Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons....

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Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.1 (p. 664)Two different structures for the realization of an accumulator. (a) Feed-forward structure of infinite order. (b) First-order recusive structure.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.2 (p. 665)(a) Simple parallel RC circuit driven by current source i(t). (b) Block diagram of the RC circuit, formulated in terms of two variables: the current i1(t) through the capacitor C and the voltage v(t) across c. This figure clearly displays the presence of a feedback loop, even though there is no physical evidence of feedback in the RC circuit itself.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.3 (p. 666)Block diagram representations of single-loop feedback system: (a) time-domain representation and (b) s-domain representation.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.4 (p. 667)s-domain representation of a scheme for measuring the return difference F(s), which is defined as the difference between the unit signal applied to the plant and the return signal G(s)H(s).

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.5 (p. 667)s-domain representation of a scheme for measuring the loop transfer function L(s).

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.6 (p. 669)Block diagram of single-loop feedback amplifier.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.7 (p. 670)Block diagram of a single-loop feedback system that includes a disturbance inside the loop.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.8 (p. 671)Feedback system for Problem 9.2.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.9 (p. 674)(a) Conventional symbol for operational amplifier. (b) Operational amplifier with input and output voltages.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.10 (p. 674)Operational amplifier embedded in a single-loop feedback circuit.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.11 (p. 675)Ideal model for the feedback circuit of Fig. 9.10.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.12 (p. 676)Reformulation of the feedback circuit of Fig. 9.10 so that it corresponds to the basic feedback system of Fig. 9.3(b).

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.13 (p. 677)Operational amplifier circuit used as an integrator in Example 9.2

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.14 (p. 678)Operational amplifier circuit for Example 9.3.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.15 (p. 679)(a) Block diagram of open-loop control system and (b) configuration for calculation of the error signal e(t).

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.16 (p. 680)Control system with unity feedback.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.17 (p. 681)Reformulation of the feedback control systems of Fig. 9.16.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.18 (p. 681)A pair of equivalent block diagrams used to change fig. 9.16 into the equivalent form shown in Fig. 9.17.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.19 (p. 683)Transient response of first-order system, plotted against the normalized time t/, where is the time constant of the system.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.20 (p. 684)Transient response of the second-order system with T(0) = 1 and n = 1 for three different values of the damping ratio : overdamped ( = 2), critically damped ( = 1), and underdamped ( = 0.1)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.21 (p. 686)Effect of feedback, with increasing K, on the locations of the poles of a first-order system.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.22 (p. 687)Effect of feedback, with increasing K, on the locations of the poles of a second-order system. The loop transfer function has poles at s = 0 and s = –1/.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.23 (p. 691)RC audio oscillataor.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.24 (p. 694)Illustrating the angle criterion of Eq. (9.67) and the magnitude criterion of Eq. (9.68) for the loop transfer function .

)/ - )(1/ - 1 (

)/ - (1 )(

d*sdss

csKsL

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.25 (p. 697)Diagram showing the intersection point (i.e., the centroid of the root locus) of the three asymptotes for the feedback system of Example 9.8.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.26 (p. 698)Root locus of third-order feedback system with loop transfer function

.3) 2)( 1)( (

6 )(

sss

KsL

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.27 (p. 698)Unity-feedback system for Example 9.9.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.28 (p. 700) Root locus of closed-loop control system with loop transfer function

12) 4)( - (

2) (0.5 )(

sss

sKsL

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.29 (p. 701)(a) Contour C traversed in counterclockwise direction in s-plane. (b) and (c) Two-possible ways in which contour C is mapped onto F-plane.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.30 (p. 702)Illustration of the definition of encirclement. As point s1 traverses contour C in the s-plane in the counterclockwise direction, as shown in (a), point A is encircled by contour only once and point B is encircled twice, both in the clockwise direction in the F-plane, as shown in (b).

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.31 (p. 703)Diagram for Problem 9.14.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.32 (p. 704)Nyquist contour.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.33 (p. 705)Nyquist diagrams representing (a) a stable system and (b) an unstable system.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.34 (p. 706)Nyquist diagram for three-stage feedback amplifier with loop frequency response with K = 6.

3) 2)( 1)( (

6 )(

jjj

KjL

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.35 (p. 708)Straight-line approximation to gain component of Bode diagram for open-loop response for K = 6.

3) 2)( 1)( (

6 )(

jjj

KjL

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.36 (p. 708)(a) Exact gain response and (b) phase response for open-loop response for K = 6.

3) 2)( 1)( (

6 )(

jjj

KjL

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.37 (p. 709)Illustration of the definitions of (a) gain margin and gain crossover frequency and (b) phase margin and phase crossover frequency.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.38 (p. 711)Nyquist diagram illustrating the notion of conditional stability.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.39 (p. 712)Block diagram of sampled-data feedback control system, which includes both discrete-time and continuous-time components.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.40 (p. 713)Impulse response of zero-order hold.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.41 (p. 713)Model of sampled-data feedback control system shown in Fig. 9.39.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.42 (p. 715)Illustration of Property 2 of the Laplace transform of a sampled signal. (a) Pole-zero map of A(s). (b) Pole-zero map ofwhere s is the sampling frequency.

),(1

)( sks

jk - sAT

sA

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.43 (p. 716)Block diagram of sampled-data system obtained by reformulating the model of Fig. 9.41

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.44 (p. 720)Root locus of sampled-data system with loop transfer function

)21

1)( - (

21

)( -z z

KzzL

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.45 (p. 723)Root locus diagram illustrating the application of MATLAB command r l o c f i n d.

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.46 (p. 726)Harold Black’s original feedback diagram and equation.

0) (for - 1

Input

Output de

μβ

μ

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.22 (p. 727)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.23 (p. 727)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.24 (p. 727)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.25 (p. 728)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.26 (p. 728)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.42 (p. 729)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.43 (p. 729)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.44 (p. 729)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.46 (p. 730)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.47 (p. 731)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.48 (p. 731)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.49 (p. 731)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.50 (p. 731)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.51 (p. 731)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.53 (p. 732)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.54 (p. 732)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.55 (p. 733)

Signals and Systems, 2/E by Simon Haykin and Barry Van VeenCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons. Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure P9.56 (p. 733)