Post on 07-Oct-2020
Session 3-
assessing
affordable access
Prof Alison Gillwald, Research ICT Africa,
UCT Nelson Mandela School of Public
Governance
ITU REGIONAL ECONOMIC DIALOGUE
Ougadougou 8 October 2018
Changed market conditions
saturated voice markets shifting to data
introduction of low-end smart phone driving data
declining revenue from traditional services
operators face becoming ‘dumb pipes’
multiple new business models emerging from data competition to retain and attract new customers
zero-rated services, social media bundles, blended bundles, build-your-own-bundle.
multiple user strategies to access and use Internet – substituted voice and text data services, public wi-fi for updates, U-tube.
More users, more devices, more services, more demand
2
OTT impact of international voice traffic
Nationally representative surveys of ICT access and use by households & individuals
aged 15-65; In 16 developing countries; Data represents 30% of the global
population; 28,900 face-to-face interviews; +/-3 margin of error
Sample sizes
Note: Pakistan excludes AJK, FATA, Gilgit-Baltistan (~2% of population)
Supply vs Demand-side indicators what’s the story?
Active SIMS vs
Unique
subscribers.
Disaggregation
by gender,
income,
education,
location.
5
86.9 83.8
73.9
63.358.5
48.239.7
80.4
147.1
135.8
83
72.1 74.9
52.1
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Kenya South Africa Ghana Nigeria Tanzania Rwanda mozambique
RIA ITU Mean SIM card ownership
RAMP 1G pricing index
Quality adjusted prices, quality matters when assessing data market
Represents the ratio between the 1GB data basket and the average download and upload speeds, shows that the two dominant operators Vodacom and MTN offer higher quality, respectively.
In the same period Telkom’s quality was the lowest. However, since Q1 2016, it seems that smaller operators improved their quality, catching up with dominant operators in Q2 2016 (in line with increased network investments). Vodacom SA’s high prices are accompanied by higher Internet speeds, compared to MTN SA and Cell C, which are performing less well on the measure based on average download/upload speed (in Mbps) divided by 1GB basket costs.
7
Expanding undersea / terrestrial bandwidth…
Even in countries where there is over 50% 3G coverage, less than 20% critical mass connected to enjoy network effects –demand challenges greater than supply
side.
HOW WELL IS AFRICA CONNECTED?
Supply vs Demand-side indicators what’s the story?
Active SIMS vs
Unique
subscribers.
Disaggregation
by gender,
income,
education,
location. 86.9 83.873.9
63.358.5
48.239.7
80.4
147.1
135.8
83
72.1 74.9
52.1
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Kenya South Africa Ghana Nigeria Tanzania Rwanda mozambique
RIA ITU Mean SIM card ownership
Higher connectivity in higher income countries; but
Asia and Africa lag behind in Internet use
11
Q1: Do you own a mobile phone?
Q2: Have you ever used the Internet? (Gmail, Google, Facebook, email)
Q3: Do you use social media like Facebook, Whatsapp, Twitter etc?
91%
75%
85% 84%89% 88%
61%65%
57%
74% 75%
68%
87%
61%
50%
40%
86%
73%
53%
73%
63% 65%
19%
30%
17%13%
26%
36%
26%
15%9% 10%
82% 80%
45%
67%
62% 62%
15%
30%
14%13%
29% 30%
26%
13%6% 9%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Mobile phone ownership, Internet usage and social media use (% of aged 15-65 population)
Mobile phone owneship Internet usage Social media usage
Base Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
All respondents 1,240 1,425 1,610 1,478 1,357 1,407 5,069 1,706 2,002 2,020 1,145 2,123 1,179 1,102 1,118 1,091
There is a significant gender gap in ownership of phones
90%
75%
83%87%
92% 91%
79%
71% 68%
87%82%
78%
92%
66%62%
51%
91%
75%
87%82%
88%84%
43%
58%
43%
58%
69%
62%
83%
57%
39%
32%
-1% 0%-4%
7% 5% 8%
46%
18%
37% 34%
16%20%
10%15%
37% 37%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Mobile phone ownership (% of aged 15-65 population)
Male Female Gap
Q: Do you own a mobile phone?
BaseArgentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
All respondents 478 762 487 938 795 1,020 508 970 879 478 656 751 2,478 2,591 912 896 1,060 942 1,092 928 547 653 735 1,388 544 664 531 669 556 655 527 644
Gender gap in ownership
(%)
Male phone owners (% of
male population)
Female phone owners
(% of female population)
Male phone owners (% of male population) =
⎻
Gender gap in Internet in Africa
As markets
become
saturate greater
parity in
ownership
Smaller gap
than Internet
But other
cultural,
demographic,
urbanisation,
factors at play
13
…..and a higher gender divide in Internet use
BaseArgentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
All respondents 478 762 487 938 795 1,020 508 970 879 478 656 751 2,478 2,591 912 896 1,060 942 1,092 928 547 653 735 1,388 544 664 531 669 556 655 527 644
Q: Have you ever used the Internet? (Gmail, Google, Facebook, email)
87%
71%
57.0%
81%
63%
75%
26%
38.9%
21% 18%
33%
45%
32%
18%13% 14%
86%
75%
50.3%
69%
64% 57%
11%
21.0%
12%7%
22%30%
22% 12%5% 7%
1%-6%
12% 14%
-1%
23%
57%
46% 43%
62%
34%34%
31% 32%
62%
50%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Internet usage
Male Female Gap
Gender gap in Internet
usage (%)
Male internet users
(% of male population)
Female internet users
(% of female population)
Male internet users (% of male population) =
⎻
In addition to gender, there is also an urban-rural divide in
mobile ownership
BaseArgentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
All respondents 1,208 32 986 439 1,050 765 1,178 300 824 533 550 857 2,200 2,869 1,147 661 793 1,209 808 1,212 721 479 897 1,226 727 481 720 480 711 500 718 453
Q: Do you own a mobile phone?
90%93%
88%84%
93%90%
71%
79%
59%
78%
84%81%
93%
76%
63%
55%
100%
71%
81%83% 83%
86%
55% 54% 56%
72%
63% 64%
85%
53%
46%
33%
-11%
24%
8%1%
11%4%
22%
31%
5% 7%
25%21%
9%
30% 27%
41%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Mobile phone ownership (% of aged 15-65 population)
Urban Rural Gap
Urban rural gap in
ownership (%)
Urban mobile phone owners
(% of urban population)
Rural mobile phone owners
(% of rural population)
Urban mobile phone owners (% of urban population) =
⎻
Gender gap in mobile phone ownership
As markets
become
saturate greater
parity in
ownership
Smaller gap
than Internet
But other
cultural,
demographic,
urbanisation,
factors at play
16
…..and an even higher urban-rural divide in Internet use
Q: Have you ever used the Internet? (Gmail, Google, Facebook, email)
BaseArgentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
All respondents 1,208 32 986 439 1,050 765 1,178 300 824 533 550 857 2,200 2,869 1,147 661 793 1,209 808 1,212 721 479 897 1,226 727 481 720 480 711 500 718 453
86%90%
61%
81%
74%70%
27%
42%
18% 19%
36%
51% 53%
33%
22% 24%
91%
69%
40%
49%44%
61%
14%
22%
16%11%
17%
31%
16%
5% 5% 4%
-6%
23%
35%40% 40%
13%
48% 49%
13%
42%
54%
40%
69%
84%77%
85%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Internet usage (% of aged 15-65 population)
Urban Rural Gap
Urban rural gap in
Internet usage (%)
Urban Internet users
(% of urban population)
Rural Internet users
(% of rural population)
Urban Internet users (% of urban population) =
⎻
Digital paradox that more people come online greater inequality there is:
Ownership and use of ICTs by income
WHAT ARE THE BARRIERS TO
GETTING ON LINE? AND STAYING
ONLINE?
5. Mobile phone type
12%
28%34%
22%30% 30%
55%
31%
53% 52%
40% 42%
58%66% 66%
77%
10%
10%
8%
17%5%
14%
16%
46%
25%
14% 37%
10%
14%
11%
25%5%
78%
63%58% 61% 65%
57%
28%23% 22%
35%
24%
48%
28%23%
9%18%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Ghana Bangladesh Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Mobile phone ownership by type (% of aged 15-65 mobile phone owners)
Basic Phone Feature Phone Smart Phone
• Higher smartphone ownership in higher income countries
5. Mobile phone type – gender gap
• The smartphone gap is smaller than the internet gap
76%
60% 63% 64% 63% 65%
31%26%
20%
35%
25%
52%
32%
25%
10%
19%
81%
64%
54%59%
66%
49%
24%20%
27%
34%
20%
46%
25%21%
9%16%
-6% -6%
14%8%
-5%
25% 24% 25%
-32%
4%
20%12%
21%17%
1%
17%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Ghana Bangladesh Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Smartphone ownership (% of aged 15-65 mobile phone owners)
Male Female Gap
Gender gap in
smartphone ownership
(%)
Male smartphone owners
(% of male population)
Female smartphone owners
(% of female population)
Male smartphone owners (% of male population)
=
⎻
44%
74%
43%
60%
43%
32%
43%
57%
32%
73%
35%
68%
57%
53%
66%
79%
35%
26%28%
32%
22%24%
10%
15%
7%
21%
8%
39%
14%
21%
11% 12%
21% 21%
7%
45%
19%
26%
33%
18% 17% 16%
27%
59%
16%13%
11%
14%17% 17%
40%
6%
19%
7%
12%
3%
10%
3%
11%
16%
7%8%
7%7%
1% 1%
32%
8%
3%
18%
22%
11%10%
17%
32%
23%
2%
11%13%
1% 0% 0%
11%
1% 1%
19%
27%
6%
16%19%
27%
47%
7%
50%
37%
49%
18%
54%
16%
59%
55%
23%
8%
14%12%
40%
12%
5%
11%
26%
15%
3%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Ghana Bangladesh Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Reasons for not owning a mobile phone (% of aged 15-65 non-mobile phone owners)
I cannot afford a mobile phone My phone is broken I don’t know how to use it
My phone got stolen No mobile coverage where I live No electricity at home to charge the mobile phone
I don’t need it I am not allowed to own one
6. Barriers for mobile phone ownership
• Non owners: Asia - lack of need; LATAM - Affordability, Africa -Affordability
6. Barriers for Internet use
• Non users: Still a significant % of in Asia (and some in Africa) don’t know what the
Internet is. In LatAm, many don’t know how to use it.
37%
11% 14%7%
18% 15%11% 10%
6% 9%18%
9%
27%
16%
3% 3%
23%
27%
8%
51%26%
47%
9%
21%
3%
14%
5%
41%11%
11%
3%
14%
19%
24%
37%
7%
24%
8%
8%
14%
19%
23%
7%
23%
22%
64%
43%
76%
5%
0%
16% 3%2%
5%
4%
4%
1%
2%
1%
3%
4%
2%
33%
1%
5%
35%0%
10%
28% 14%
64%
39%
69%
41%
67%
21%
26%
1%
9%
0%2%
0%
9% 6%
1%
8%
1%
4%
1%
3%
2% 2%
3%
1%4% 2%10%
3%
15% 16%
1% 3% 2%8%
1%7%
1% 2%7% 5% 5% 5%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Ghana Bangladesh Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Reasons for not using the Internet (% of aged 15-65 non-Internet users)
No interest / not useful I don’t know how to use it No access device computer /smartphone Too expensive I don’t know what the internet is No time, too busy Other
6. Barriers for MORE internet use
72%
90%
4%
84%
53%
84%
1%
10% 9%
68%
83%
3%
78%
65%
84%
1%
8%
2%
58%
66%
47%
53%56%
52%
41%
55%
43%
51%
58%
24%
59%61%
54%
29%
19%
37%40% 41%
10%
58%
29%
49%
26%
55%
12%
31%
21%
8%
48%
27%
38%
5%
9%6%
30%
33%
16%
9%
19%
24%
6%
0%
11%
27%30%
6%
39%
30%
41%
6%
24%
12%
24%
30%
3%
42%
30%
38%
4%
14%
6%9%
19%
2%
18%15%
21%
4%6% 5%
9%
16%
3%
18%
8%
26%
1%3%
5%
1% 0%
6%4%
0% 0%
6%
0%
6%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Limitations for Internet usage (% of aged 15-65 Internet users)
Worried about getting virus/malware Worried about surveillance/privacy invasion The internet is too expensive to use
The internet is very slow Lack of time Lack of interesting content for me
None Few people to communicate with via the internet Lack of local language content
I find it difficult to use Someone restricting the use (e.g. family, spouse, parents) Other
• What limits more use among current users?: Cost & Speed in most African
countries; malware & privacy concerns in LatA
Reason for not using the Internet
I don’t know what the Internet is
No access devices
Don’t know how to use it
No interest
Don’t know how to use it
Tanzania
I don’t know what the Internet is
No accessdevices
No interestToo expensive
Not allowed touse it
South Africa
I don’t know what the Internet
is
No accessdevices
No interestToo expensive
Don’t know how to use it
KenyaI don’t know
what the Internet is
No accessdevices
No interestToo expensive
No time
Nigeria
I don’t know what the
Internet is
No accessdevices
No interestToo
expensive
I don’t know how to use it
Ghana
Lack of devices and internet
illiteracy are main inhibitor of
Internet use
….Lack of t ime & data costs in Asian countries; and in the remaining
African countries
26
27%
18%22%
33%
12% 11%17%
22%
17%3%
15%
8%
70%
12%
21%
16%
49%
19%
21%
7%
20%
18%
33%
18% 30%
52%
5%
45%
3%
0%
1%4% 0%
2%9%
1%
0%4%
2%2%2%
3% 3%1% 0% 0%
1%2% 0% 1%1% 0% 0% 2%2% 1% 2% 0% 1% 0% 0%1% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1%1% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 1%
India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya
Limitations for Internet usage (% of aged 15-65 Internet users)
Nothing, no limitation Speed of internet Lack of time Data cost
No internet connection in the area Other Privacy concerns Lack of content in my language
Not allowed to use it more (family, spouse, parents) I find it difficult to use Worried about getting virus/ malware
Q: What is your main limitation for your use of the internet? (Single response question)
Base India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya
Internet users 919 529 427 266 311 804 440
FINANCIAL INCLUSION: WHO IS
BANKED,UNBANKED, USING
MOBILE MONEY?
75%of 15-65 population in IN and 60 & in ZA have their own bank
account. All others, less than 50% of the 15-65 aged are banked
28
34% 32%
59%
27%
12%
27%
74%
34%
6%11%
28%
12%
34%
12%
28%
11%
3% 2% 3% 2% 3% 2% 3%7%
0% 1% 2% 1% 0%3% 2% 2%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Access to bank accounts (% of aged 15-65 population)
I have my own bank account I use someone else bank account
Base Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
All respondents 1,240 1,425 1,610 1,478 1,357 1,407 5,069 1,706 2,002 2,020 1,145 2,123 1,179 1,102 1,118 1,091
Q1:Do you have access to a bank account?
Similarly, low credit & debit card ownership
29
44%
27%
35%
25%
15% 17%
25%28%
3%
9%5%
17%
7%
18%
10%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Credit or debit card ownership (% of aged 15-65 population)
Owns a credit or debit card
Base Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
All respondents 1,240 1,425 1,610 1,478 1,357 1,407 5,069 1,706 2,020 1,145 2,123 1,179 1,102 1,118 1,091
Q:Do you have a credit card or debit card??
Pakistan data excluded as this question was not administrated in
Pakistan
Mobile money: High use In Kenya, Ghana, Mozambique, South Afr ica and
Paraguay. But low elsewhere.
30
Q: Do you ever use mobile phone for financial transactions: to send or receive money?
5%11% 10%
4% 1% 4% 4% 7%0%
27%
1% 2%6%
1%
1%
1%9%
1%
53%
4% 1%4%
13%
3%
31%
3%
74%
32%
1%
0%
1%
0%
1%1%
1%0%
0%
6%
1%
5%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Mozambique
Mobile money usage (% of aged 15-65 mobile phone owners)
Yes, through mobile banking Yes, through mobile money Yes, through both
Base Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Mozambique
Mobile phone owners 1,116 1,297 1,552 1,234 1,209 1,214 3,252 1,180 1,208 1,531 934 1,526 1,074 667
31
Q: Do you ever use mobile phone for financial transactions: to send or receive money?
BaseArgentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Mozambique
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Mobile phone owners 425 691 438 859 666 886 443 791 772 437 586 628 2,000 1,252 660 520 777 431 962 569 452 482 597 929 507 567 340 327
Gender gap in mobile money use almost everywhere (except
Argentina, Colombia)
1% 0%
10%
1%
58%
6%
1%
5%
13%
4%
33%
3%
76%
35%
0.5% 2%
9%
0%
50%
3%0%
3%
12%
1%
29%
3%
73%
29%
48%
10%
82%
14%
43%
73%
40%
13%
68%
12%
24%
4%
17%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Mozambique
Male Female Gap
E COMMERCE IN THE GLOBAL
SOUTH : WHAT?, HOW
MUCH?,WHY? AND WHY NOT?
43%
23%
8%
36%
16% 18% 19%
8%12%
3%
18%
6%9% 6% 4% 5%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Trading or E-commerce apps (selling and buying online e.g. ebay)
Use of trading & transport apps: Best performance from Latin American
countr ies. Ghana outl ier (good performance) in Afr ica
33
Q: Are you using these types of Mobile apps on your phone?
31%
15%10%
35%
10%
22%17%
6%
17%
2%
13%
1%9%
4% 5% 6%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Mobile app usage (% of aged 15-65 feature or smartphone owners)
Transport apps (public transportation info, taxis, Uber)
Base Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Feature or smartphone owners 982 1,020 1,552 972 809 846 1,397 795 571 936 458 878 1,074 789 660 667
Overall, higher use of transport and trading apps in urban areas
34
Q: Are you using these types of Mobile apps on your phone?
30%33%
27%
11% 13%
5%
36%
28%
11%7%
24%20%
23%
11%6% 5%
20%
14%
4%2%
13% 13%
3%0%
20%
4%
9%
1%5% 4%
8%4%
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Mobile app usage (% of aged 15-65 feature or smartphone owners)
Transport apps (public transportation info, taxis, Uber)
BaseArgentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
Feature or
smartphone owners954 28 755 265 919 633 825 147 578 231 362 484 711 686 575 220 272 299 417 519 332 126 465 413 678 396 555 234 443 217 498 169
43%
26%
36%
19%
11%
3%
39%
21% 20%
7%
22%
15%
24%
14%12%
4%9%
14%
4% 2%
20%
13% 12%
3%
20%
4%
14%
1%
7%3%
8%3%
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Mobile app usage (% of aged 15-65 feature or smartphone owners)
Trading or E-commerce apps (selling and buying online e.g. ebay)
And higher transport & trading app usage among men (compared
to women) in most countries
35
Q: Are you using these types of mobile apps on your phone?
BaseArgentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Feature or
smartphone owners358 624 343 677 666 886 354 618 534 275 448 398 931 466 467 328 364 207 616 320 241 217 389 489 507 567 386 403 365 295 340 327
36%
26%
15% 15%11% 10%
45%
29%
15%
8%
27%
16%19%
14%
8%3%
22%
7%3% 2%
15%11%
2% 1%
8%10%
5% 4% 6% 4%8%
4%
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Mobile app usage (% of aged 15-65 feature or smartphone owners)
Transport apps (public transportation info, taxis, Uber)
51%
35%
25% 22%
9% 7%
44%
31%
24%
13%
22%
14%
22%
12% 11%
4%
14%7%
2% 3%
19% 17%
5% 7% 8% 10%7% 6% 5%
2%6% 5%
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Mobile app usage (% of aged 15-65 feature or smartphone owners)
Trading or E-commerce apps (selling and buying online e.g. ebay)
Platform use for sell ing in of labor: low overall, though sti l l a large
absolute number in Colombia.
36
5%
13%
6%5% 4% 5% 4%
8%
2%1%
2% 1%4%
1%
4%
8%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Usage of platforms: selling (% of aged 15-65 internet users)
Q: Some people find paid jobs or tasks by connecting directly with people who want to hire them using a website or mobile app. In the last year, have you earned money
by taking on jobs of this type?
Base Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh Ghana Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Internet users 1,006 1,192 829 1,120 886 1,104 919 537 427 266 311 804 440 266 172 238
Barriers
SOCIAL MEDIA: WHO IS DOING
WHAT AND HOW MUCH ON SOCIAL
MEDIA?
4. Social media use – gender gap
80%
86%
46%
74%
61%
71%
22%
37%
18%
35%
18%
37%
31%
16%
8%13%
83%
77%
43%
64% 62%
55%
9%
20%
9%
23%
6%
25%22%
11%
5% 6%
-4%
10%6%
14%
-2%
22%
60%
47% 50%
33%
66%
32% 29% 30%
45%51%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Ghana Bangladesh Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Social media usage (% of aged 15-65 population)
Male Female Gap
• The social media gender gap reflects the internet gender gap
Gender gap in Social
media usage (%)
Male Social media users
(% of male population)
Female Social media users
(% of female population)
Male Social media users (% of male population) =
⎻
Low number of people shared religion, political view and
sexual orientation in social media
Q: What information do you share on Social media (profile eg) ?
95%
87%
63%
95%93% 93%
83%
99%
61%
91%
96%
90%88%
90%
74%
90% 89%
74%
89%
93%
82%
85%
90%
67%
83%
96%
80%
84%
90%
69%
87%
83%
57%
86%88%
80% 80%
76%
65%
71%
92%
67%
56%
78%
73%
80%
76%
47%
80% 81%
70%71%
85%
56%59%
77%
72%
64%
83%
63%
80% 80%
54%
85% 86%
73%
63%
87%
52%
87%
76%78% 79%
84%
70%
36%37% 37%
41%
45%
41%
71%
80%
55%
67%69%
62%
45%
53%
41%
31%
44%
28%
49%
29%
52%
57%
79%
62%
71%
78%
69%
45%
66%
32%
23%
17%
11%
30%
16%
20%
40%
43%
48%
22%
33%
41%
19%
24%
10%
21% 20%
11%
25%
14%16%
26%
22%
32%
23% 23% 22%
5%
27%
8%
Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Ghana Bangladesh Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Types of information shared on social media (% of aged 15-65 social media users)
Gender Real Name Age Martial status Pictures or videos you and your family and friends Mobile Number / Email address Religion Political views Sexual orientation
39
Base Argentina Colombia South Africa Peru Paraguay Guatemala India Nigeria Pakistan Ghana Bangladesh Cambodia Kenya Tanzania Rwanda Mozambique
Social media users 993 1,246 669 999 802 878 754 496 369 323 251 680 423 241 156 230
Social media taxes: state coordination
40
To curb ‘gossip’ on social media platforms, all Internet subscribers in
Uganda are to pay a tax of 200 Ugandan shillings (USD0.05) daily to use
social media applications such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram,
WhatsApp and Skype, among others.
A tax which requires a user to pay USD1.5 per month or USD18.00 per
year for daily access of social media apps in addition to the ordinary
cost of data.
All mobile money transactions were intended to be taxed one percent
tax but were reviewed down to 0.5%.
Traditionally secondary and primary tax of 30% on products and
services.
Those who are connected are educated and employed and in a position
to monitor, mobilise and critique
Tragedy of social networking, blogging taxes
Uganda Mobile Peneteration – 48% - by pphone type
41
71
12
16
Basic phone Feature phone Smart phone
Uganda’s Internet (14%) and social media use (12%)
42
30
28
9
7
16
1312 12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Internet use Social media use
Urban Rural Male Female
Regressive taxes penalize poor, constrain take up
Income percentiles Income (USD)Cheapest 1 GB (USD)/Income
1GB + social media tax/ income
25% 5,23 53% 82%
50% 21,47 13% 19%
75% 65,47 4% 6%
90% 130,95 2% 3%
Unintended consequences of social networking tax
• Using Research ICT Africa Mobile Pricing (RAMP) index, the cheapest 1GB of data in Uganda is USD2.77.
• Even though this makes Uganda one of the cheapest countries in terms of data products, majority of Ugandans do not use the internet (78%, ITU, 2016).
• Effecting this tax will increase the price of the cheapest data product by a margin of USD1.5 to USD4.27, making it even more unaffordable.
• Furthermore, those who marginally afforded Internet services will be priced out of the market, increasing the percentage of the unconnected.
• Those who are connected are educated and employed and in a position to monitor, mobilise and critique
44
Digital Paradox
• More people connected greater digital equality
• Determinants of gender inequality - education and income
• Cultural factors not reveal directly by quantitative data – Asia
• Intersectionality
• Reduce digital inequality – structural inequality
• Short term strategies
Long terms solutions lie in demand stimulation, short term things can be done…
Recommendations
‣ Reduce secondary taxes, make services more affordable drive usage,
more profitable, greater company an general taxes, reinvest in network
extension, improve quality more favourable conditions for digital
economy
‣ Scrap USO and enable secondary spectrum use and community, micro
networks
‣ remove all excise duties on feature and entry level smart phones
‣ adopt wider digital economy approach – create open data, access to
big data
‣ enable public and private extension of free public Wi-Fi to towns and
rural with the connection of all public buildings;
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