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description
Plant mineral nutrition from young to old soils
Etienne Laliberté and Hans LambersSchool of Plant BiologyThe University of Western Australiawww.elaliberte.infoBCI, January 10, 2013
Soil P during pedogenesis
Soil age
Mineral P
Organic P
Total P
Apatite(phosphate minerals)
Walker & Syers (1976) Geoderma
http://www.anra.gov.au/topics/soils/pubs/national/agriculture_asris_phos.html
P-poor soils in southwestern Australia
<0.02% or <200 mg kg-1
Leaf [P] very low in SW Australia
Lambers et al. (2011) Plant Physiol
Region Westman & Rogers
Rundel/Diehl et al.
Wright et al./Niinimets et
al.
Han et al. Grigg et al.
Australia 23.1 24.2 25.8/31.2
26.6
SW Australia 24.2 24.2
California, USA 10.8
Chile 9.2/12.1
France 14.9
Greece 15.7
S. Africa (fynbos) 26.4 22.9
China 14.4
“World” 17.6 18.2
N/P ratios >20: P limited; N/P ratios <10: N limited
N/P ratios of mature leaves
Lambers et al. (2010) Plant Soil
Am
ax
(m
ole
CO
2 m
-2 s
-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25A
ma
x (n
mol
e C
O2 g
-1 s
-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
B. atte
nuat
a
B. men
ziesii
B. prio
note
s
B. bur
dettii
B. cha
mae
phyto
n
B. hoo
keria
na
B. lana
ta
B. laric
ina
B. sca
brell
aAm
ax
(mm
ole
CO
2 [g
leaf
P]-1
s-1
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
(a)
(b)
(c)
abc
ab
bc
a aab abc
ab
c
bcdab ab
cd cdbcd
bc
a
d
abcd
ab
cd cdd
bcd
e
abc a
Amax expressed per leaf area, mass and [P]
Denton, M.D., Veneklaas, E.J., Freimoser, F.M. & Lambers, H. 2007. Plant Cell Environ. 30: 1557-1565.
Habitats of plants measured in Lesueur National Park
Photos: Marion Cambridge
We measured [P] and photosynthesis of young
expanding leaves, and mature leaves
Hakea neurophylla
Banksia attenuatayoung
Photos: Marion Cambridge
Rates of photosynthesis of mature leaves are quite high; those of expanding leaves are not
Lambers et al (2012) New Phytol
Leaf [P] in Proteaceae declines sharply when leaves mature
Lambers, H., Cawthray, G.R., Giavalisco, P., , Juo, J., Laliberté, E., Pearse, S.J., Scheible, W.-R., Stitt, M. Teste, F. & Turner, B.L. 2012. New Phytol.
Where might mature leaves of P-efficient Proteaceae economise?
Lambers, H., Finnegan, P.M., Laliberté, E., Pearse, S.J., Ryan, M.H., Shane, M.W., & Veneklaas, E.J.. 2011. Phosphorus nutrition of Proteaceae in severely phosphorus-impoverished soils: are there lessons for future crops? Plant Physiol. 156: 1058-1066.
All six Proteaceae species showed a shift from P-lipids to other lipids when leaves matured
Lambers, H., Cawthray, G.R., Giavalisco, P., Kuo, J., Laliberté, E., Pearse, S.J., Scheible, W.-R., Stitt, M. Teste, F. & Turner, B.L. 2012. Proteaceae from severely phosphorus-impoverished soils replace phospholipids by galactolipids and sulfolipids to achieve a high photosynthetic phosphorus-use efficiency. In prep.
What special features allow the non-mycorrhizal plants in Western
Australia to acquire nutrients from very poor soils?
Many have cluster roots, as illustrated here
All plants
AM
NM
ECM
Ericoid
Orchid
All Western Australian Plants
AM
NM
Orc
AM
NM
ECM
Proportions of species with different nutrient-acquisition strategies
Brundrett, M.C. 2009. Mycorrhizal associations and other means of nutrition of vascular plants: Understanding the global diversity of host plants by resolving conflicting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis Plant Soil 320: 37-77.
Developmental aspects of cluster roots
0 1-2 4-5 7-8 12-13 20-21
Shane, M.W., Cramer, M.D., Funayama-Noguchi, S., Cawthray, G.R., Millar, A.H., Day, D.A. & Lambers, H. 2004. Plant Physiol. 135: 549-560.
Respiration and carboxylate exudation in cluster roots of Hakea prostrata
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 10 20 30
Time (days)
C u
se
(n
mo
l g
-1 F
W s-1)
Respiration
Carboxylate exudation
Shane et al. 2004. Plant Physiol. 135: 549-560.
CYTOSOL
SOIL
carboxylates
phosphatases
Al-Pi
Fe-Po Fe-Pi
Ca-Pi
Al-Po
Ca-Po
carb
oxyl
ate
chan
nel
Fe2+
tran
spor
ter
Pi
ADP+PiATP
H+
Fe2+
Fe2+
Al-, Ca-, Fe-carboxylates
elution/ precipitation
H+
H+
H+
phosphatases
carboxylates
carboxylatesPo
H+
Pi
Pi
H+ -A
TPas
e
Pi : H+ co-transport
Fe3+
reductase
Lambers, H., Chapin, F.S.III & Pons, T.L. 2008. Plant Physiological Ecology, 2nd edition. Springer, New York.
Long-term soil chronosequences
Franz Josef glacierNew Zealand
Soil a
ge
JurienBay
Perth
Jurien Bay >2-million-year dune chronosequence
0-7 ky
120-500 ky
>2000 ky
Soil chronosequences as [P] gradientsJurien Bay, SW AustraliaFranz Josef, New Zealand
Approx. soil age (years)101 102 103 104 105
Richardson et al. (2004) Oecologia
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
Soil [N] during soil development
Approx. soil age (years)101 102 103 104 105
Jurien Bay, SW AustraliaFranz Josef, New Zealand
Richardson et al. (2004) OecologiaLaliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
Shift from N to P limitation
Soil age
Total N
Total P
Shift from N to P limitation
Soil age
Total N
Total P
N-limited
Shift from N to P limitation
Soil age
Total N
Total P
N-limited
N/P co-limited
Shift from N to P limitation
Soil age
Total N
Total P
N-limited
N/P co-limited
P-limited
Nutrient limitation bioassays
Vitousek and Farrington (1997) Biogeochemistry
N limitation
N/P co-limitation
P limitation
Nutrient limitation bioassays
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
Plant nutrient-use efficiency
Resorption from senescing leaves• profiency = concentration• efficiency = % of green
NUE = carbon fixed per unit nutrient taken up
Green leaf nutrient concentration
Leaf lifespan
Photo: Patrick Hayes
Leaf [N] ⇧ then ⇩ with soil age
Both N and P resorption efficiency ⇧ with soil age
N resorption efficiency NOT high in young soils
Leaf [P] ⇧ then ⇩ with soil age
Franz Josef glacier
Richardson et al. (2004) Oecologia
0-7 ky
120-500 ky
>2000 ky
Primary AIM: To assess how leaf [N] and [P] and resorption were influenced by soil age across a 2-million year dune chronosequence in southwestern Australia
Phosphorus-acquisition strategiesP ‘scavengers’ = Mycorrhizal fungi P ‘miners’ = non-mycorrhizal/cluster roots
Lambers et al (2008) Trends Ecol EvolRea
d et
al.
198
5 N
ew P
hyto
l.
Nitrogen fixation
Acacia lasiocarpa, root nodulesyoung dunes, Jurien Bay, SW Australia
2nd AIM: To investigate differences in leaf [N] and [P] and resorption between contrasting nutrient-acquisition strategies
Ectomycorrhizal Arbuscular mycorrhizal Nitrogen fixing
Cluster root Sand-binding rootDauciform roots
Non-mycorrhizal strategies Successful in P-poor soils Combine specialised structure and metabolism Release large amounts of carboxylates to mobilised sorbed P Can also mobilise metals such as Mn
Lambers et al. (2008)
Cluster roots and Mn accumulation
Hakea prostrata (Proteaceae)
Shane and Lambers (2005) Physiol Plantarum
• 3rd AIM: To assess Mn accumulation across a range of contrasting nutrient-acquisition strategies
Manganese accumulation
(Shane et al. 2011)
Dauciform(sedges)
Cluster root (Proteaceae)
Sand-binding (monocots)
1. Leaf [P] ⇩ and resorption ⇧ with soil age2. Leaf [N] ⇧ then ⇩ and resorption ⇩ with soil
age3. NM strategies ⇩ leaf [P] and ⇧ P resorption4. Mn accumulation ⇧ in NM strategies, but
only in older, P-limited sites
Hypotheses
StudentsPatrick HayesHonours studentLeaf nutrient analyses
Graham ZemunikPhD studentvegetation surveys
Collaboration between UWA and STRI (Ben Turner)
Stage 1: very young dunes(10’s—100 years)
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
NFAMAM
NF: N2-fixing
AM: Arbuscular mycorrhizal
NFEM
EM: Ectomycorrhizal
NM (sand-binding)
NM: Non-mycorrhizal (sand-binding, dauciform and cluster roots)
Stage 2: young dunes(100’s-1000’s years)
AM NFEMNM (sand-binding)
NM (dauciform)
Stage 3: young dunes(~7000 years)
AM NFEMNM (sand-binding)
NM (dauciform)
Stage 4: old dunes(~120,000 years)
AM NFNFEMNM (dauciform)
NM (cluster)
Stage 5: very old dunes(>2,000,000 years)
AM NFEMNM (dauciform)
NM (cluster)
NM (cluster)
Leaf [P]: nutrient-acquisition strategies
- NM species: lowest leaf [P] regardless of soil age- Variation between strategies highest in youngest dunes - All strategies converged on similarly very low leaf [P] in the oldest soils: mean = 229 µg P g-1
-Similar pattern for senesced leaf [P] and resorption efficiency
Leaf P resorption efficiency
Leaf [N]: nutrient-acquisition strategies
- High amount of variation between strategies-N-fixing and AM species show consistently higher leaf [N]- little variation with soil age
Leaf [N]
N resorption greater in very young and old soils
Mn accumulation
-All of the different NM strategies showed higher leaf [Mn] compared to other strategies regardless of soil age
- Large amounts of carboxylates into the rhizosphere?
Mn accumulation
-Mn accumulation is highest in NM species compared to other strategies- Interestingly, leaf [Mn] increased with soil age for all strategies
Summary• Extreme range of leaf [P]• Leaf [P] ⇩ with soil age• Leaf P resorption efficiency and proficiency ⇧
with soil age• AM and NF ⇧ leaf [N]• Little difference in leaf [N] with soil age• N resorption highest in very young and old soils• Mn accumulation in NM species and in older
soils: carboxylate release?• Ecosystem-level consequences? (e.g. litter
decomposition)
• Hans Lambers• Patrick Hayes• Graham Zemunik• Ben Turner• François Teste• Stuart Pearse• Thomas Costes• several field workers...
Acknowledgements• Thanks to STRI for the invitation