CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

Literature Reviews – the SMART way

Isla Kuhn

Reader Services Librarian

Medical Library

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

1. exp Craniocerebral Trauma/ 2. exp Brain Edema/ 3. exp Glasgow Coma Scale/ 4. exp Glasgow Outcome Scale/ 5. exp Unconsciousness/ 6. exp Cerebrovascular Trauma/ 7. ((head or crani$ or cerebr$ or capitis or brain$ or forebrain$ or skull$ or

hemispher$ or intra-cran$ or inter-cran$) adj3 (injur$ or trauma$ or damag$ or wound$ or fracture$ or contusion$)).ab,ti.

8. ((head or crani$ or cerebr$ or brain$ or intra-cran$ or inter-cran$) adj3

(haematoma$ or hematoma$ or haemorrhag$ or hemorrhag$ or bleed$ or pressure)).ti,ab.

9. (Glasgow adj3 (coma or outcome) adj3 (scale$ or score$)).ab,ti. 10. "rancho los amigos scale".ti,ab. 11. ("diffuse axonal injury" or "diffuse

axonal injuries").ti,ab. 12. ((brain or cerebral or intracranial)

adj3 (oedema or edema or swell$)).ab,ti. 13. ((unconscious$ or coma$ or concuss$ or 'persistent vegetative state') adj3 (injur$ or trauma$ or damag$ or wound$ or fracture$)).ti,ab. 14. or/1-13

15. (randomised or randomized or randomly or random order or random sequence or random allocation or randomly allocated or at random or controlled clinical trial$).tw,hw.

16. clinical trial.pt. 17. randomized controlled trial.pt. 18. 15 or 16 or 17 19. exp models, animal/ 20. exp Animals/ 21. exp Animal Experimentation/ 22. exp Disease Models, Animal/ 23. exp Animals, Laboratory/ 24. or/19-23 25. Humans/ 26. 24 not 25 27. 18 not 26 28. 14 and 27 29. exp Hypothermia, Induced/ 30. exp Cryotherapy/ 31. exp Body Temperature/ 32. (hypotherm* or normotherm* or

cool* or cold* or temperature* or cryother* or cryogen* or

cryotreat*).ab,ti. 33. or/29-32 34. neonat*.ab,ti. 35. 33 not 34 36. 28 and 35

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

introducing the research topic

• clarifying the question

PICO

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

What is the Glasgow Outcome Score of severe head injured patients with raised ICP (>25) despite protocol directed therapy who undergo therapeutic hyperthermia (32 – 34C) for ICP control compared within standard care?

• P

• I

• C

• O

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

What is the Glasgow Outcome Score of severe head injured patients with raised ICP (>25) despite protocol directed therapy who undergo therapeutic hypothermia (32 – 34C) for ICP control compared within standard care?

• P: severe head injury

• I: hypothermia

• C: /

• O: Glasgow Coma Score

Eligibility criterion

Exclusion criterion

Synonyms

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

• P: severe head injury severe brain injury coma brain trauma TBI craniocerebral trauma

• I: therapeutic hypothermia induced hypothermia cryotherapy cold therapy

• C: /

• O: Glasgow Coma Score Glasgow Coma Scale Functional Outcome Assessment trauma severity indices treatment outcome outcome assessment

Eligibility / Exclusion: ICP age of patient? Type of publication? >25 adult yes rct yes

child no letters no

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

introducing the research topic

reviewing relevant literature

• identifying keywords and synonyms and MeSH

• setting parameters (inclusion/exclusion criteria not built into search?)

• structuring your search strategy with boolean logic

References

• DON’T plagiarise!

• Don’t lose marks through sloppy references

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYBoolean Logic

AND – to narrow the search by combining different topics

eg

“physiotherapy” and “stroke”

Both terms must be present in the results.

StrokePhysiotherapy

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYBoolean Logic

OR – to broaden your search, by combining similar terms

eg

“exercise” or “physical activity”

Either term can be present in the resulting set of articles.

Cerebral-vascular Accident

Stroke

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYBoolean Logic

NOT – to restrict your search so that it does not contain a particular term

eg

“physical therapy” not “manual therapy”

The first, but not the second, term must be present.

Manual Therapy

Physical Therapy

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

• P: severe head injury severe brain injury coma brain trauma TBI craniocerebral trauma

• I: therapeutic hypothermia induced hypothermia cryotherapy cold therapy

• C: /

• O: Glasgow Coma Score Glasgow Coma Scale Functional Outcome Assessment trauma severity indices treatment outcome outcome assessment

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

severe head injury OR severe brain injury OR coma OR brain trauma OR TBI OR craniocerebral trauma

AND

therapeutic hypothermia OR induced hypothermia OR cryotherapy OR cold therapy

AND

Glasgow Coma Score OR Glasgow Coma Scale OR Functional Outcome Assessment OR trauma severity indices OR treatment outcome OR outcome assessment

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

Truncation

treat

treats

treating

treated

treater

treatment

treatments

• Treat*

• Treat?

• Treat$

MeSH

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12117354

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

severe head injur* OR severe brain injur* OR coma OR brain trauma OR TBI OR craniocerebral trauma OR exp CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA/

AND

therapeutic hypothermia OR induced hypothermia OR cryotherapy OR cold therap* OR exp HYPOTHERMIA/

AND

exp GLASGOW COMA SCALE/ OR Glasgow Coma Score* OR Glasgow Coma Scale* OR Functional Outcome Assessment OR trauma severity indices OR treatment outcome* OR outcome assessment

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYSensitivity vs Specificity

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYSensitivity vs Specificity

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYSensitivity vs Specificity

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

introducing the research topic

reviewing relevant literature

• identifying keywords and synonyms and MeSH

• structuring your search strategy with boolean logic

• setting parameters (inclusion/exclusion criteria not built into search?)

References

• DON’T plagiarise!

• Don’t lose marks through sloppy references

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

1. exp Craniocerebral Trauma/ 2. exp Brain Edema/ 3. exp Glasgow Coma Scale/ 4. exp Glasgow Outcome Scale/ 5. exp Unconsciousness/ 6. exp Cerebrovascular Trauma/ 7. ((head or crani$ or cerebr$ or capitis or brain$ or forebrain$ or skull$ or

hemispher$ or intra-cran$ or inter-cran$) adj3 (injur$ or trauma$ or damag$ or wound$ or fracture$ or contusion$)).ab,ti.

8. ((head or crani$ or cerebr$ or brain$ or intra-cran$ or inter-cran$) adj3

(haematoma$ or hematoma$ or haemorrhag$ or hemorrhag$ or bleed$ or pressure)).ti,ab.

9. (Glasgow adj3 (coma or outcome) adj3 (scale$ or score$)).ab,ti. 10. "rancho los amigos scale".ti,ab. 11. ("diffuse axonal injury" or "diffuse

axonal injuries").ti,ab. 12. ((brain or cerebral or intracranial)

adj3 (oedema or edema or swell$)).ab,ti. 13. ((unconscious$ or coma$ or concuss$ or 'persistent vegetative state') adj3 (injur$ or trauma$ or damag$ or wound$ or fracture$)).ti,ab. 14. or/1-13

15. (randomised or randomized or randomly or random order or random sequence or random allocation or randomly allocated or at random or controlled clinical trial$).tw,hw.

16. clinical trial.pt. 17. randomized controlled trial.pt. 18. 15 or 16 or 17 19. exp models, animal/ 20. exp Animals/ 21. exp Animal Experimentation/ 22. exp Disease Models, Animal/ 23. exp Animals, Laboratory/ 24. or/19-23 25. Humans/ 26. 24 not 25 27. 18 not 26 28. 14 and 27 29. exp Hypothermia, Induced/ 30. exp Cryotherapy/ 31. exp Body Temperature/ 32. (hypotherm* or normotherm* or

cool* or cold* or temperature* or cryother* or cryogen* or

cryotreat*).ab,ti. 33. or/29-32 34. neonat*.ab,ti. 35. 33 not 34 36. 28 and 35

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

1. exp Craniocerebral Trauma/ 2. exp Brain Edema/ 3. exp Glasgow Coma Scale/ 4. exp Glasgow Outcome Scale/ 5. exp Unconsciousness/ 6. exp Cerebrovascular Trauma/ 7. ((head or crani$ or cerebr$ or capitis or brain$ or forebrain$ or skull$ or

hemispher$ or intra-cran$ or inter-cran$) adj3 (injur$ or trauma$ or damag$ or wound$ or fracture$ or contusion$)).ab,ti.

8. ((head or crani$ or cerebr$ or brain$ or intra-cran$ or inter-cran$) adj3

(haematoma$ or hematoma$ or haemorrhag$ or hemorrhag$ or bleed$ or pressure)).ti,ab.

9. (Glasgow adj3 (coma or outcome) adj3 (scale$ or score$)).ab,ti. 10. "rancho los amigos scale".ti,ab. 11. ("diffuse axonal injury" or "diffuse

axonal injuries").ti,ab. 12. ((brain or cerebral or intracranial)

adj3 (oedema or edema or swell$)).ab,ti. 13. ((unconscious$ or coma$ or concuss$ or 'persistent vegetative state') adj3 (injur$ or trauma$ or damag$ or wound$ or fracture$)).ti,ab. 14. or/1-13

15. (randomised or randomized or randomly or random order or random sequence or random allocation or randomly allocated or at random or controlled clinical trial$).tw,hw.

16. clinical trial.pt. 17. randomized controlled trial.pt. 18. 15 or 16 or 17

19. exp models, animal/ 20. exp Animals/ 21. exp Animal Experimentation/ 22. exp Disease Models, Animal/ 23. exp Animals, Laboratory/ 24. or/19-23 25. Humans/ 26. 24 not 25

27. 18 not 26

28. 14 and 27 29. exp Hypothermia, Induced/ 30. exp Cryotherapy/ 31. exp Body Temperature/ 32. (hypotherm* or normotherm* or

cool* or cold* or temperature* or cryother* or cryogen* or

cryotreat*).ab,ti. 33. or/29-32

34. neonat*.ab,ti. 35. 33 not 34 36. 28 and 35

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

[Intervention Review]

Hypothermia for traumatic head injury

Emma Sydenham, Ian Roberts, Phil Alderson

Citation: Sydenham E, Roberts I, Alderson P. Hypothermia for traumatic head injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD001048. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001048.pub4.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD001048/frame.html

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

introducing the research topic

reviewing relevant literature

Identify relevant sources (and then search them!)

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

introducing the research topic

reviewing relevant literature

Identify relevant sources (and then search them!)

• databases?

• websites?

• hand searching?

• books?

• snowballing?

• grey literature?

• ongoing trials?

• www.lib.cam.ac.uk/electronicresources/

• TRIP NHS Evidence RCoAGoogle? Search by Organisation/Filetype

• Which journals are key to your work?

• LibrarySearch or GoogleBooks

• WoK or Scopus

• Google: blog search; SIGLE; conference proceedings

• Trials registers

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

• www.tripdatabase.com

• www.evidence.nhs.uk

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

introducing the research topic

reviewing relevant literature

Identify relevant sources (and then search them!)

References

• managing

• storing

• using them (cite while you write)

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYWhat you do with your references

• Reference Manager or endnoteweb or zotero or mendeley…etc

• CASP Critical Appraisal Checklists

• PDF X-change

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

introducing the research topic

reviewing relevant literature

Identify relevant sources (and then search them!)

References

Keeping up to Date

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYKeeping up to date

• Citation Tracking (WOK or Scopus)

• Alerts (Pubmed & every other database, Google?)

• RSS? or Email?

• Journal ToCs (zetoc or via journal webpages)

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

introducing the research topic

reviewing relevant literature

Identify relevant sources (and then search them!)

References

Keeping up to Date

Writing Up (methodology)

• what did you actually do?

• and where did you do it?

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYWriting up

• Search log/diary

• Tidying up your strategy

• What did you find (how many)?

• Where did you find them?

• Explicit criterion = reproducable methodology

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

therapeutic hypothermia

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

therapeutic hypothermia and (brain injury or head injury or coma)

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

therapeutic hypothermia and (brain injury or head injury or coma) and glasgow

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYSearching – Do’s & Don’ts

• Don’t try to do the whole search in one line

• Don’t imagine that your first attempt will get all the articles you need

• Don’t imagine it’s something that can be rattled off quickly

• Don’t give up!

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYSearching – Do’s & Don’ts

• Do think of alternative ways of talking about your topic

• Do learn from your hits and your misses

• Do remember that you still have to critically appraise each article

• Do ask for help

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARY

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARYMEDICAL LIBRARYHelp!

Isla Kuhn

Reader Services Librarian

Medical Library

Box 111

Addenbrooke’s Hospital

email: ilk21@cam.ac.uk

phone: (01223) (3)36750

web: http://library.medschl.cam.ac.uk

Thank you.