Slide 3 - Horizontal distance measurement · 6/3/2012  · Distance by taping • Most common...

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Transcript of Slide 3 - Horizontal distance measurement · 6/3/2012  · Distance by taping • Most common...

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1Prepared by: Andre‐Paul C. Ampong

El tElementary SurveyingSu ey g

Horizontal distance measurement

• Methods of distance measurementMethods of distance measurement• Common errors and mistakes in taping

h d f i• Methods of taping• Tape corrections

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Distance by pacingDistance by pacing

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Distance by tapingDistance by taping

• Most common methodMost common method of measuring or laying out horizontal distances

• A form of direct measurement

• Has a relative precision range of 1:1000 to 1:250000

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Distance by tachymetryDistance by tachymetry• Tachymetry is defined as a 

d f bprocedure of obtaining horizontal distances and differences in elevation based on the opticalbased on the optical geometry of the instrument employed

• An indirect method• An indirect method• Compared to taping and 

differential leveling, the distances and elevationsdistances and elevations obtained by tacheometricmethods are usually of a lower degree of accuracy

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Since ab is equal to a’b’, by similar trianglesq y gf/i = d/s

And d = (f/i)s

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also D = d + (f + c)D = (f/i)s + CD = Ks + C

Distance by graphical and h l h dmathematical methods

• Unknown distances areUnknown distances are geometrically determined through their relationship with known distances

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Distance by mechanical devicesDistance by mechanical devices

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Distance by mechanical devicesDistance by mechanical devices

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Distance by photogrammetryDistance by photogrammetry

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Distance by EDMDistance by EDM

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14Prepared by: Andre‐Paul C. Ampong