Post on 06-Apr-2018
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Rural Production & Livelihoods
MRM Term-II
SL case analysis
Ashok Kumar Gupta
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A case for discussion
An Organisation working with tribal department had givena loan for purchase of a cow purchase to a widow whoearned wages from stone crusher.
The govt. have norm of involving their veterinarian & bank
official for the purchase. The insurance co. will be doing insurance.
You come to know that govt. staff had asked for bribe andwill not help the poor women if bribe is not given.
Marketing can be linked with dairy cooperative.
As a manager you nave to make her livelihood sustainable byadopting and practicing the livelihood framework???
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Livelihood
"the command an individual, family, or other
social group has over an income and/or
bundles of resources that can be used or
exchanged to satisfy its needs. This may
involve information, cultural knowledge, social
networks and legal rights as well as tools, land
and other physical resources.
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The livelihoods Approaches
A Livelihood comprise the capabilities, assets &activities required for a means of living; a
livelihood is deemed sustainable when it can
cope with and recover from stresses & shocks
and activities both now & in the future, while
not undermining the natural resource base.
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Livelihoods assets
FinancialCapital
NaturalCapital
SocialCapital
PhysicalCapital
HumanCapital
The Poor
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Human Capital
Health
Nutrition
Education
Knowledge and skills
Capacity to work
Capacity to adapt
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Natural Capital
Land and produce
Water & aquatic resources
Trees and forest products
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Social Capital Networks and connections
o patronageo neighbourhoodso kinship
Relations of trust and mutual support
Formal and informal groups Common rules and sanctions Collective representation Mechanisms for participation in decision-
making Leadership
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Physical Capital
Infrastructure transport - roads, vehicles, etc.
secure shelter & buildings
water supply & sanitation energy
communications
Tools and techology
tools and equipment for production seed, fertiliser, pesticides
traditional technology
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Financial Capital
Savings
Credit/debt - formal, informal, NGOs
Remittances
Pensions
Wages
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The Asset Mix
Different households with differentaccess to livelihood assets
Livelihoods affected by:o diversityof assets
o amount of assetso balance between assets
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So..Human capitallabour capacity no education limited skills
Natural capitallandless access to common property resourcesFinancial capitallow wages
no access to creditPhysical capitalpoor water supply poor housing poor communicationsSocial capital
low social status descrimination against women strong links with family & friends traditions of reciprocal exchange= an extremely reduced livelihood
pentagon
Landlessfemale
agriculturallabourer
FinancialCapital
SocialCapital
PhysicalCapital
HumanCapital
NaturalCapital
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The Vulnerability Context
The vulnerability context is the external environment inwhich people exist
The vulnerability context encompasses:
Shocks such as illness, disasters, conflicts, floods, droughts,storms and crop & livestock pests & diseases
Stresses such as long term trends that underminelivelihood potential; population, decline natural resourcebase, climate change, economic downturns, inflation,
currency devaluation, structural unemployment and poorgovernance.
Seasonalities such as changing prices & shiftingemployment opportunities
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FP
H
NS
The Poor
Vulnerability
ContextShocks
Seasonality
Trends
Changes
Vulnerability Context
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Policies, Institutions & Processes
Policies of government of different LEVELS of government
of NGOs of interational bodies
Institutions
Processes
political, legislative & representative bodies executive agenciesjudicial bodies civil society & membership organisations
NGOs law, money political parties commercial enterprises & corporations
the rules of the game decision-making processes social norms & customs gender, caste, class
language
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Policies & Institutions
Livelihood strategies & outcomes are not justdependent on capital assets or constrained by thevulnerability context; they are also determined by theenvironment of structures & processes.
Structures are the public & private sector organizationsthat set and implement policy and legislation, deliverservices, and purchase, trade and perform all mannerof other functions that affect livelihoods.
Processes embrace the laws, regulations, policies,
operational arrangements, societal norms andpractices that in turn, determine the way in whichstructures operate.
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The Sustainable Livelihoods
Framework
Policies
Institutions
Processes
NS
FP
H
The Poor
Vulnerability
Context
Shocks
Seasonality
Trends
Changes
influenceLivelihood
StrategiesLivelihood
Outcomes
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Livelihood Outcomes
Potential livelihood outcomes can include:
Improved food security
Enhancing income
Reduced vulnerability
Increased well-being
Protected rights of access
Recovered human dignity
Reducing variances in income
Organizing producers to have control over their livelihoods
Enhancing the money that circulates within the localeconomy
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DFID Approach to SLs
People Centered focuses on what matters to people, understands the
differences between groups of people and works with them in socialenvironment and ability to adapt.
Responsive & Participatory so that people themselves identifying andaddressing livelihood priorities.
Multi-Level working ensure that micro level activity create an effectiveenabling environment, and that macro level structures and processes
support people to build upon their own strengths. Conducted in Partnership :of the public and private sector.
Sustainable A balance between four key dimensions to sustainabilityeconomic, institutional, social and environmental sustainability.
Dynamic : external support recognise the dynamic nature of livelihoodstrategies, respond flexibly to changes in peoples situation, and develop
longer-term commitments. Emphasis to maintain an outcome focus , thinking about how
development activity impacts upon peoples livelihoods, not aboutimmediate project outputs.
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CARE Approach to SLs
Three fundamental attributes of livelihoods : human capabilities education, skills, health, psychological
orientation
access to tangible and intangible assets ; and
existence of economic activities
The interaction between these attributes defines whatlivelihood strategy a household will pursue.
A livelihoods approach can effectively incorporate a basicneeds and right-based approach.
The focus on household does not mean that the householdis the only unit of analysis, nor does it mean that theinterventions must take place at the household level.