September 22nd, 2011

Second Declension Neuters; Adjectives; Present Indicative of

Sum; Predicate Nouns and Adjectives; Substantive Adjectives; Future and Imperfect Tenses in the

First and Second Conjugations; “-er” Adjectives

Singular Nom – um. Gen – i. Dat – o. Acc – um. Abl – o.

Plural Nom –a. Gen – orum. Dat – is. Acc – a. Abl – is.

Cf. Wheelock, pp. 24-25.

Second Declension Neuter Nouns

Adjectives of the first and second declensions have masculine, feminine, or neuter endings (i.e. Magnus, magna, magnum; cf. Wheelock pp. 25-6).

Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in Gender, Number, and Case.

Decline meus, -a, -um (= my) for each gender.

Declension of 1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives

Like some second declension masculine nouns that end in –er in the nominative singular, some first and second declension adjectives also end in –er in the masculine, nominative singular.

Otherwise decline like any 1st or 2nd declension adjective.

Cf. Wheelock, p. 33.

Unusual Adjectives Ending in –er.

Adjectives that modify a noun are attributive adjectives.

Substantives = Adjectives used as nouns.

Bona = “good” OR “a good woman” OR “good things.”

Boni = “good” OR “the good men” etc.

If an adjective stands alone (i.e. Does not modify a noun) it might be a substantive.

Always pay attention to the gender and number.

Cf. Wheelock, p. 27

Substantives

Singular:1st Person – Sum = I am.2nd Person – Es = You are.3rd Person – Est = She/He/It is.

Plural:1st Person – Sumus = We are.2nd Person – Estis = You are.3rd Person – Sunt = They are.

Infinitive – Esse – To be.

Present Indicative of Sum

Sum is an intransitive verb (i.e. It takes no direct object).

Copulative verb (i.e. Connects two elements in a sentence).

The copulative verb “to be” equates the subject of a sentence with its predicate (i.e. Caesar is a great man – Caesar est vir magnus OR Caesar est magnus).

Note that the predicate adjective (and/or noun) agrees with the subject in number and case) – Amicae sunt bonae = The girlfriends are good.

Note that in cases of multiple subjects the predicate adjective agrees with the closest one, although often the masculine is used (i.e. The boy and girl are good – Puer et puella sunt boni.).

Predicate Nouns and Adjectives

Future tense of first two conjugations characterized by verb stem + bi + personal endings (-o, -s, -t, -mus, -tis,- nt).

Laudo, -are (to praise). 1st – Laudabo = I shall praise. 2nd – Laudabis = You will praise. 3rd – Laudabit = He/She/It will praise.

1st – Laudabimus = We shall praise. 2nd – Laudabitis = You will praise. 3rd – Laudabunt = They will praise.

Moneo, -ere (to advise). 1st – Monebo – I shall advise. 2nd – Monebis = You will advise. 3rd – Monebit = He/She/It will advise.

1st – Monebimus = We shall advise. 2nd – Monebitis = You will advise. 3rd – Monebunt = They will advise.

Future Tense of First and Second Conjugations

Conjugate “Erro, -are” (I wander, I err etc.) in the Future Indicative Active.

Conjugate “Terreo, -ere” (to frighten, terrify) in the Future Indicative Active.

Imperfect comes from imperfectum “incomplete.” Connotes action in the past that is ongoing, as opposed to

action in the past that simply completed.

Examples: Caesar conquered Gaul (Perfect – completed action).BUT Caesar was conquering Gaul (Imperfect – incomplete or

ongoing action).

Translate as “was _ing” OR “used to _.”

Imperfect tense for 1st and 2nd conjugations characterized by: verb stem + ba + personal endings.

The Imperfect Tense

Laudo, -are Laudabam – I was praising,

used to praise. Laudabas – You were praising,

used to praise. Laudabat – He/She/It was

praising, used to praise.

Laudabamus – We were praising, used to praise.

Laudabatis – You were praising, used to praise.

Laudabant – They were praising, used to praise.

Monebam – I was advising, used to advise.

Monebas – You were advising, used to advise.

Monebat – He/She/It was advising, used to advise.

Monebamus – We were advising, used to advise.

Monebatis – You were advising, used to advise.

Monebant – They were advising, used to advise.

Imperfect Tense of 1st and 2nd Conjugations

Moneo -ere

Conjugate “Terreo, -ere” (to frighten, terrify) in the Imperfect Indicative Active.

Conjugate “Erro, -are” (I wander, I err etc.) in the Imperfect Indicative Active.

Sententiae Antiquae, p. 35