SEO is short for search engine optimization or search engine optimizer.

Search engine optimization is a methodology of strategies, techniques and tactics used to increase the amount of visitors to a website by obtaining a high-ranking placement in the search results page of a search engine (SERP).

Google, Yahoo, and Bing are the 3 major commercial search engines that drive the majority of web traffic.

It is common practice for Internet users to not click through pages and pages of search results, so where a site ranks in a search is essential for directing more traffic toward the site. The higher a website naturally ranks inorganic results of a search, the greater the chance that that site will be visited by a user.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hF515-0Tduk

SEO has traditionally divided into two main areas:

On-page optimizationOff-page optimization

On-page optimization: On-page optimization which covers what can be done on the pages of the website itself.

Off-page optimization: Off-page optimization which covers activity that takes place elsewhere (e.g. link-building).

Search engines want to show the "best" results possible — the most relevant, most expert and highest quality web pages that will satisfy the searcher. To do this, the engines look at more than 200 factors to determine a site's relevance to a search request. Some of these factors are woven into the fabric of the website ("on-page" factors). Others are trust signals based on links from reputable sites and (in some cases) social media engagement. No single web page, even with the best search engine optimization in the world, can be perfect in all 200+ ranking factors.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZhxmF05hBOQ

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http://searchengineland.com/guide/what-is-seo