Smart Grid Technologies: CommunicationTechnologies and Standards

Submitted to

Prof. Dr. Eduard HeindlBy

Mostafa Mansy

07.01.2015

AGENDA

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• Introduction

• Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids

• Conclusion

• Smart Grid Communications Requirements

• Smart Grid Standards

• Introduction

Authors – 2011

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• Vehbi C. Gungor

• Dilan Sahin

• Taskin Kocak

• Salih Ergüt

• Concettina Buccella

• Carlo Cecati

• Gerhard P. Hancke

Energy Infrastructure

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• 2.5% annually over the past 20 years.

100 Years

Challenges with Current Networks

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• Lack of automated analysis.• Poor visibility.• Mechanical switches causing slow response times.• Lack of situational awareness.• Growing population and demand for energy. • Global climate change.• Equipment failures.• Energy storage problems.• Capacity limitations of electricity generation.• One-way communication.• Decrease in fossil fuels and resilience problems.• The greenhouse gas emissions on Earth have

been a significant threat that is caused by the electricity and transportation industries.

Grid Infrastructure

Smart Grids

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• The smart grid is a modern electric power grid infrastructure for improved efficiency, reliability and safety, with smooth integration of renewable and alternative energy sources, through automated control and modern communications technologies.

• Smart grid enables new network management strategies provide their effective grid integration in Distributed Generation (DG) for Demand Side Management and energy storage for DG load balancing.

Smart Grids

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• The existing grid is lack of communication capabilities, while a smart power grid infrastructure is full of enhanced sensing and advanced communication and computing abilities.

• Different components of the system are linked together with communication paths and sensor nodes to provide interoperability between them.

Countries Focus

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• Largest power grid modernization investment in the U.S. history - $ 3.4 billion.

AGENDA

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• Introduction

• Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids

• Conclusion

• Smart Grid Communications Requirements

• Smart Grid Standards

• Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids

Communication Importance

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Data

Analyse & Control

• Real time pricing.

• Reliable, secure and cost effective service.

• Customer participation for efficient electricity usage.

• Outages after disasters.

Communications Media

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• low cost infrastructure.

• Ease of connection to unreachable areas.

Weak Signal Problems.

• No interference problems.

• No dependency on batteries.

Smart Meter & Electric Utilities

Information Flow Infrasctructure

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Electrical Appliances

Smart Meter

Utility’s Data Centres

Cellular TechnologiesInternet

• Time of deployment.

• Operational costs.

• Availability of the technology.

• Rural/urban or indoor/outdoor environments.Consider

The technology choice that fits one environment may not be suitable for the other.

ZigBee

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Power Usage

Wireless Communication

Data Rate

Complexity

Cost of Deployment

• Smart lightning.

• Energy monitoring.

• Home automation.

• Automatic meter reading.Ideal For:

Relatively Low

ZigBee – Pros & Cons

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Pros

16 channels in the 2.4 GHz band

Simplicity & Mobility & Robustness

Low bandwidth requirements

Low cost of deployment

Easy network implementation

Standardized based on the IEEE

802.15.4

Load control and reduction,

demand response, real-time pricing programs, real-

time system

Gas, water and electricity utilities

Cons

Low processing capabilities

Small memory size

Subject to interference with other appliances, which share the

same transmission medium

Interference avoidance schemes and energy-efficient

routing protocols, should be

implemented

Wireless Mesh

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• Flexible network.

• Consisting of a group of nodes.

• New nodes can join the group.

• Each node can act as an independent router.

• Self-healing enables the communication signals to find another route via the active nodes.

Wireless Mesh – Pros & Cons

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Pros

Cost effective

Dynamic self-organization

Self-healing & self

configuration

Improving the network

performance and balancing

the load

Good coverage with the ability of

multi-hop routing

Meters act as signal

repeaters.

Cons

Fading and interference

Reliable and flexible routing needs sufficient number of smart nodes and cost

Third party company to manage the

network

Encryption techniques

required for security

Un-needed loops causing

additional overheads and

reducing bandwidth.

Cellular Network Communication

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• Save time of building new dedicated communication infrastructure.

• Avoid spending operational costs.

• Using 2G, 2.5G, 3G, WiMAX and LTE to spread in wide area environments.

• Huge data could be transferred between meter and utility in 15 minutes which requires high data connection.

Using existing cellular

networks:

• GSM technology performs up to 14.4 Kbps, GPRS performs up to 170 Kbps and they both support AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure), Demand Response, Home Area Network (HAN) applications.

Cellular Network Communication –Pros & Cons

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Pros

Using existing networks

Wide-spread and cost-effective.

Small data intervas leads to huge

amount of data transfer and

suffecient bandwidth provided

Strong security control already

exists

Lower maintenance costs

Fast installations

Cons

Sharing with customer

market which could result in

reduced performance in

emergencies

Service is not garanteed in

abnormal situations –wind storm

Power Line Communication (PLC)

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• Using existing power lines to transmit high speed (2 - 3 Mbps) data signals from one device to the other.

• Direct connection with the meter and successful implementations of AMI in urban areas.

• Smart meters are connected to the data concentrator through power lines and data is transferred to the data centre via cellular network technologies.

France: PLC technology is chosen for data communication between smart meters and the data concentrator, while GPRS technology is used for transferring the data from the data concentrator to the utility’s data centre

Italy: PLC technology to transfer smart meter data to the nearest data concentrator and GSM technology to send the data to data centres.

Power Line Communication (PLC) –Pros & Cons

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Pros

Standardizations of PLC

Cost effective

Widely available

Very suitable for urban areas

as infrastructure is already there.

Cons

Harsh and noisy environment

Wiring distance between

transmitter and receiver

Hybrid solutions in which PLC technology is combined with other

technologies (GPRS or GSM).

Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL)

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• High speed digital data transmission.

• Uses the wires of the voice telephone network.

• Frequencies greater than 1 MHz through an ADSL enabled telephone line

• Already existing infrastructure of DSL lines.

Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) –Pros & Cons

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Pros

Widespread availability

Low costHigh

bandwidth transmisions

Cons

Reliability and potential down

time

Distance dependances

Lack of standardization

Wird DSL require

communication cables Cost

Communication

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• Wired technologies, such as DSL, PLC, optical fiber, are costly for wide area deployments but they have the ability to increase the communications capacity, reliability and security.

• On the other hand, wireless technologies can reduce the installation costs, but provide constrained bandwidth and security options.

AGENDA

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• Introduction

• Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids

• Conclusion

• Smart Grid Communications Requirements

• Smart Grid Standards

• Smart Grid Communications Requirements

- Secure Information Storage.- Secure Information

Transportation.

- Embedded intelligent devices (IEDs).

- Hybrid communication technology mixed with wired and wireless solutions.

- Performance Issues like delay or outage may compromise stability.

- How to Define Qos Requirements?- How to ensure it?

Communication Requirements

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- Using advanced web services protocols with advanced functionalities (self-configuration) to facilitate the operations between smart meters, smart sensor nodes, smart data collectors, and renewable energy resources.

Security

System Reliability, Robustness

and Availability

Scalability

Quality of Service (QoS)

AGENDA

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• Introduction

• Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids

• Conclusion

• Smart Grid Communications Requirements

• Smart Grid Standards

• Smart Grid Standards

Smart Grid Standards

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AGENDA

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• Introduction

• Communication Technologies Available for Smart Grids

• Conclusion

• Smart Grid Communications Requirements

• Smart Grid Standards

• Conclusion

Conclusion

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• Smart grid is the evolution of electric power systems.

• Renewable sources has huge effect of developing the new smart grids.

• Smart grids developed to enhance efficiency, reliability and safety of the existing power grid.

• Ensuring proactive and real-time and reliable diagnosis of possible failures.

Thank You

Q&A?