Post on 17-Jan-2016
Searches on neutrino physics with cryogenic detectors
Ettore Fiorini, Columbia, May 16, 2008
The birth of the neutrino
=> Named Neutrino by Enrico Fermi first properties of weakinteractrions
e
n p
GF ( )Fermi constant
The cryogenic or thermal detectors
First ideas
1884 => Langley => resistive bolometers for infrrared from SUN
1905 => Curie et Laborde => calorimetric measurement of radioactivity
1927 => Ellis and Wuster => heat less then expected => the neutrino
1935 => Simon => sensitivity enhanced by lowering the temperature
1983 => T.Niinikoski observe pulses in resistors due to cosmic ray
=> McCammon et al (NASA-Wisconsin) Low temperature detectors for astrophysics and neutrino mass measurements1984 => Fiorini and Niinikoski Low temperature detectors for rare events
Incident particle
absorber crystal
Thermal sensor
Excellent resolution <1 eV ~ 2eV @ 6 keV ~10 eV ~keV @ 2 MeV
VC
Q T
J/K )( v
v 1944 C 3
m V
T
Absorber + various types of thermometer:
=> thermistor
=> transition edge sensor (TES)
=> superconducting tunnel junctions (STJ)
=> magnetic sensor
Other thermal detectors:
STJ’s => Grains superconducting grains kept in metastable state when
heated by an incoming particle they become “normal” with a consequente change of magnetic field , detectable by squid
=> liquid 3He or 4He
Energy resolution of a TeO2 crystal of 5x5x5 cm3
(~ 760 g )
0.8 keV FWHM @ 46 keV
1.4 keV FWHM @ 0.351 MeV
2.1 keV FWHM @ 0.911 MeV
2.6 keV FWHM @ 2.615 MeV
3.2 keV FWHM @ 5.407 MeV
(the best a spectrometer so far
Energy [keV]
Cou
nts
210Po line
Orpheus 0.45 kg of granules 70 m.w.e for Dark Matter detection BernConsidered also for double beta decay (A.Morales)
Q inner
Q outer
A
B
D
C
Rbias
I bias
SQUID array Phonon D
Rfeedback
Vqbias
Hybrid detectors (so far only for Dark Matter ) => heat + ionization or heat + scintillation
The scintillating bolometer Proved for CaF2 and CdWO4 being studied for TeO2
Tiny effect ->
Measurement (or limit ) on neutrino mass by single beta decay
For Neutrino Physics
Katrin
3H => 3He + e- + e
m < 2.2 eV => KATRIN < 2.2 eV
With thermal detectors187Re => 187Os + e- +-e
Manu (Genova) with metallic Rhenium Mibeta (Milano) con AgReO4 => MARE
A new fact in Nuclear Physics => Beta Environmenthal Fine Structure (BEFS) 187 Re => 187 Os + e- + ˉe E = 2.5 keV
Metallic Rhenium
AgReO4
Determination of the P/S ratio
e- + 163 Ho => 163 Os + e also for the study of neutrino mass
113 Cd => 113 I + e- + ˉ e 1/2 = (9+1) x 1015 y
e- + 123 Te => 123 Sb + e 1/2 > 1015 y
e- + 7 Be => 7Li + e => for solar neutrino
e- + 71Ga => 71 Ge + e => for solar neutrino
Discovery for the first time of 209 Bi => 204 Tl +
Other applications in Neutrino Physics
Double beta decay
Dirac Majorana =>1937
RIGHT
LEFT:
:
1. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e- + 2 e¯
2. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e- + ( …2,3 3. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e-
Experimental approach
Direct experiments
Source detector Source = detector
(calorimetric)
Geochemical experiments82Se = > 82Kr, 96Zr = > 96Mo, 128Te = > 128Xe (non confirmed), 130Te
= > 130TeRadiochemical experiments
238U = > 238Pu (non confirmed)
e-
e-
Nucleus Experiment % Q Enr Technique 0 y <m)
48Ca Elegant IV 0.19 4271 scintillator >1.4x1022 7-45
76Ge Heidelberg-Moscow
7.8 2039 87 ionization >1.9x1025 .12 - 1
76Ge IGEX 7.8 2039 87 Ionization >1.6x1025 .14 – 1.2
76Ge Klapdor et al
7.8 2039 87 ionization 1.2x1025 .44
82Se NEMO 3 9.2 2995 97 tracking >1.x1023 1.8-4.9
100Mo NEMO 3 9.6 3034 95-99
tracking >4.6x1023 .7-2.8
116Cd Solotvina 7.5 3034 83 scintillator >1.7x1023 1.7 - ?
128Te Bernatovitz 34 2529 geochem >7.7 1024
.1-4
130Te Cuoricino 33.8 2529 bolometric >3.1x1024 .16-.84
136Xe DAMA 8.9 2476 69 scintillator >1.2x1024 1.1 -2.9
150Nd Irvine 5.6 3367 91 tracking >1.2x1021 3 - ?
Present situation Present situation
Experiment Nucleus Detector
NEMO III 100Mo et al 10 kg of enrich. Isotopes -tracking
Cuoricino 130Te + etc. 40 kg of TeO2 bolometers (nat)
CUORE 130Te + etc. 750 kg of TeO2 bolometers (nat)
EXO 136Xe 200kg - 1 t Xe TPC
GERDA 76Ge 30 Š 40 kg Š 1t Ge diodes in LN
Majorana 76Ge 180 kg - 1t Ge diodes
MOON 100Mo nat.Mo sheets in plastic sc.
DCBA 150Nd 20 kg Nd-tracking
CAMEO 116Cd 1 t CdWO4 in liquid scintillator
COBRA 116Cd , 130Te 10 kg of CdTe semiconductors
Candles 48Ca Tons of CaF2 in liquid scintillators
GSO 116Cd 2 t Gd2SiO5:Ce scintill.in liquid sc.
Xe 136Xe 1.56 Xenon in liquid scintillator.
Xmass 136Xe 1 t of liquid Xe
MOON
CUORE
NEMO
MAJORANA
GERDA
EXO
CUORICINO
22PP1/21/2
44DD3/23/2
22SS1/21/2
493 nm493 nm650 nm650 nm
metastable metastable 47s47s
SNO++
CUORE
Increase of the bolometer mass
CUORICINOCUORICINO
Operations carried out In a clean room
Operations carried out In a clean room
11 modules, 4 detector each,crystal dimension 5x5x5 cm3
crystal mass 790 g
4 x 11 x 0.79 = 34.76 kg of TeO2
2 modules, 9 detector each,crystal dimension 3x3x6 cm3
crystal mass 330 g
9 x 2 x 0.33 = 5.94 kg of TeO2
Search for the 2|o in 130Te (Q=2529 keV) and other rare events
At Hall A in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS)
18 crystals 3x3x6 cm3 + 44 crystals 5x5x5 cm3 = 40.7 kg of TeO2
Operation started in the beginning of 2003 => ~ 4 months
Background .18±.01 c /kev/ kg/ a
T 1/2 0 (130Te) > 3.1 x 1024 y <m> .16 -.84 eV
Klapdor 0.1 – 0.9
Without indetermination on E 11.83 kg 130Te x year => ½ lower than 3 x 1024 years at 90% c.l. 15.53 kg 130Te x year => ½ lower than 3.1 x 1024 years at 90% c.l.With indetermination on DE 11.83 kg 130Te x year => ½ lower than 2.9 x 1024 years at 90% c.l. 15.53 kg 130Te x year => ½ lower than 3.1 x 1024 years at 90% c.l.
m < 200-680 meV (V.A Rodin et al ( after the Erratum) and O.Civitarese and J.Suhonen ) Klapdor et al 200-1000 meV
Cosmological disfavoured region (WMAP)
Direct hierarchym2
12=
m2sol
Inverse hierarchym2
12= m2atm
“quasi” degeneracym1 m2 m3
With the same matrix elements the Cuoricino limit is 0.53 eV
Present Cuoricino region
Possible evidence (best value 0.39 eV)
Feruglio F. , Strumia A. , Vissani F. hep-ph/0201291
Arnaboldi et al., submitted to PRL, hep-ex/0501034 (2005).
CUORICINOPresently running , but its destiny connected with radioactivity measurements and
CUORE0
Data up to September 2007 => 11.83 to 15.53kg 130Te x year
New analysis taking into account the error on the transition energy
2 national laboratories and 7 Universities
2 universities in Europe
2 national laboratories and 5 Universities in USA
SICCAS and SINAP in Cina Plan approved by DOE
CUORICINO and CUORE
The Hut
• Design completed of the structure to house CUORE
• Construction began end of 2007
• In 2008 funds available for the Hut
• To be completed end of 2008
• External shield and polyetylene ready end of 2008
The cryostat
• CUORE cryostat design completed
• Shield by > 30 cm Pb everywhere
• External shield and polyetylene ready end of 2008
• Only radiofree materials inside
• Cryogen-free => pulse tube . Now tested in Milan
Carlo Bucci CUORE Meeting, LNGS, 4-6 February 2008
EvolutionEvolution
Step 8: Steel Work Completion31 March 2008Step 8: Steel Work Completion31 March 2008
• 12 source wires shown by white dots
• In the simulation, the sources are wires inside a teflon coating, inside a copper guide tube (’s do not escape)
• Previous study showed external sources should have twice the strength of the internal sources
• Need to run additional simulations with external sources outside the HEX cryostat
Routine calibration with radioactive sourcesRoutine calibration with radioactive sources
Plasma UHVPlasma UHV
Present small plasma apparatus
The crystalsThe crystals
A toast by Fred Reines at Neutrino 1972
Here’s to Wolfang Pauli
who made a funny joke,
Here’s to great Enrico
who then of weakness spoke,
Here’s to all those present
to celebrate the fruits
of the patient workers
who followed these astutes
Here’s to the proposition
that we will meet again
and here’s to the found hope
the Sun will shine since then.