Semiconductors

Introduction to semiconductors:Objective: To know what makes your electronic devices work.

• Three types of electrical devices:i. Conductors – allow easy electrical current flowii. Insulators – do not allow any current flowiii. Semiconductors – control electrical current flow.

Introduction

• Early Electronics used Vacuum Tubesi. Inefficientii. Limitations

• 1940’s – Diodes – Back-flow valves• 1947 – Transistors – Control Valves and Switches• 1965 – IC's (Integrated Circuits) – millions of Control

Valves or Switchesi. Small in size.ii. Very Reliable

Evolution of Semiconductors

Semiconductors in Business

Semiconductor Industry the aggregate collection of companies engaged in the Design and

Fabrication of Semiconductor devices • Formed in 1960• Currently a $298 Billion Industry

Semiconductors in Business

Top Five Semiconductor Companies

• Intel Corporation USA • Samsung Electronics South Korea• Toshiba Corporation Japan • Texas Instruments Inc. USA • Renesas Electronics Japan

Semiconductors in Business

Semiconductor Industry • Smaller• Faster • Cheaper

Semiconductors in Business

Industry Drivers• Threat of New Entrants: the billions of dollars investment needed reduces

greatly the number of new companies • Power of Suppliers: many smaller chip makers more dependent a handful of

large foundries. IBM is largest U.S.-based foundry

• Power of Buyers: small number of large players means that buyers have little bargaining power.

• Availability of Substitutes: creating company needs to recoup R&D costs. Competitor reverse engineers and markets similar product for a fraction of the price.

• Competitive Rivalry: pressure to develop something better, faster and cheaper.

Semiconductors in Business

The Future• Continued demand to be smarter, faster, and less expensive• Industry will continue to grow, as semiconductor content increases

in a wide range of products. • Industry Leaders are encouraged by the trend in the industrial and

automotive sectors.

Gaming Industry

History

• First generation gaming console was introduced in 1972. • Programmable chips in 1976.• Nintendo released the NES console in 1983• Super FX chip was used in the Nintendo Snes console in 1990.• Matrix Semiconductor signed a contract with Nintendo in 2002.

Gaming Industry

Advantages in Gaming Systems

• Better performance• Longer life• Uses less energy • Connectivity • Wireless capabilities

Gaming Industry

Current Stages

• AMD shipped its 50 millionth graphic processors to Nintendo for the Wii systems in Feb 2009.

• IBM shipped over 50 million microprocessor to be placed in the Wii systems in March 2009.

• Sony launches the PS3, slim version, using and advanced 45nm Cell processors in Sep 2009.

Gaming Industry

Future

• Sales number are increasing.• High demand for gaming consoles.• More advanced chips and processors for future consoles

Computer and Networking

• CPU or processor is the brain of computer• First Apple computer: The Apple-1i. Limited functionsii. Large circuit boards and chips with limited computing poweriii. 6502 Microprocessoriv. 8 bit processor v. Clock speed between 1 to 2 MHz (today anywhere from 2 to 4

Ghz)vi. Microprocessor memory or RAM: 8 KB

Earlier Microprocessor

Computer and Networking

• Today microprocessors are still base on the earlier processors - Integrated circuit boards, RAM, CPU/microprocessor chips• Major microprocessor brands are Intel and AMDi. Intel- being used by majority of computer brandii. AMD- mostly used by homebuilt computer because it is

affordable and provide good performance

Today Microprocessor

Computer and Networking

• Computer functions are much more powerful than earlier microprocessors

i. 64 bits processorii. clock speed from 2 to 4 GHziii. RAM from 1GB to 4GB expandable to 16 on some computer

Today Microprocessor (Continued)

Computer and Networking

• CPU will continue to improve its capabilities and power• Possibly Nano Processor?

Future

Automobile Technology

• 1967 – BMW developed 1st breaker less ignition system.• 1970- Cars developed with two electronic system, ignition and fuel

injection• 1979- Bosch introduces microprocessor in motor vehicle.

History

Automobile Technology

• Driver information systemi. Infotainmentii. Telematics

• Safetyi. Airbagsii. Electric stability program iii. Collision avoidance and cruise control

Functions

• Body Electronics i. Body control moduleii. Seat, door and window controliii. Remote controliv. Lighting control

Automobile Technology

• Chassisi. Antilock breaking systemsii. Electronic power steeringiii. Active suspension

• Power train controli. Engine controlii. Gasoline Managementiii. Fuel Injection

Functions

Automobile Technology

• It replaces heavy mechanical parts• Increased demand for smaller cars• It increase mileage• Developing Asian countries have more demand for small cars• Hybrid vehicle.

Future

Global Positioning System (GPS)

• Intended for military applications• Developed by the US DOD in 1978 - NAVISTAR• Available for civilian use in the 1980’s• DOD imposed Selective Availability (SA)• SA turned off in May 2000 - improved accuracy of civilian GPS

History

Global Positioning System (GPS)

• Satellite-based navigation system of 24 satellites• Satellites last about 10 years• Transmitter power is 50 watts or less• Satellites are solar powered with a battery back-up• Works in anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day• No subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS

Operation

Global Positioning System (GPS)

• Newer GPS systems have Differential GPS (DGPS)• DGPS accurate within 3 to 5 meters

DGPS

Global Positioning System (GPS)

• Pseudorandom Code - ID satellite code• Ephemeris Data - operating status, current date and time, satellite

position• Almanac Data - tells receiver where each satellite should be

GPS Signals - 3 different bits of information

Global Positioning System (GPS)

• Atmosphere delays• Signal multipath• Receiver clock errors

Signal Errors

• Use a grounding wrist-strap.• Use a static mat.• Use appropriate ESD storage containers.

Handling – ESD

• Any Questions?• Thank You!!!

Conclusion