Application of Geospatialtechnology for the collection of

Environment Statistics

Andre NonguiermaECA/ISTD

Geoinformation Systems Section (GiSS)

Workshop on Environment Statistics

Addis Ababa, 16-20 July 2007

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Outline

Spatially-enabled Statistics

Issues in Africa

Geospatial Technologies insight

Database building

Indicators Portfolio

From Data to Indicators

Geospatial data infrastructure

Challenges

Conclusions

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Spatially-enabled statistics

Arguing that 80% of all human decisionsinvolve a “where?” question

Location affects nearly everything we do in life: wechoose where to build homes, where to eat, wherethe nearest hospital is in case of emergency, etc…

Location is also at the heart of some of the world’smost pressing problems: immigration, poverty andstarvation, environmental degradation, crime andsecurity, natural hazards and disasters….

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Spatially-enabled statistics

Because we also…

Need to visualize complex social, economic andenvironmental indicators in a form of map

Need to provide various “what if” planningscenarios results in quantitative measures thatallow developers, planners, and communitygroups to feel greater comfort with theultimate design decision.

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Environment Statistics imply…

Knowledge, which is represented by usingand analysing a series of information sets.

Information, that are the sum of ourinterpretation and synthesis of data sets

Data are the description or/andmeasurements of objects or phenomena. We cannot provide relevant information without

fundamental datasets as well as theinterrelationships between these datasets, themanagement of them, and the means ofaccessing and distributing those data.

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Issues in Africa…

In Africa, the major source forstatistical data is the NationalStatistics services, which conductregular censuses, economic andhousehold surveys.

Environmental data are collected andmaintained by specialized technicalagencies, such as geological services,environmental protection authorities,etc.

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Issues in Africa…

Nexus issues in sustainable developmentand achieving millennium developmentgoals require that all data sets beintegrated.

The nature of the issues further requiresthat they be presented in their spatialcontext

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Geospatial Technologies insight

Geospatial technologies provide the meansto integrated these diverse datasets on thebasis of their spatial attribute therebyallowing for holistic analyses.

They also make it possible to observeenvironmental data in hard-to-reach placesmaking accurate and timely spatiallydistributed data readily available.

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Geospatial Technologies

Geospatial technologies refer to all themeans used for the measurement, analysis,and visualization of features or phenomenathat occur on Earth. They include threedifferent technologies that are all related tomapping features on the surface of Earth: Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

Remote Sensing (RS)

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Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

The Global Positioning System(GPS), is a network of twodozen satellites in mediumEarth orbit, transmitting signalsallowing GPS receivers todetermine the receiver'slocation, speed and direction.

Since 1978, GPS has becomean indispensable aid tonavigation around the world,and an important tool for map-making and land surveying.

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GPS : Applications

Geodetic controlfor surveying,engineering,mapping...

Monitoring theEarth's crust,natural and man-made structures

Cadastre survey

...

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating,processing, analyzing and representing data whichare spatially referenced to the Earth… (Chorley, 1987)

All the data and information products exemplifiedwould not be complete without the location attribute

They need to be localized : Whatever we do,whatever happens, happens somewhere… Where are the input factors? Where are the population that will benefit? Or at risk? Where are the markets for the products? Where are the infrastructure elements, utilities.. How do we move (products, services) from source to

destination? Where are suitable area (or unsuitable) for specific

activities?

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GIS: ApplicationsGetting there without getting lost

Lands : Agriculture and food security Land cover, soil types, topography, hydrography, rainfall,

demographics, infrastructure, Suitability maps, yield statistics,etc

Health Hospitals locations, settlements and demographics, disease

vectors, environmental factors distribution, infrastructure, etc. Education

Schools locations, demographics, infrastructure & utilities, etc. Housing

Demographics, infrastructure & utilities, topography, buildingmaterials, etc.

Water Supply Hydrography, aquifers & ground water, topography, etc.

Mining & Minerals Land cover, soil chemistry, topography, rock formations and

physical properties, etc. Infrastructure Development

Demographics and settlements, socio-economicestablishments, topography, hydrography, soil types, etc

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Remote Sensing (RS)

Science and Technics of obtaininginformation about a phenomenoawithout being in contact with it

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RS: How data is provided

Data isprovidedin a digitalformatwhich canbe viewedandmanipulated on avariety ofsoftwaresystems

OCTOBRE

d1d2

d3

d4d5

d6

d7../..

2000

d14d15

d16d17

d13

d18

Dekad

Vegetation Index

MAI

MIN

MAX

AMPLITUDE

DateSTART

DateMAX

1/2 Length

AMOUNT orAVERAGE

A large volume of data-12.106 pixels *36 dekads-12.106 profils.

How to Synthesize ?How to Analyse ?

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RS : Applications

Agriculture, Forestry,and Range Resources

Land Use andMapping

Water Resources Coastal Resources Environment

Discrimination ofvegetative, crop, andtimber types, and rangevegetation

Classification ofland uses

Determination ofwater boundaries andsurface water areas

Determination ofturbidity patternsand circulation

Monitoring environmentaleffects of man's activities(lake eutrophication,defoliation, etc.)

Measurement of cropand timber acreage

Cartographicmapping and mapupdating

Mapping of floods andflood plains

Mapping shorelinechanges

Mapping and monitoring ofwater pollution

Estimating crop yieldsCartegorization ofland capability

Determination of arealextent of snow andice

Mapping of shoalsand shallow areas

Determination of effects ofnatural disasters

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RS: Applications

Agriculture, Forestry, andRange Resources

Land Use and Mapping Water Resources Coastal Resources Environment

Forest harvest monitoring Monitoring urban growthMeasurement of glacialfeatures

Mapping of ice forshipping

Monitoring surface miningand reclamation

Determination of rangereadiness and biomass

Regional planningMeasurement of sedimentand turbidity patterns

Tracing beach erosion Assessing drought impact

Determination of soilconditions and associations

Mapping of transportationnetworks

Delineation of irrigatedfields

Tracing oil spills andpollutants

Siting for solid wastedisposal

Assessment of grass & forestfire damage

Mapping of land-waterboundaries

Inventory of lakesSiting for power plants andother industries

Wildlife habitat assessmentSiting for transportation andtransmission routes

Estimating snow meltrunoff

Flood plain management

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Which Data can we collect?

RS is more relevant for aregional approche where weare interested by averagecharacteristics of phenomena Land use and Land Cover :

Change detection, Assessmentof land tenure

Vegetation : Dynamics andSeasonality

Lands : Degradation and Riskarea

Water : Seasonalcharacteristics, spatialdeterminism

Atmosphere : Weather…

WaterVégétation

Climat

Lands

Luand Use

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RS: Indicators Portfolio

Thematic Lead Indicator(s) Coverage

Socio Economic Health Facilities, Local

Education Infrastr. Local

Population Density Local

Land Agriculture Land Gobal to Local

Forest Area Gobal to Local

Urban Area Gobal to Local

Land Degradattion Gobal to Local

Cropped area Gobal to Local

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RS: Indicators Portfolio

Thematic Lead Indicator(s) Coverage

Vegetation Area of forest andwoodland

Gobal to Local

Dry Matter Productivity Global

Cover Gobal to Local

Atmosphere Pluviometry Global

Temperature Global

ETP Global

Albedo Global

Global Change Global

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Thematic Lead Indicator(s) Coverage

Coastal andmarine

Water quality Global

Coastal Pollution Global

Littoral degrdation Global

Biodiversity Protected areas Global to Local

Wetlands area Global

Naturaldisasters

Invasives species Global

Flooding Global

Earthquake Global

Volcanic activities Global

Fires Global

RS: Indicators Portfolio

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Defining the type of informationRésolution spatiale

Résolution temporelle

Zone couverte

Disponibilité de l'info

STRATEGIQUE TACTIQUE LOGISTIQUE

ActionEconomicStrategicObjective

Measurable(How)

Estimative(Where)

Indicative(What)Nature

10-DaysSeasonnalYearlyTime frame

LocalNationalGlobalSpace

HighAveragePoorAccuracy

InterventionDiscussionNegociationSupport

Worker

Logistic

Decider

Quantitative

Negociator

Qualitative

Users

Information

UtilizationUtilization of Geospatial technologiesof Geospatial technologieswillwill bebe basedbased on :on :••Type of information toType of information to bebe delivereddelivered••UsersUsers needsneeds

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From Data to Indicators

-- StratificationStratification-- AutomaticAutomatic ClusteringClustering-- ClassificationClassification

Décades

Extraction ofExtraction of indicatorsindicators

d1d2

d3

d4

d5d6

d7

../..

2000d14

d15

d16

d17

d13

d18

Indice devégétation

4. Interactive selection: e.g.where does a particularorganisation provides servicesfor ARV?

5. Presentation of selection

8. Gap analysis – guidesresource allocation andservice scale-up

9. Scaling down to district and sub-county level

Analysis & Presentation

6. Identification of otherinformation available in themapping database on HIV/AIDSinterventions in this particulardistrict:

- number of beneficiaries

- resource information

7. Deriving statistics – total nr. of people testedat selected VCT centers, resource informationper intervention per district.

Remaining Issues:What are the

Trends ?When?

How?

Justifying Geo-Spatial DataInfrastructures

Cooperative Multi-StakeholderArrangements forSpatial DataProduction,Management andDissemination

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Produce Once, Use Many Times

Geoinformation content requires special field and laboperations to define the location against which data arecollected Operations: Surveying and mapping, photogrammetry,

remote sensing, geodesy, etc

Location entities: reference frames, point coordinates, landparcels and administrative units

Different applications need to cross reference data withone another They refer to the same database entities

No single agency can satisfy its geographic data needs onits own Data collected for one purpose or project can be used for

other purposes and projects

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Re-use Data

Data and information can be copied anddisseminated without loss

Therefore, we can re-use data andinformation products Make maximum use of available data and

info products

Adopt cooperative, multi-stakeholderapproach to production, management,and dissemination of data

Must have appropriate policies,standards and institutional arrangements

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Challenges

It is possible …

If potential sources of information areknown to everybody – clearinghouse andmetadata management

And easily accessible

And even more so if integrated into thestructure of society

Like an infrastructure

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Why Spatial Data Infrastructures ?

Put in place policies, resources and structures to makespatial information available to decision makers and thecommunity

When they need it

Where they need it

In a form they can use it (almost) immediately

Help them make sense of it

That is best done by adopting an infrastructure approach

Justification: The SDI provides a basis for spatial datadiscovery, evaluation, and application for users andproviders from many different sources and for awide group of potential users

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SDI Involves …

Cooperating organizations and individuals …

Following mutually accepted standards …

Developing common base themes of data

Establishing policies and plans that ensure theflow of data between the different agencies

Using electronic technology to help find andshare geographic information

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Paradigm Shift

We need to move…. From… Statistic as standalone data collection To… Knowledge generation, sharing and

dissemination

Organize data so that information (spatiallyenabled) can be produced as and whenneeded Just in time data on demand

Empower users to do as much as possible bythemselves

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Contacting Us

ICT, Science & Tech Division Aida Opoku-Mensah, Officer in charge aopoku-mensah@uneca.org

Geoinformation Systems Section Dozie Ezigbalike, Chief of section ezigbalike.uneca@un.org Andre Nonguierma, GIS Officer ANonguierma@uneca.org Paul Belanger, GIS Officer PBelanger@uneca.org

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