Sharing experiences in landscape Approaches

Yogyakarta, December 2009)Cora van Oosten, Cora.vanoosten@wur.nl

What is a landscape?

Imagine a landscape...

Reading landscapes

Reading landscapes

Reading landscapes

Reading landscapes

Reading landscapes

Reading landscapes

Reading landscapes

“Mind” scape

“Mind” scape

“Mind” scape

“Mind” scape

Definition of a landscape

“scape” or “schap”:

View, appearance, shape, creation Social construct which changes over

time Property, archaic form of governance

Definition of a landscape

Neef (1967): "a landscape is a concrete part of the earth's surface shaped by uniform structure and same process pattern" 

Definition of a landscape

Turner (2001): “spatially heterogeneous geographic areas characterized by diverse interacting patches or ecosystems, ranging from relatively natural terrestrial and aquatic systems such as forests, grasslands and lakes to human-dominated environments including agricultural, urban  ( and industrial )  settings".  

Multi-functional mosaics

Defined by its core, not by its boundaries Its definition lies in the eyes of the beholder

(Maginnis, 2004) Concept of “space” rather than “place” Characterised by its internal processes Influenced by external factors (change drivers) Processes steered by stakeholders, and their

drivers behind Not necessarily co-incides with administrative

boundaries

Elements to take into account

Does the landscape approach offer something new?

Response to: Previous attempts to plan development Withdrawal of central states, new scope for

local stakeholders Search for stronger regional identities Climate change: shorter production chains

Landscape approach

Making use of existing experiences:

Decentralised NRM Participatory land use planning Community forestry

See the bigger picture

Taking a landscape

Well forested catchment

Rich biodiversity

High value timber

Attractive scenery, tourism

Ancestral homeland

Subsistence farm land

Commercial farm land

Biofuel production

Grazing land

Human settlement

Sub-soil richness

Which are the options?

Well forested catchment

Rich biodiversity

High value timber

Attractive scenery, tourism

Ancestral homeland

Subsistence farm land

Commercial farm land

Biofuel production

Grazing land

Human settlement

Sub-soil richness

Which are the options?

What are the claims?

Well forested catchment

Rich biodiversity

High value timber

Attractive scenery, tourism

Ancestral homeland

Subsistence farm land

Commercial farm land

Biofuel production

Grazing land

Human settlement

Sub-soil richness

Which are the options?

What are the claims?

Who are the claimants?

What drives them?

Districtpolicy

Need for money

Power relations

education

Empowerment

Need for firewood

Local Market prices

Food needs

Ability to invest Land

ownershipLand

pressure

Labour force

What drives them?

Districtpolicy

Need for money

Power relations

education

Empowerment

Need for firewood

Local Market prices

Food needs

Ability to invest Land

ownershipLand

pressure

Labour force

Population growth

Climate change

Demand for (bio)fuels

Increased Interest in biodiversity

Growing demandAnimal feed

Increased mobility

Globalisation

Need for minerals

Commodity prices up

Increased exploitati

on

Direct foreign investments

Land grabbing

Growing fooddemand

What drives them?

Districtpolicy

Need for money

Power relations

education

Empowerment

Need for firewood

Local Market prices

Food needs

Ability to invest Land

ownershipLand

pressure

Labour force

Population growth

Climate change

Demand for (bio)fuels

Increased Interest in biodiversity

Growing demandAnimal feed

Increased mobility

Globalisation

Need for minerals

Commodity prices up

Increased exploitati

on

Direct foreign investments

Land grabbing

Growing fooddemand Competin

g claims

Drivers at multiple levels and multiple scales

Giller et al, 2008

Glocalisation

Exercise

Go back to your “own” landscape

What is the major change process? What are the major drivers behind? What are the major impacts of this change? Which are the responses to this change?

Change – Driver – Response

From destruction to restoration?

Landscape dynamics

What is the difference?

Simple and complex systems

CookingSimplePredictable Recipe

LandscapeComplexNot predictableResearchSocial learningScenariosAdaptive management

PuzzleSimplePredictable Single solutionTrial & error

MachineComplicatedNot predictable GuidelinesProblem treePlanning

ComplicatedComplex

Chaotic Simple

Source: Cognitive Edge (www.cognitive-edge.com)

Cynefin Framework

Mismatches in levels and scalesBio-geographical scales governance scales juridical scales

Individualfamily

Community

Country

Region

Municipality

Local

provincial

National

International

Province/districtdepartment

municipal

Not easy to understand Cannot easily be controlled or

planned Can be influenced By addressing the entire system From planning to emergence Co-design

A landscape is...

From planning to co-design

Planned Co-design Emergent

From planning to co-design

participatory Flexible and adaptive Creating synergies across boundaries Searching for “win-win” options Creating positive environment to learn

DescribeResources, stakeholders,

institutions

DiscoverProcesses, driving factors, scales,

changes, responses

DeliverImplement, monitor, learn

DesignMulti-stakeholder process

Mediation, negotiation & trade-offs

From planning to co-design

DescribeResources, stakeholders,

institutions

DiscoverProcesses, driving factors, scales,

changes, responses

DeliverImplement, monitor, learn

DesignMulti-stakeholder process

Mediation, negotiation & trade-offs

Governance

Conflict

Protection Production

From planning to co-design

What is new about this?

Introducing new understanding

Introducing new planning perspectives

Introducing new forms of collaborative action

Planning....

Co-design....

Thinking in systems

Thinking in systems

Thinking in systems

Thinking in systems

Thinking in systems – “systems thinking”

Flows and feedback loopsPerspectives Inter-relationshipsBoundaries Systemic interventions

Dynamic aspectsNon-linear aspectsEntangled inter-relationsDelay

Flows and feedback loops

Perspectives

Inter-relations

Perceptions

Perceptions

Boundaries

Boundaries

Boundaries

Systemic interventions

Systemic interventions

Dynamic aspectsNon-linear aspectsEntangled inter-relationsDelay

Expect the unexpected....

Watch Closely….

And Enjoy this Artwork…

Sound on…