Post on 14-May-2018
SECA SOLUTIONSICELAND 2014-06-03
Lennart HaraldsonWärtsilä
Drivers for SECA solutions – Customer perspective
Legislation Cost
Availability
Operating costInvestment cost
Service cost
SOxNOx
ParticulatesGreen house gases
Fuel availabilityFuel flexibilityRobust solutionService time
Reduce SOx emissions - options
HFO+ Scrubbers
MGO GAS… as fuel
Methanol…as fuel
Scrubber Alteratives
• Sea water scrubber (SWS) – open loop system • Uses seawater i.e. no freshwater needs• Slightly higher power demand than FWS • Does not need caustic soda
• Applications: main alternative for ocean-going ships
• Fresh water scrubber (FWS) – closed loop system• Not dependent on seawater alkalinity• Zero effluent discharge an option • Low power demand• Needs caustic soda as a reagent
• Applications: seas with extremely low alkalinity and for operators looking for zero discharge
• Hybrid scrubbers – both open loop and closed loop operations• Flexible system• More complex system
• Applications: ships requiring full flexibility of operations (e.g. sailing both in low alkalinity areas as well in open oceans)
Scrubbers
NaOH consumption(CLS 3,5% S fuel)
Water pump running cost
Exhaust fan running cost(if needed)
4-5% of fuel cost
1% of fuel cost
1% of fuel cost
Scrubbing system chemistry
Engine Exhaust Chemistry:S + O2 SO2 (~95%)
SO2 + 1/2 O2 SO3 (~5%)
Scrubber Chemistry:SO2 + H2O H2SO3 (Sulphurous Acid)SO3 + H2O H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid)
Alkalinity (Bicarbonates (HCO3-) and carbonates (CO3
2-)) – neutralize and help to buffer the pH rapidly
Scrubber Reactions:CaCO3 + H2SO3 CaSO3 + H2O + CO22CaSO3 + O2 2CaSO4 (Calsiumsulphate)
SO2 reduction versus water pH
SO2 reduction
100%
0% pH
50%
14
Alkaline power reduces as neutralisation takes effect.
Alkalinity reflects the ability to react with acidsand neutralise them.
Alkalinity and hence, scrubber efficiency is controlled by:
• adjusting flow in sea water scrubbers, or
• adjusting NaOH quantity in fresh water scrubbers
> 99% reduction...
Wärtsilä’s reference list
Vessel/Owner Vessel type Application Open loop Closed loop Hybrid Scrubber delivery MS Pride of Kent/ Ro-Ro/Passenger Retrofit x 2005MS Zaandam/ Cruise Retrofit x 2007MT Suula/ Neste shipping Oil/Chemical tanker Retrofit x 2008Containerships VII / Containership Container ship Retrofit x 2011APL England/ APL Container ship Retrofit x 2011
4 vessels/ Ignazio Messina & C.S.p.A Ro-Ro Newbuilding x 2011/2012MV Tarago/ Wilh. Wilhelmsen Ro-Ro Retrofit x 20128 vessels/ Algoma Dry Bulk Newbuilding x 2012/20132 vessels/ x* Newbuilding x 2013/2014Mein Schiff 3 & 4 / STX Finland Newbuilding x 2013/2014HHI H2516 and 2517 / Solvang LPG Tanker Newbuilding x 2012/2013STX 3027/28/29/30 / Messina Newbuilding x 2013/20141 vessel /x* Newbuilding x 2014Super Speed 2/ Color Line Ro-Ro/Passenger Retrofit X 2014Super Speed 1 / Color Line Ro-Ro/Passenger Retrofit x 2014
Color Magic & Color Fantasy / Color Line Ro-Ro/Passenger Retrofit x 2014MV Robin Hood Ro-Ro/Ferry Retrofit x 2014HHI 2656 / Dorian Newbuilding x 2014HHI / Wilhelmsen (2+2) Newbuilding x 2014HHI / Solvang (2+1) Newbuilding x 2014Trawler / x* Trawler Retrofit x 2014Clipper Harald / Solvang LPG Tanker Retrofit x 20146 vessels / Finnlines Ro-Ro Retrofit x 2014
51 vessels and 100 scrubber units
LNG – future safe solution
LNG Lay-out
Gas engines - alterative concepts
Gas-Diesel Duel-Fuel Spark-Ignited
Diesel Combustion(Diffusion Combustion)
+ Fuel MN not an issue+ Low THC, CO+ High load acceptance
- No Tier III (NOx) solution as is
Otto Combustion(Premixed Combustion)
+ Tier III (NOx) solution+ Higher ignition energy
than spark plug+ High efficiency
- Fuel sensitive, MN>70 no derating
Otto Combustion(Premixed Combustion)
+ Tier III (NOx) solution+ No additional fuel
beside gas+ High efficiency
- Fuel sensitive, MN>70 no derating
- No back-up fuel
LNG – Performance
GAS HFO
NOx100%
10%
HFO
SOx100%
~0%GAS
GAS HFO
Particulates100%
10%
Methanol
A multi source and multi purpose fuelInfrastructure and safety similar to EthanolLiquid – no pressure tanksNo SOx, low NOx, low PM
However:
ToxicSafetyDubble volume versus DieselCorrosive
Methanol and LNG, two sides of the same coin
Natural Gas (Methane)
LNGMethanol
”Expensive” Distribution
=90% =70%
”Cheap” Distribution
Renewable Methanol possible
Methanol sources
Natural Gas
Coal
Biomass
Carbon Dioxide
Municipal waste
Synthesis Gas
(H2 + CO)
Methanol - Gas – Diesel Characteristics
Fuel Methanol Natural Gas Diesel
Density (kg/l)* 0.79 0,44 (as LNG) 0,85
Boiling point (°C) 65 -162 150-370
Flash point (°C) 11 -188 min. 60
Auto ignition (°C) 464 540 240
Viscosity cSt at 20°C ~ 0,6 na ~ 13,5
Octane RON/MON 109/89 120/120 -
Cetane No. - - 45-55
LHV (MJ/kg) 20 50* 42
Flammability Limits, Vol% 7-36 5-15 1-6
Flame Speed (cm/s) 52 37 37
Heat of Evaporation (kJ/kg) 1178 na 233
Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio 6,45 17,2 14,7
Adiabatic flame temp. (°C) 1910 1950 2100
* HHV
Combustion Concept
Methanol is combusted according to the diesel process. The methanol is injected close to TDC and ignited by a small amount of pilot fuel – in this case traditional diesel fuel.
Stena Germanica - Methanol Conversion Project
The four main engine at StenaGermanica will be converted to enablerunning on methanol
Project time frame is 2013.1.1 2015.12.31.
On-engine scope is limited to exchange of cylinder heads, fuel injectors and fuel plungers in existing fuel pumps.A common rail system for methanol injection will be added on the engine.
In addition to the Engine related conversion includes the conversion kit a stand-alone high pressure methanol pump with belonging oil unit for supply of sealing oil and control oil to the fuel injectors.
Methanol Conversion Scope
How to meet regulation – Summary
CHANGE TO MGORun on Marine Gas Oil
(MGO).
ConvenientReduce PM
MGO cost
Drop inefficiency ?
CONVERT TO LNG
Convert engines to run on gas (LNG).
FlexibleReduce NOx,PM
Investment Cost LNGavailability
USE SCRUBBERSInstall an exhaust gas
cleaning system (scrubber).
Works with high sulphur fuel oil
ROI depends on fuel oil price difference between low sulphur fuel oil and high sulphur fuel oil
+ + +
METHANOLSwitch to methanol in
SECA
Flexible“Small”investmentReduce NOx, PM
Future MeOH cost vs. HFO unsureNot mature solution
+
Thank You
lennart.haraldson@wartsila.com