• Wide aisle gate access, enough leg room,
storage, buggy space, etc.
• Adequate lighting, CCTV and panic button
• Women drivers, conductors and police
staff
• Desired vehicle design, interiors,
technology of IPT and PT vehicles
4. Sensitization Approach
• JAGORI and Auto-rickshaw drivers Union
• JAGORI and Delhi Transport Corporation
(DTC)
• Delhi Metro campaigns its pink • Delhi Metro campaigns its pink
coaches exclusively for women
• Fazilka ECO-CAB (dial a rickshaw)
• Janmaarg BRT, Ahmedabad
• Alwar Vahini
5. Urban planning Approach
• 2002 - Vienna designated Mariahilf
district, a gender mainstreaming
“pilot district”.
• The European Union prioritized
gender mainstreaming in 1996 and gender mainstreaming in 1996 and
funded 60 networked projects.
• New cities and or newly planned
areas in cities require more
inclusivity – Dwarka, Gandhinagar,
Bhubaneshwar, Naya Raipur ……
(Bauer, 2009; Kail et al., 2006 & 2007; Horelli et al., 2000; Roberts,
2013; European Union, 1995).
6. Design Approach
• Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project, Seoul,
2005
• Suwon, South Korea, 2012 –old city rejuvenation
• Central European Urban Spaces (UrbSpace)
project, focused on renovations of open urban project, focused on renovations of open urban
spaces, such as public parks and squares.
• Mixed land use, narrower streets with wider
footpath facilities
• Eyes on streets - Integration of informal sector
on street-sides; zero building setback,
transparent frontage, lighting, etc.
(Rebstock et al., 2011; Gauthier et al., 2007.).
THANK YOU
For details please contact:
Himani Jain
Principal ConsultantPrincipal Consultant
himani@P4Planning.com
Discussions
• Gendered approach
• Best practices in Indian context
• Ways to upscale best practices
• Key actors, barriers, institutional, policy or • Key actors, barriers, institutional, policy or
legal challenges in implementing best
practices