Post on 03-Jan-2016
Sheep & Goat FeedingSheep & Goat FeedingAnsci 520Ansci 520
Sheep & Goat FeedingSheep & Goat FeedingAnsci 520Ansci 520
Dr. Dan MorricalDr. Dan Morrical
Iowa State UniversityIowa State University
Sheep vs goats vs cowsSheep vs goats vs cowsSheep vs goats vs cowsSheep vs goats vs cows
IntakeIntake
Rate of passageRate of passage
Physical attributesPhysical attributes
Production levels and gestationProduction levels and gestation
ex. Growth ratesex. Growth rates
Very picky eatersVery picky eatersVery picky eatersVery picky eaters
Process roughage or Process roughage or
feed very high qualityfeed very high quality
Goats, extreme sortersGoats, extreme sorters
pellet rations to prevent sortingpellet rations to prevent sorting
Sheep vs goats vs cowsSheep vs goats vs cowsSheep vs goats vs cowsSheep vs goats vs cows
GrassGrass ForbsForbs BrowseBrowse
SheepSheep 50 50 30 30 20 20
CattleCattle 70 70 15 15 15 15
GoatsGoats 30 30 10 10 60 60
Van Dyne et al. 1980Van Dyne et al. 1980Impact supplementation stratgediesImpact supplementation stratgedies
Young LambsYoung LambsYoung LambsYoung Lambs
EnterotoxemiaEnterotoxemia Clostridium perfringens type CClostridium perfringens type C
SymptomsSymptoms Sudden death in 7-21 day old Sudden death in 7-21 day old
lambslambs
Young Lambs....Young Lambs....continuedcontinuedYoung Lambs....Young Lambs....continuedcontinued
PreventionPrevention Booster dams in late gestationBooster dams in late gestation Vaccinate lambs at 21 days and Vaccinate lambs at 21 days and
weaningweaning Orphan vaccinationOrphan vaccination Maximum colostrum intakeMaximum colostrum intake
Misdiagnosed-selenium/Vit. E Misdiagnosed-selenium/Vit. E deficiency or pneumoniadeficiency or pneumonia
Purchased feeder lambsPurchased feeder lambsPurchased feeder lambsPurchased feeder lambs
Assume no grain exposureAssume no grain exposure
Assume no vaccinationsAssume no vaccinations
Vaccine is highly effectiveVaccine is highly effective
Feed company approachFeed company approach
lower energy dietslower energy diets
GoiterGoiterGoiterGoiter
SymptomsSymptoms Enlarged thyroidEnlarged thyroid Poor wool coat at birthPoor wool coat at birth Low vigor/survivalLow vigor/survival
Goiter.....Goiter.....continuedcontinuedGoiter.....Goiter.....continuedcontinued
PreventionPrevention Iodized saltIodized salt Compensate for goitergens (kale, Compensate for goitergens (kale,
brassicas, etc.)brassicas, etc.) New NRC .8 PPM instead of New NRC .8 PPM instead of
.1 to .8 range.1 to .8 range
Finishing LambsFinishing LambsFinishing LambsFinishing Lambs
Enterotoxemia/OvereatingEnterotoxemia/Overeating
SymptomsSymptoms Best doing lambsBest doing lambs Uncoordinated movementUncoordinated movement Rapid deathRapid death
Finishing Lambs...Finishing Lambs...continuedcontinuedFinishing Lambs...Finishing Lambs...continuedcontinued
PreventionPrevention Vaccination - toxoidVaccination - toxoid Bunk managementBunk management Gradual ration changesGradual ration changes AntibioticsAntibiotics
Misdiagnosed-polio and Misdiagnosed-polio and
Vit. E/Se deficiency, pneumoniaVit. E/Se deficiency, pneumonia
Urinary CalculiUrinary Calculimuch more important, why much more important, why Urinary CalculiUrinary Calculimuch more important, why much more important, why
••Wether lambs and stud ramsWether lambs and stud rams
••Several types-phosphate, Several types-phosphate, calcium, silicacalcium, silica
••Problem-concentrates are Problem-concentrates are
low in Ca and high in Plow in Ca and high in P
Urinary Calculi...Urinary Calculi...continuedcontinuedUrinary Calculi...Urinary Calculi...continuedcontinued
••PreventionPrevention Water intakeWater intake Salt (.5 to 1% of ration)Salt (.5 to 1% of ration) Ammonium chloride or sulfateAmmonium chloride or sulfate Add calcium to achieve >1.5:1 ratio Add calcium to achieve >1.5:1 ratio
to phosphorous to phosphorous Never add phosphorousNever add phosphorous New NRCNew NRC
White Muscle/Stiff Lamb White Muscle/Stiff Lamb DiseaseDiseaseWhite Muscle/Stiff Lamb White Muscle/Stiff Lamb DiseaseDiseaseSymptomsSymptoms
Stiff rear legs and arched backStiff rear legs and arched back Sudden deathSudden death Aspiration PneumoniaAspiration Pneumonia Poor suckling reflexPoor suckling reflex Poor reproductionPoor reproduction
White Muscle/Stiff Lamb Disease...continuedWhite Muscle/Stiff Lamb Disease...continuedWhite Muscle/Stiff Lamb Disease...continuedWhite Muscle/Stiff Lamb Disease...continued
CauseCause Deficiency of Vit. E and/or SeleniumDeficiency of Vit. E and/or Selenium
NoteNote: Se is toxic but Vitamin E is not and: Se is toxic but Vitamin E is not and
E is also cheapE is also cheap
Feds control how much Se, .69 mg/h/dFeds control how much Se, .69 mg/h/d
High grain rations reduce Vit. E activityHigh grain rations reduce Vit. E activity
Newborns only source of E is milkNewborns only source of E is milk
New NRC increased E levels 5 timesNew NRC increased E levels 5 times
Results - Serum E ewesResults - Serum E ewesResults - Serum E ewesResults - Serum E ewes
ConCon E-GE-G E-LE-L E-GLE-GL
PretreatmentPretreatment 1.271.27 1.261.26
Pre-lambingPre-lambing 1.511.51aa 1.911.91bb
Post-lambingPost-lambingaa .93 .93aa 1.131.13bb
Mid-lactationMid-lactation .97.97aa .95.95aa 1.281.28bb 1.371.37bb
Milk e at 3 daysMilk e at 3 days 10.810.8 15.115.1
a,b Row means with different superscripts differ a,b Row means with different superscripts differ (p<.05).(p<.05).
Results - Serum E lambsResults - Serum E lambsResults - Serum E lambsResults - Serum E lambs
ConCon E-GE-G E-LE-L E-GLE-GL
3 days3 days 1.081.08 1.081.08
28 days28 days .41.41 .38.38 1.331.33 1.331.33
PolioencephalomaciaPolioencephalomaciaPolioencephalomaciaPolioencephalomacia
Thiamine deficiency Thiamine deficiency
PreventionPrevention Maintain rumen healthMaintain rumen health Gradual ration changesGradual ration changes Feed some long fiberFeed some long fiber Sulfur intakeSulfur intake
Less risk than cattleLess risk than cattle
Copper Toxicosis, sheepCopper Toxicosis, sheepCopper Toxicosis, sheepCopper Toxicosis, sheep
Breed susceptibilityBreed susceptibility
Mineral interactions-Mo & Su,Mineral interactions-Mo & Su,
along with high Zn & Caalong with high Zn & Ca
Iowa Feedstuffs:Iowa Feedstuffs:
Normal copper, low molybdenumNormal copper, low molybdenum
Copper Toxicosis...Copper Toxicosis...continuedcontinuedCopper Toxicosis...Copper Toxicosis...continuedcontinued
PreventionPrevention Sheep specific feedsSheep specific feeds No additional copperNo additional copper Feed some MoFeed some Mo
Copper & Molybdenum Copper & Molybdenum
are both toxicare both toxic
Goats use beef mineralGoats use beef mineral
Copper: Feed mill precautionsCopper: Feed mill precautionsCopper: Feed mill precautionsCopper: Feed mill precautions
SOP’s SOP’s
What would they be?What would they be?
1. Liability insurance1. Liability insurance
Pregnancy ToxemiaPregnancy ToxemiaPregnancy ToxemiaPregnancy Toxemia
Cause - Excess fat catabolism and Cause - Excess fat catabolism and ketone accumulationketone accumulation
PreventionPrevention Over conditioned ewesOver conditioned ewes Increased conc. feeding LGIncreased conc. feeding LG
coops add molasses ???coops add molasses ??? Fetal scansFetal scans Pre-lambing shearingPre-lambing shearing
Pregnancy Toxemia...Pregnancy Toxemia...continuedcontinuedPregnancy Toxemia...Pregnancy Toxemia...continuedcontinued
TreatmentTreatment Propylene glycolPropylene glycol Induced parturitionInduced parturition
Severe cases usually do not recoverSevere cases usually do not recover
why ?????why ?????
Grass TetanyGrass TetanyGrass TetanyGrass Tetany
HypomagnesiaHypomagnesia
Cause: excess potassiumCause: excess potassium
Lactating ewes on lush, spring Lactating ewes on lush, spring pasture pasture
N fertilization increases risksN fertilization increases risks
Stress inducedStress induced
Grass Tetany...Grass Tetany...continuedcontinuedGrass Tetany...Grass Tetany...continuedcontinued
Magnesium oxide in mineral Magnesium oxide in mineral
poor palatability.poor palatability.
Sudden death-confirmation by Sudden death-confirmation by necropsynecropsy
Milk FeverMilk FeverMilk FeverMilk Fever
Ewes vs. Dairy CowsEwes vs. Dairy Cows
CauseCause Calcium deficiency ??Calcium deficiency ?? Stress inducedStress induced
MIlk Fever...MIlk Fever...continuedcontinuedMIlk Fever...MIlk Fever...continuedcontinued
Late gestation ewes carrying tripletsLate gestation ewes carrying triplets
SymptomsSymptoms Depressed, lethargic, recumbentDepressed, lethargic, recumbent
TreatmentTreatment Calcium gluconateCalcium gluconate Rapid responseRapid response
Wool PullingWool PullingWool PullingWool Pulling
CauseCause Inadequate dry matter intakeInadequate dry matter intake Small particle size, effective fiberSmall particle size, effective fiber Low phosphorous intakeLow phosphorous intake
Wool Pulling...Wool Pulling...continuedcontinuedWool Pulling...Wool Pulling...continuedcontinued
PreventionPrevention Maximum 50% concentration rationMaximum 50% concentration ration Improved feeding techniqueImproved feeding technique Offer some low quality, long forageOffer some low quality, long forage Evaluate phosphorous levelEvaluate phosphorous level