Sheila Mendonça de SouzaSheila Mendonça de Souzasferraz@ensp.fiocruz.brsferraz@ensp.fiocruz.br

DIFFERENT IN BONES, DIFFERENT IN DISEASES:DIFFERENT IN BONES, DIFFERENT IN DISEASES: IS THAT REALLY TRUE FOR LAGOA SANTA PEOPLE? IS THAT REALLY TRUE FOR LAGOA SANTA PEOPLE?

Coming from Asia human groups Coming from Asia human groups crossed Artic lands and sea in their crossed Artic lands and sea in their migration to America migration to America

We now accept that different We now accept that different migrations brought different people migrations brought different people

Different in bone morphologyDifferent in bone morphology

Tundra landscape

Who where the first Americans and what do we know about them?

Skeletal morphology suggest that the first prehistoric people migrating to America were different from the mongolized ones that represent today most of the American indigenous groups

Crossing old lands of Central Brazil they settled in rock Crossing old lands of Central Brazil they settled in rock shelters and caves that are now archeological sites shelters and caves that are now archeological sites

Pedra Furada, Piauí

Landscape of Parque Nacional daSerra da Capivara, Piauí

Their bone remains are concentrated in Lagoa Santa, anTheir bone remains are concentrated in Lagoa Santa, an archaeological region, in Minas Gerais State, Brazilarchaeological region, in Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Lapa Vermelha (LEEH/USP)

Human remains found since the beginning of the 19th centuryHuman remains found since the beginning of the 19th centuryare now associated to former migrations of non-mongolized groupsare now associated to former migrations of non-mongolized groups

Ganga, rock containing human bones, Lapa Mortuária

The human remains found in Lagoa Santa archeological The human remains found in Lagoa Santa archeological region are know as “Lagoa Santa” skeletons, or Lagoa Santa region are know as “Lagoa Santa” skeletons, or Lagoa Santa primeval peopleprimeval people

Humans remains from different sites of the same region are Humans remains from different sites of the same region are estimated in more than 200 individuals, and this number is estimated in more than 200 individuals, and this number is growing with recent excavationsgrowing with recent excavations

Secondary and primary burials, cemeteries or individual Secondary and primary burials, cemeteries or individual bones, this is the biggest sample representingbones, this is the biggest sample representingpopulations older than 7,000-8,000 y.b.p. in Americapopulations older than 7,000-8,000 y.b.p. in America

““Luzia” is one of the most ancient and famous among those Luzia” is one of the most ancient and famous among those skeletonsskeletons

Luzia in situ , at Lapa Vermelha IV

Bioanthropological data Bioanthropological data published in the last decade published in the last decade propose that Lagoa Santa propose that Lagoa Santa people, as other paleoindian people, as other paleoindian groups in America, belong to groups in America, belong to an ancient non mongolized an ancient non mongolized Asian people Asian people

Luzia skull

Luzia skull

Facial reconstruction, Facial reconstruction, by Richard Neave, from Manchester, by Richard Neave, from Manchester, was based by the CT scan, was based by the CT scan, 3D reconstruction and skull prototype3D reconstruction and skull prototype

Skull and tomography

Reconstrução facial (BBC)

Bone remains and original label:Bone remains and original label:LuziaLuzia

As demonstated by Neves and co-authors, when skull craniometric As demonstated by Neves and co-authors, when skull craniometric traits are treated by multivariate analysis Luzia people does not traits are treated by multivariate analysis Luzia people does not cluster to mongolized groupscluster to mongolized groups

Restored mandibleRestored mandible

Paleopathology of some Lagoa Santa series has been studied:Paleopathology of some Lagoa Santa series has been studied:

Ocasional acute trauma is described by Ferigolo (1987) and Ocasional acute trauma is described by Ferigolo (1987) and Mendonça de Souza (1992-93) : patela, mandibula, metastarsal, Mendonça de Souza (1992-93) : patela, mandibula, metastarsal, metacarpal, phalanxmetacarpal, phalanx

Periostitis is described for 10% of the individuals Periostitis is described for 10% of the individuals

Harris lines (Godinho, 2002) are regular in some Harris lines (Godinho, 2002) are regular in some young skeletons suggesting annual stressyoung skeletons suggesting annual stressbut the poor preservation makes this analysis uncertain.but the poor preservation makes this analysis uncertain.

Trauma is not very commonTrauma is not very common

Pseudoartrhosis in Lapa VermelhaPseudoartrhosis in Lapa Vermelha

Mello e Alvim (1977) and Mendonça de Souza (1992-93) found Mello e Alvim (1977) and Mendonça de Souza (1992-93) found no porotic hyperostosis or no porotic hyperostosis or cribra orbitaliacribra orbitalia, but mineral layers , but mineral layers covers part of the bones covers part of the bones

Arthritic changes are few, even in the oldest individuals, Arthritic changes are few, even in the oldest individuals, life expectancy seem to be short life expectancy seem to be short

Teeth and facial bones offer interesting material to discussion:Teeth and facial bones offer interesting material to discussion:

Faces are prognat and the third mollar is generally big. At least in one Faces are prognat and the third mollar is generally big. At least in one site (Radichi, 1992-93) rizogenesis of the anterior teeth seems to have site (Radichi, 1992-93) rizogenesis of the anterior teeth seems to have occured faster than usual, perhaps because of the mastigatory stimulus. occured faster than usual, perhaps because of the mastigatory stimulus. Age estimation by osteogenesis and dentogenesis are contradictory.Age estimation by osteogenesis and dentogenesis are contradictory. Glenoids are shallow, there is morphological discrepancy between the Glenoids are shallow, there is morphological discrepancy between the codyle and the glenoid, making temporo-mandibular joint unstable codyle and the glenoid, making temporo-mandibular joint unstable (Mello e Alvim, 1977). Forward and backward masticatory movements (Mello e Alvim, 1977). Forward and backward masticatory movements were proposed by Salles Cunha (1963) to explain in the macroscopic were proposed by Salles Cunha (1963) to explain in the macroscopic pattern of tooth abrasion.pattern of tooth abrasion.

Intense tooth abrasion in many Lagoa Santa individuals Intense tooth abrasion in many Lagoa Santa individuals suggests masticatory effort and abrasive food, even for suggests masticatory effort and abrasive food, even for children less than 6 years old.children less than 6 years old.

Pulp exposure, dental decay, premature molar dental loss and Pulp exposure, dental decay, premature molar dental loss and apical inflammatory processes were common. apical inflammatory processes were common. Hipercementosis and calculus were not observed by Salles Hipercementosis and calculus were not observed by Salles Cunha (1963). Linear Enamel Hipoplasia were very rare. Cunha (1963). Linear Enamel Hipoplasia were very rare.

Dental caries frequency is unusualy high for such a Dental caries frequency is unusualy high for such a huntering-gathering population. According to Salles Cunha huntering-gathering population. According to Salles Cunha (1963) 40% of the individuals may suffer from caries.(1963) 40% of the individuals may suffer from caries.

Acording to Portas (2000) TMJ morphology, skull Acording to Portas (2000) TMJ morphology, skull assymetries, developmental deffects (like in Luzia and assymetries, developmental deffects (like in Luzia and Confins skulls) and the masticatory trauma explain Confins skulls) and the masticatory trauma explain macroscopic trauma in 55% of the glenoid in 28 bones of macroscopic trauma in 55% of the glenoid in 28 bones of Lapa Mortuária (usura of the mandibular eminence and Lapa Mortuária (usura of the mandibular eminence and deposition of new bone, ossification at the site of the deposition of new bone, ossification at the site of the ligament) and also the changes in some condyles (liping, new ligament) and also the changes in some condyles (liping, new bone deposition. bone deposition.

Left side seems to be more affected (“mandibular escaping the Left side seems to be more affected (“mandibular escaping the overcharge of the right side?”). overcharge of the right side?”).

Lapa Mortuária skullLapa Mortuária skull

Lapa Mortuária temporal bonesLapa Mortuária temporal bones

Luzia TMJ, lesion at the right sideLuzia TMJ, lesion at the right side

Temporal from Lapa MortuáriaTemporal from Lapa Mortuária

Temporal bones from Lapa MortuáriaTemporal bones from Lapa Mortuária

Apa Mortuária mandiblesApa Mortuária mandibles

Lapa Mortuária mandiblesLapa Mortuária mandibles

Lapa Mortuária mandiblesLapa Mortuária mandibles

Confins skullConfins skull

Poorly restored Confins skullPoorly restored Confins skull

11 22

33

4444

55

Confins skullConfins skull1.bifid condylus1.bifid condylus2.TMJ with arthrosis2.TMJ with arthrosis3.Pulp exposure3.Pulp exposure4.Assymetric tooth abrasion4.Assymetric tooth abrasion5.TMJ neartrosis (luxation) 5.TMJ neartrosis (luxation)

In Lagoa Santa skulls have 15% less epigenetic traits than other In Lagoa Santa skulls have 15% less epigenetic traits than other prehistoric groups in Brazil, according to Mello e Alvim data. prehistoric groups in Brazil, according to Mello e Alvim data.

Half of the 65 searched traces were not found in the agregated series.Half of the 65 searched traces were not found in the agregated series.Only 11 of them were found in more than 25% of the individuals. Only 11 of them were found in more than 25% of the individuals.

Huscke foramen (55%), malar turberosity (56%) andHuscke foramen (55%), malar turberosity (56%) andzigomato-maxilar tubercle (75%) are three of the more popular zigomato-maxilar tubercle (75%) are three of the more popular

Methopism, double condilian facet, maxilary and mandibular torus Methopism, double condilian facet, maxilary and mandibular torus are four of the absent onesare four of the absent ones

Developmental anomalies of the axial skeleton in Lagoa Santa:Developmental anomalies of the axial skeleton in Lagoa Santa:

at the skullat the skull::deffects of the paraxial mesoderm affecting the basilar portion of the deffects of the paraxial mesoderm affecting the basilar portion of the occipital and occipital and foramen magnunforamen magnun morphologie morphologie

deffects of the pre-chordal portion of the cranial base, affecting deffects of the pre-chordal portion of the cranial base, affecting ethmoid, temporal bone, sphenoid, and so on causing assymetries ethmoid, temporal bone, sphenoid, and so on causing assymetries

deffects of the I branchial arch membrane, affecting the timpanic deffects of the I branchial arch membrane, affecting the timpanic plate auditory meatus plate auditory meatus

at the other bonesat the other bones::sternun segmentation, vertebrae segmentation. More???sternun segmentation, vertebrae segmentation. More???

Paraxial mesoderm

The skull is assymetric, right side can be 10mm bigger than the left side, depending on the measurement. Occipital condyles and foramen magnun also have a slight assymetry

Prechordal portion of the cranial basePrechordal portion of the cranial base

Luzia cranial baseLuzia cranial base

Membrane of the I branquial archMembrane of the I branquial arch

Lapa MortuáriaLapa Mortuária

??

Lapa MortuáriaLapa Mortuária

Prevalence of different diseases, physiological discontinuityPrevalence of different diseases, physiological discontinuityindicators, trauma and anomalies in paleoepidemiologic indicators, trauma and anomalies in paleoepidemiologic approach may help to find out genetic, environmental andapproach may help to find out genetic, environmental andbehavioral factors affecting human biology.behavioral factors affecting human biology.

Lagoa Santa series come from different sites, most of them Lagoa Santa series come from different sites, most of them close to each other. Chronology of the sites and bones, moreclose to each other. Chronology of the sites and bones, moredetailled information about each archaeological context and detailled information about each archaeological context and systematic paleopathological review based on objective systematic paleopathological review based on objective questions may help bioarchaeological interpretation considering questions may help bioarchaeological interpretation considering new models to explain human migration to America.new models to explain human migration to America.

Data must be collected againData must be collected again

Differences among the sites, are suggested in the Differences among the sites, are suggested in the literature and must be tested literature and must be tested

Skull anomalies, peculiar TMJ morphology, masticatory Skull anomalies, peculiar TMJ morphology, masticatory pattern and dental problems; unexpected high caries pattern and dental problems; unexpected high caries frequency; low arthrosis and minimal acute trauma; low frequency; low arthrosis and minimal acute trauma; low LEH, PH and CO, low frequency of infection and LEH, PH and CO, low frequency of infection and periostitis must be checked and explained, considering the periostitis must be checked and explained, considering the hipothesis of differences in Lagoa Santa populationhipothesis of differences in Lagoa Santa population

May be different, but not that much!May be different, but not that much!

Calotte found among fossil animal bones from Lagoa Santa Calotte found among fossil animal bones from Lagoa Santa

Human cap

Fake cap