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SDI MANUALOF CONSTRUCTIONWITHSTEEL DECK

SDI MANUALOF CONSTRUCTION

WITHSTEEL DECK

MOC22006

22SECOND EDITION

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. PRODUCTDESCRIPTIONS.......................................... 4 1 General–AllDeckProducts................................... 4 2 CompositeFloorDeck.......................................... 4 3 RoofDeck........................................................ 5 4 CellularDeck..................................................... 5 5 FormDeck........................................................ 6 II. APPROVEDERECTIONDRAWINGS................................12 III. PACKAGING..........................................................12 IV. LOADING&SHIPPING...............................................14 V. RECEIVING,UNLOADING,STORAGE&PROTECTION............ 15 1 DeckProtectionExample...................................... 16 2 DeckOrderingCheckList...................................... 17 VI. ERECTIONOFDECK&JOBSITESAFETY.........................18 1 Alertness......................................................... 19 2 Lifting............................................................. 20 3 Fastening&Installing...........................................26 4 Housekeeping................................................... 34VII. DECKDAMAGE&PENETRATIONS.................................35 1 RoofDeck.........................................................35 2 PenetrationExample............................................36 3 DetailsforOpeningExample..................................37 4 SumpPans....................................................... 38 5 FloorDeck........................................................40 6 CantileversExample............................................ 41VIII. PLACINGCONCRETE................................................42 IX. SPECIALCONSIDERATIONSFORDIAPHRAGMS................. 45 1 ConstructionLoadTable........................................45 2 DeckLoadingDiagrams........................................46 3 References........................................................47

SDI NOTICE

TheSteelDeckInstitutemakesnorepresentationorwarrantyrespectinganyinformationcontainedinthismanual,including,butnotlimitedto,theaccuracy,completeness,orsuitabilityofsuchinformationforanyparticularpurposeoruse.TheSteelDeckInstituteexpresslydisclaimsanyandallwarranties,expressedorimplied.Bymakingthisinformationavailable,theSteelDeckInstituteisnotrenderingprofessionalservices,andassumesnodutyorresponsibilitywithrespecttoanypersonmakinguseofthisinformation.Inaddition,neithertheSteelDeckInstitutenoranyofitsMembersorAssociateMembersshallbeliableforanyclaim,demand,injury,loss,expense,costorliabilityofanykindwhatsoeverwhichinanywayarisesoutoforisconnectedwiththeuseoftheinformationcontainedinthispublication,whetherornotsuchclaim,demand,loss,expense,orliabilityresultsdirectlyorindirectlyfromanyactionoromissionoftheSteelDeckInstituteoranyofitsMembersorAssociateMembers.Anypartyusingtheinformationcontainedinthismanualassumesallliabilityarisingfromsuchuse.

PURPOSE Thismanualisintendedtobeanaideandgeneralguideforthesafeandpropererectionofsteeldeck.Theobjectivesaresafety,whichisalwaysparamount,andprovidingagoodqualityjob.Thismanualisnotintendedtodefinespecificdutiesorresponsibilitiesofanyoftheparticipantsinvolvedindoingtheworknorisitintendedtoreplacenecessarycontractdocuments.Eachparticipantthedesignprofessional,thedeckmanufacturer,thegeneralcontractor,thedeckerector,theowner,andeachindividualworkershouldbeawareoftheirindividualresponsibilities,asdefinedinthecontractdocuments,sothatthejobenvironmentwillbeassafeaspossibleandalsotoproduceagoodjob. Whiletheinformationpresentedinthismanualhasbeenpreparedinaccordancewithgenerallyrecognizedengineeringprinciplesandacceptedconstructionpractice,itisrecommendedthatitbereviewedbythedesignprofessionalandthebuilderforitsapplicabilityforanyspecificjob.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ThispublicationisarevisionoftheoriginaldocumentreflectingchangesinconstructionpracticesandrevisionstoOSHA1926SubpartR.Sincethisisarevisionoftheoriginalmanualwiththemajorityofitbeingreprinted,theSDIwouldstillliketorecognizethoseinvolvedwiththisoriginalmanual.EspeciallyProfessorLarryD.LuttrellofWestVirginiaUniversity(ResearchAdvisortotheSDI)forhisreviewandcomments;Mrs.CherylJanuszforeditingthetext;Mr.MerleNordykeforhisexcellentcartoons;Mr.JohnMcMahonoftheInstituteoftheIronworkingIndustryforhisadvice;andthemembersoftheSteelErectorsAssociationofAmerica(SEAA)fortheirmanyhelpfulsuggestions.

TheSDIErectionCommittee

SDI MANUALOF CONSTRUCTION

WITHSTEEL DECK

1. General - All Deck Products

Steeldeckismadebycoldformingstructuralgradesheetsteelintoarepeatingpatternofparallelribs.Thestrengthandstiffnessofthepanelsarearesultoftheshapeoftheribsandthemate-rialpropertiesofthesteel.Decklengthscanbevariedtosuitjobconditionsbut,becauseofshippingconsiderations,areusuallylessthan40’.Standarddeckwidthvarieswiththeproductusedbutfullsheetsareusually12”,18”,24”,30”or36”.Deckistypicallyfurnishedinastandardwidthwiththeendssquarecut.Anycuttingforwidth,suchasatopeningsorforangularfit,isdoneatthejobsite. Deckistypicallyattachedtothebuildingframewitharcpuddlewelds,selfdrillingscrewsorpowderorpneumaticallydrivenpins.Sheettosheetfasteningisdonewithscrews,buttonpunching(crimping),orwelds.

2. Composite Floor Deck

Afterinstallationandadequatefastening,floordeckservesseveralpurposes.It(a)actsasaworkingplatform(b)stabilizestheframe(c)servesasconcreteformfortheslaband(d)reinforcestheslabtocarrythedesignloadsappliedduringthelifeofthebuild-ing.Compositedecksaredistinguishedbythepresenceofshearconnectordevicesaspartofthedeck.Thesedevicesaredesignedtomechanicallylocktheconcreteanddecktogethersothattheconcreteandthedeckworktogethertocarrysubsequentfloorloads.Theshearconnectordevicescanberolledinembossments,lugs,holesorwiresweldedtothepanels.Thedeckprofileconfigu-rationcanalsobeusedtointerlockconcreteandsteel. Compositedeckfinishesareeithergalvanized(zinccoated)orphosphatized/painted.Phosphatized/painteddeckhasabare(phosphatized)topsurfacewhichisthesidetobeincontactwiththeconcrete.Thisbaretopsurfacecanbeexpectedtodeveloprustbeforeconcreteisplaced.Thebottomsideofthedeckhasaprimercoatofpaint.(SeethenextsectiononRoofDeckforadescriptionofprimerpaint.)Galvanizeddeckhasazinccoatingonbothsides. Compositefloordeckisnormallyinstalledsothepanelendsdonotoverlaponthesupportingbeams.Shearlugsorprofileshapeoftenpreventatightmetal-to-metalfitifpanelendsoverlap.Theairgapcausedbyoverlappingpreventsproperfusionwiththestructuralsteelwhensheetendlapsareshearstudwelded. Adequateendbearingofthedeckmustbeobtainedasshownontheerectiondrawings.Ifbearingisactuallylessthanshown,furtherinvestigationisrequired.

Steel DeckInstitute

I. PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS

3. Roof Deck

Roofdeckisnotdesignedtoactcompositelywithothermateri-als.Roofdeckactsaloneintransferringhorizontalandverticalloadsintothebuildingframe.Roofdeckribopeningsareusuallynarrowerthanfloordeckribopenings.Thisprovidesadequatesup-portofrigidthermalinsulationboard. Roofdeckistypicallyinstalledtoendlapapproximately2”oversupports.However,itcanbebutted(orlappedmorethan2”)tosolvefieldfitproblems.Sincedesignprofessionalsfrequentlyusetheinstalleddecksystemaspartofthehorizontalbracingsystem(thedeckasadiaphragm),anyfasteningsubstitutionorchangeshouldbeapprovedbythedesignprofessional.Continuousperim-etersupportofthedeckisnecessarytolimitedgedeflectioninthefinishedroofandmayberequiredfordiaphragmsheartransfer. Standardroofdeckfinishesaregalvanizedorprimedpainted.Thestandardfactoryappliedpaintforroofdeckisaprimerpaintandisnotintendedtoweatherforextendedtimeperiods.Fieldpainting,touchupofabrasionsanddeteriorationoftheprimercoatorotherprotectivefinishesaretheresponsibilityofthebuyer.Itisrecommended,however,thatanyfieldpaintbeappliedoverasmalltestareaoftheprimeddeckandtestedforcompatibilityandadhesionpriortoproceedingwithfieldpainting.Specialpaint,orpainttobeappliedovergalvanizing,isavailableonspecialorderbutmustbeadequatelydescribedtothemanufacturerbeforebidding.

4. Cellular Deck

Cellulardeckismadebyattachingabottomsteelsheettoaroofdeckorcompositefloordeckpanel.Cellulardeckcanbeusedinthesamemannerasfloordeck.Electrical,telephoneandcom-puterwiresareeasilyrunthroughthechasecreatedbetweenthedeckpanelandthebottomsheet. Whenusedasapartoftheelectricaldistributionsystem,thecellulardeckmustbeinstalledsothattheribslineupandcreateasmoothcelltransitionatabuttingends.Thejointthatoccursatbuttingcellendsmustbetapedorotherwiseprotectedtopreventconcretefromenteringthecell.Cellinteriorsmustbefreeofweld-ingburrsorothersharpintrusionstopreventdamagetowires. Whenusedasroofdeck,thebottomflatplateisusuallyleftexposedtoview.Caremustbemaintainedduringerectiontokeepgoodalignmentandpreventdamage.

Steel DeckInstitute

I. PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS

Cellulardeckissometimesusedwiththeflatplateonthetopsidetoprovideaflatwalkingsurface.Installationofdeckforthispurposerequiresspecialmethodsforattachmenttotheframebecausetheflatplatenowonthetopcanpreventdirectaccesstothedeckmaterialthatisbearingonthestructuralsteel.Itmaybeadvisabletotreattheflattopsurfacetopreventslipping. Cellulardeckisalwaysfurnishedgalvanizedorpaintedovergalvanized.

5. Form Deck

Formdeckcanbeanyfloororroofdeckproductusedasaconcreteform.Connectionstotheframearebythesamemethodsusedtoattachfloorandroofdeck.Weldingwashersarerecom-mendedwhenweldingmetalthicknessislessthan0.0280inches. Formdeckisfurnishedgalvanized,primepaintedoruncoated.Galvanizeddeckmustbeusedforthoseroofdecksystemswhereformdeckisusedtocarryalightweightinsulatingconcretefill. Inapatented,dryinstalledroofdeckassembly,formdeckisuti-lizedastheprimaryloadcarryingelement.Thisassemblyfunctionsasastructuralroofdeckdiaphragm.Theassemblymayincludedryinstalledthermalinsulationplacedaboveeitherprimepainted,fieldpaintedgalvanizedorgalvanizedandpaintedsteelsections.

Steel DeckInstitute

PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS

Steel DeckInstitute

PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS

DECK PROFILES

Figure 1ALL DIMENSIONS ARE NOMINAL

3”X12”

2”X12”

1-1/2”X12”

2”X6”

1-1/2”X6”

3”X8”(DR)

1-1/2”X6”(WR)

1-1/2”X6”(IR)

1-1/2”X6”(NR)

9/16”XVARIES

15/16”XVARIES

1-5/16”XVARIES

TYPICAL COMPOSITE FLOOR DECK PROFILES

TYPICAL ROOF DECK PROFILES

TYPICAL FORM DECK PROFILES

Steel DeckInstitute

DECK PROFILES

Figure 1AAll dimensions are nominal.

36”O

/2”C

36”O

24”C

61 /8”

2”2”

2”3”

2”Co

.03” to .06”

3” to .06”

.03” to .06”

sfto 4p

Steel DeckInstitute

DECK PROFILES

Figure 1BAll dimensions are nominal.

36”O

24”C

8”6”

.03” to .06”

3” to .06”

.03” to .06”

sfto 4p

s“B”

s“F”

s“A”

”dec

1 /2”

13 /4”

3 /8”

11 /2”

21 /2”

23 /4”

Steel DeckInstitute

DECK PROFILES

Figure 1CAll dimensions are nominal.

24”O

24”C

.03” to .06”

3” to .06”

.03” to .06”

sfto 7p

24”O

Steel DeckInstitute

DECK PROFILES

Figure 1DAll dimensions are nominal.

24”T

”to .030

”to .040

”to .047

24”T

Onlythoseinstallationdrawingsthathavebeenstamped“APPROVEDFORCONSTRUCTION”i.e.“FIELDUSE”shouldbeusedfordeckerection. Priortobeginningdeckerection,theerectorshouldreviewtheplansforoveralljobsiteorientation.Onprojectswithmultipledeckprofilesandgages,individualareasshouldbeidentifiedforeachtypeofdeck. AllGeneralNotesshouldbereviewedforspecialinstructions.Drawingsectionsinparticularneedtobestudiedforinstallationdetails.Thedrawingsandbundletagsneedtobeexaminedforproperbundleplacement. The engineer of record has approved the attachment method and pattern. Therefore, all fastening to the structure and sheet side laps should be carefully followed as shown on the “APPROVED FOR CONSTRUCTION” drawings.

Deckisbandedintobundlesthatcanweighseveralthousandpoundsbutthedeckbundleweightwillbelimitedtoamaximum4000poundsfordecktobeappliedtojoists.Deckbundleweightsformaterialtobeappliedoverstructuralsteelframesorotherfram-ingsystemswillbeasrequiredtosuitjobconditions,andtomeetsafehoisting,spreadingandinstallationprocedures.Ifheavierorlighterbundlesarerequiredbecauseofjobconditions,thisinfor-mationmustbeconveyedtothedecksupplierwellbeforeproduc-tionisscheduled.Thedecksupplier,theerectorandthepurchasershouldallbeinagreementaboutthebundlesizesandweightsthataretobedeliveredtothejob. Tags(seeFigure2)onthebundlesmayprovidesomeorallofthefollowinginformation:

1. weightofbundle 2. deckmanufacturer’scontractnumber 3. customernameandjobname 4. productdescriptiongage(thickness),productname, andfinish 5. numberofpieces,lengths 6. area(onjob)thatistoreceivethebundle 7. bundlenumber 8. anyspecialnoticesorstorageinstructions

Specialtags,suchasthoserequiredbyUnderwritersLabora-toriesorFactoryMutual,areappliedtothebundleandnottotheindividualsheets. Any special markings or other information (as well as special pack-aging) must be agreed upon prior to fabrication. Previouslyagreeduponcolorcodingisoftenveryhelpfulforgageidentificationonamultigageproject.Colorcodingmayalsobeagreeduponforotherquickidentificationpurposes.

Steel DeckInstitute

II. APPROVED ERECTION DRAWINGS

III. PACKAGING

Steel DeckInstitute

II. APPROVED ERECTION DRAWINGS

EXAMPLE OF BUNDLE TAGFigure 2

STEEL DECKFABRICATOR

CONTRACT NO.

CUSTOMER NAMEPROJECT NAME

PROJECT ADDRESS

DECK TYPE, GAGE, FINISH

NOTES:

NUMBER LENGTH OF PIECES FT. IN. INCHES MARK

20 27 10.00 334.00 20 25 11.00 311.00 5 25 7.00 307.00 45

BUNDLENO XOFX TRUCK:XXCONTROLNO. XXXX-XXX-XXXXXBOM.BUNDLENO. XX

Bundletagsshowthejobarea(derrick)wherethebundlebelongs.Thedeckmanufacturerwillsequencedeckbundlingsothatdeckwillbedeliveredinaproper(orpreviouslyagreedupon)orderandbeunloadedandhoistedinlogicalsequences.Erectioninformationshouldbemadeavailabletothedeckmanufacturerassoonaspossibleafterplacingtheordersothatsequencingcanbedoneduringpreparationofapprovaldrawings. Alljobconditionsthatwillaffectshipping(i.e.weightrestric-tions,staging,specialstrapping,blocking,tarping)shouldbedeter-minedwellinadvanceoffabricationsothatappropriatestepscanbetakenbytheshipper. Thedeckmanufacturerwillloadtrucksusingstandardproce-dures.Theseproceduresmayconsiderthefollowing:

1. Strappingwillbesecured,preventingblowofforloosening ofsheetsduringtransit. 2. Deckbundlesmaybeplacedagainstthetrailerortruck bulkheadtopreventforwardmovementincaseofa suddenstop.Notethatloaddistributionmaydictate anotherarrangement. 3. Deckbundlesareseparatedwithdunnage(horizontallyand vertically)ofatleast1½“(moreifagreedupon)sothat liftingslingscanbeinsertedforunloading. 4. Deckwillbeloadedwiththelongestbundlesonthebedof thetrucktoensurethattheloadwillbebalanced. 5. Toensuresafeandlevelloads,everyotherbundlemaybe turnedonthetruck.Inallcasesthebundlearrangementon thetrailerwillbemadewithanefforttoprovidethe greateststabilityoftheloadandtoachievethe allowableweight.

Duringtransportation,shockandvibrationtendstocompressbundles,whichcanresultinslackeningofthetrailerloadbindersnormallyusedinthetransportofdeck.Thismaycauseadangeroussituation;overtighteningofthetiedownsinanticipationofsettlingwilldamagetheproduct.Periodicadjustmentsandretighteningarenecessary.Eachadjustmentshouldalsoensurethatthetarpsarerepositionedtokeeptheloaddrytopreventmoisturefromaffectingthefinish. Unlesspartialshipmentsorlessthantruckload(LTL)shipmentsareagreedupon,fulltruckloadshipmentsarestandard.Truckloadswillbedeterminedbyweightandvolume.IfLTLshipmentsareused,thedeckmanufacturercannotberesponsibleforanydamagecausedbyrehandlingorloadtransferbetweentruckingcompanies.

Steel DeckInstitute

IV. LOADING AND SHIPPING

Receiving

Theremustbeproperaccesstothestructureforthedeckdelivery.Theaccessmustbeadequatetosupporttheliftingequip-mentandthedeliverytrucks.Liftingequipmentmustbecapableofsafelyliftingthedeckbundlesandhavesufficientreachtoproperlyplacethebundlesonthestructure.

Unloading

Materialshouldbecheckedasitisreceived.Bundlesshouldbecounted.Thebillofladingshouldbecheckedtoverifytrailercontents.Smallpackagesaresometimescarriedinsidethetractor.Checktoseeifallitemsarepresent.Anymaterialdamagesorshort-agesshouldbenotedonthebillofladingpriortosigningforthematerialandthesuppliershouldbeimmediatelynotified.

Steel DeckInstitute

IV. LOADING AND SHIPPING

V. RECEIVING, UNLOADING STORAGE AND PROTECTION

“KEEP LOAD IN SIGHT UNTIL SAFELY LANDED”

Storage and Protection

Ifgroundstorageisneeded,thedeckbundlesshouldbestoredofftheground,withoneendelevatedtoprovidedrainage.Bundlesshouldbeprotectedagainstcondensationwithaventilatedwaterproofcovering.Bundlesshouldbestackedsothatthereisnodangeroftipping,sliding,rolling,shiftingormaterialdamage. Bundlesshouldbecheckedfortightnesssowindcannotloosensheetsorworkthebundlesapart.Tightnessshouldbeperiodicallycheckedandadditionalsecurementshouldbeusedasneeded.Bundlesshouldneverbehoistedbythestrappingandshouldalwaysbeplacedtagsideup.ItisthepositionoftheSteelDeckInstitutethat;DECKBUNDLESMUSTALWAYSBEPLACEDONTHEFRAMENEARAMAINSUPPORTINGBEAMATACOLUMNORWALL.INNOCASE,SHOULDTHEBUNDLESBEPLACEDONUNBOLTEDFRAMESORUNATTACHEDORUNBRIDGEDJOISTS.Thestructuralframemustbeproperlybracedtoreceivethebundles. OSHAFederalRegisterSubpartR1926.757doesallowsomeflexibilityastohowandwhen,duringthestructure’serectionpro-cess,landingbundlesofdeckispermitted.ThisOSHAregulationmustbeexaminedbyanyoneengagedinthisactivity,suchthatallcriteriaisunderstoodandmet.

Steel DeckInstitute

RECEIVING, UNLOADINGSTORAGE AND PROTECTION

Recommendation for Protecting DeckBundles at Job Site

Important:Leaveendopenforventilation.

Properlysecuretarptopreventblow-off.

Waterproofcovering.Suchasplasticoratarp

Placeafewpiecesofblockingonbundletocreateoverhangtosupporttarp.

Elevate“thick”endofbundletohelpshedordrainanymoisturepenetration.

Important:Leaveendopenforventilation.

I. DeckProfile WideRib(WR)-B IntermediateRib(IR)-FNarrowRib(NR)A 3”DeepRib(3DR)-NOther

II. DeckType(thickness)–Gageandinches. 22(0.0295”) 20(0.0358”) 18(0.0474”) 16(0.0598”) CellularBottomPlate 20(0.0358”) 18(0.0474”) 16(0.0598”) Other-Specifydecimalthickness

III. DeckFinish PrimePaintedManufacturer’sStandard G60Galvanized G90Galvanized PrimePaint(manufacturer’sstandard)overG60 GalvanizingUncoated Other-SpecifyinSeparateDocument

IV. IsFireRatingRequired? Yes-GiveAppropriateU.L.DesignNumberandHours RequiredorF.M.Number

V. SheetLengthLimits NoneorSpecify

VI. BundleWeightRestrictions Nottoexceed_________lbs. NoRestrictions

VII.RequiredSpaceBetweenBundlesforHoistingDevices Standard1½”. Other-Specify

VIII.SpecialTaggingonBundles U.L.Labels F.M.Labels Other-Specify

Anyspecialsequencing,timingorotherrestrictionsmustbeprovidedtothedecksupplier.Thedecksuppliermustbeprovidedacompleteandaccurateaddressforshipping.

Steel DeckInstitute

RECEIVING, UNLOADINGSTORAGE AND PROTECTION

DECK ORDERINGCHECK LIST

Steel DeckInstitute

VI. ERECTION OF DECK AND JOB SITE SAFETY

Serious injury or death can result from failure to familiarize and comply with all applicable safety requirements of federal, state and local regulations and these safety guidelines before erecting steel deck. OSHAFederalRegisterSubpartR1926issuedJanuary18,2002providesspecificerectionguidelinesfortypicalconditions.How-ever,whereemployerselect,duetoconditionsspecifictothesite,todevelopalternatemeansandmethodsthatprovideemployeeprotection,asitespecificerectionplanshallbedevelopedbyaqualifiedperson.OSHAprovidesguidelinesforestablishingasitespecificerectionplaninAppendixAoftheOSHAFederalRegis-terSubpartR1926.Thedeckmanufacturerisnotresponsibleforpreparingthe“sitespecific”erectionplan.However,deckerectiondrawingsmaybehelpfultothosepreparingtheplan. Deckerectorscreatetheirownworkingplatform.Forthemostparttheseplatformswillnothaveprotectededgesorprotectedopenings.Erectorsmustalsoworkontheopensteelframeanduseladdersorscaffoldingtoaccessthework. Coil ordering practices and manufacturing processes have been established and are being followed so that as shipped deck products will be free of visible liquid lubricants and dry residues will be minimized. The purpose of establishing these practices and processes is to reduce the slipping hazard of the walking surfaces of decking products. For more information on this issue, please refer to the “Steel Coalition Lubricant Task Group Report” dated May 14, 2002. This report is available on the SDI web site.

Alertness

Mostdeckinstallationsaredoneonanelevatedstructureandthedangeroffallingisalwayspresent.Fallsmayoccuratanytimeandatanylocation.Alertnessisessential.Laddersshouldbesecurelytiedtothestructuralframeorthescaffolding.Stairs,ifavailable,shouldberigidlyattachedtothebuildingframe. Accessareasshouldbespeciallypatrolledtokeepthemfreeofequipment,material,anddebris. Deckedgesaresharp.Workersshouldtakeprecautionstopro-tectthemselvesfromsharpedgesorprojectingcorners. Itisveryimportantthatthestructurebereadytoreceivethedeck.Beforedeckbundlesareplacedontheframe,theframeplumbnessandconnectionsshouldbechecked.Verifythattempo-rarybracingisinplacetokeeptheframeinaplumbconditionuntilthedeckisplacedandsecured.

Steel DeckInstitute

VI. ERECTION OF DECK AND JOB SITE SAFETY

“ SHARP EDGES ARE A CONSTANT THREAT”

Lifting

Steeljoistsmustbesecurelyattachedattheirbearingendsandhavetheirbridgingcompletelyattached.Verifythestructure’scapacitytocarrythedeckbundles. Thebundlesmustberiggedforliftingsothatshiftingandex-cessivetippingwillnotoccurandsotheliftingdevicewillnotdam-agethedeck(seeFigure3).Allliftingequipmentmustbeadequateforthejob.Thehoistingoperationmustbeproperlydirectedandmanned.Taglinesattachedtothebundles(nottothebands)willhelpworkerscontrolandpositiontheload.Nevermovebundlesbypullingonthestrapping.(SeeSectionVonUnloading).Ifpos-sible,spreaddeckbundlesoutalongthebuildingcolumnlinestocreateseveralsmallstacksratherthanstackingallthebundlesinonearea.Workersshouldbeinstructedtokeeptheloadinsightuntilitissafelyplacedonthestructure.Bundlesshouldbelandedsothattheendsofthebundlesrestonabearingsurfaceratherthanhavingoneorbothendscantilevered.Thebundlesshouldbepositionedforconvenientspreadingofsheetsandorientedsoindividualdecksheetswillnotneedtobeturned.Bundlesofdeckwhichhavebeenunbandedmustbesecuredtopreventindividualsheetsfrombeingblownoffthestructure.

Steel DeckInstitute

ERECTION OF DECK AND JOB SITE SAFETY

Steel DeckInstitute

EXAMPLE OF ONE LIFTING METHODFigure 3

Cranehookwithspring-loadedsafetypin

Liftingcables

Chokerhitch

Bundlestrapsappliedatfactoryaretoremainonbundleuntilplacedforerectionandsheetsarereadytobespread.Checkfortightness.Bundle straps are not to be used to move or lift deck bundles.

Safe Working Platform

Tomaketheworkingplatformsafeandpreventdeckdam-age,thedeckunitsshouldbeattachedtotheframeandsidelapsconnectedassoonaspossible.Ifdecksheetsaretemporarilyusedtoaccessbundles,theymustbeendbearing(notcantilevered)andmustbesecurelyattachedtotheframetopreventslipoff.Aworkingareashouldbeatleast12feetwide.Itisrecommendedthataworkingareabeestablishedaroundoralongeachbundlesothatthebundlecansafelybeaccessed.Theplatformcanthenbeextendedinanyconvenientdirection.Specificjobrequirementsneedtobeconsideredtodeterminedeckerectionstartingpointsanderectionprogression.Astheplatformisextendeditwillbenecessaryforatleastoneworkertoworkfromthestructuralframe.OSHAstandardsrequirethatemployersprovidefallprotectionduringdeckerectionoperationsandallOSHAguidelinesforsafetywhileerectingdeckmustbefollowed.RefertoOSHARegulation29CFRSection1926.759(c)(2003)whichstatesthatunderspecialcircumstancesaControlledDeckZone(CDZ)maybeestablishedwhichpermitsflexibilitytothemethodsofpersonalfallprotection.

Steel DeckInstitute

“ PLACE HEAVY LOADS OVER MAIN SUPPORTS”

Placing Deck

Asthedecksheetsareplaced,oneedgeofdeckwillalwaysbe“open”orleading.Thisleadingedgeshouldonlybeapproachedinordertoplacethenextsheet.Workersshouldalsomaintainasafedistance(6feetifpossible)fromtheendofthedeckunit.Whenaligningtheedge(side)lap,theworkershouldkneel.Kneelinglow-ershiscenterofgravityanddecreasesthechanceoffalling.RefertoOSHARegulation29CFRSection1926.759(a)(1)(2003)whichstatesthatunderspecialcircumstancesaControlledDeckZone(CDZ)maybeestablishedwhichpermitsflexibilitytothemethodsofdeckinstallation. Roofandfloorholesandopeningsshallbedeckedover,unlessthesizeoftheholeorspecialdesigncircumstancespreventitfrombeingdeckedover.Itistheresponsibilityofthedesignprofession-altodefinewhetheraholeisrequiredtobedeckedover.Wherelargesizeholesorotherconditionsthatdonotallowanopeningtobedeckedover,employeesshallbeprotectedinaccordancewithOSHARegulation29CFRSection1926.760(a)(1)(2003).

Steel DeckInstitute

Other Trades

Othertradesshouldbekeptofftheworkingplatformandtheareaimmediatelybelowtheworkingplatformduringthedeckerectionprocess.Caremustbetakenwhencuttingbundlestrapstopreventstrapsordunnagefromdroppingontopersonnelorequipment.Workersshouldbeinstructedonallaspectsofdecksafetybeforeanydeckisinstalled.SuchinstructionisavailabletomembersonrequestfromtheIronWorkersInternationalAssocia-tion(AFL-CIO)bycontactingalocaluniontrainingcoordinator.Non-unionsourcesmayalsobeavailable. Floordeckshouldbeselectedsothatitprovidesatleastfiftypoundspersquarefootcapacityasaworkingplatform.Iftempo-raryshoringisrequiredtoattainfiftypoundspersquarefoot,thentheshoringmustbesecurelyinplacebeforethefloordeckerectionbegins.Thefifty-poundpersquarefootloadingdoesnotconsiderconcreteweight.SeeFigure16forrecommendedloadingofthedeckasaconcreteform. Roofdeckisnotgenerallyrequiredtocarryasmuchfoottrafficasfloordeck,butatleastthirtypoundspersquarefootshouldbemadeavailablebyroofdeck.Iftheroofdeckbeinguseddoesnotprovideaplatformcapacityof30psf,thenitshouldbeplankedorsupportedduringerection.Areassubjecttotrafficormaterialstag-ingshouldbeplanked.Themaximumrecommendedspansforroofdecks(seeFigure15)shouldalsobeusedasaguide. Asteeldecksurfaceisinherentlyslipperywhenwet.Cautionisrequiredbyanyoneonthedeckwhenthisconditionexists.

Figures 15 & 16 are on pages 46 & 47 respectively

Steel DeckInstitute

1. Makesurethatriggingisadjustedtokeephoistedloads

wellbalanced.

2. Donotstandunderloadsbeinghoisted.

3. Keeploadsinview.

4. Useproperhandsignalstocraneoperators.

5. Checkerectiondrawingstolanddeckinproperpositionand

orientationtoavoidturningdeck.

6. Makesurebundlesaresecureandstablebeforecuttingbands.

7. Payparticularattentiontosinglespanbundles.

a. Donotusesinglespanbundlesasaworkingplatform,

especiallytocutbands.

b. Sheetscouldshiftduetohandling.Ensurebottomsheet

extendspastthesupportatbothends,otherwise

placewherefullsupportcanbeobtained.

8. Whencuttingbandsonbundlesusebothhandsandstandwell

back-bandsareundertension.Eyeprotectionisrecommended.

9. Payspecialattentiontoshortunitsorsinglespanunits—

makesuredeckisfirmlysecuredbeforeusingitasa

workingplatform.

10.Makesurecutoutsandopeningsareadequatelysupported

andguarded.

11.Usechalklinestolocatesupportingsteel-measureaccurately.

12.Bealertforsharpedges.

13.Wetdeckisinherentlyslippery-watchyourfooting.

14.Keepalitterfreeworkplace.

15.Weareyeprotectionwhennearwelding.

16.Wheninstallinggalvanizeddeckonsunnydays,sunglasses

andsunburnprotectionareadvisable.

17.Stayalert.

Steel DeckInstitute

SAFETY NOTES

Fastening and Installing Deck

Deckisinstalledinaccordancewiththe“ApprovedforConstruc-tion”drawings.Thedeckmustbeinstalledbyqualifiedandexpe-riencedworkers.Thebeginningpointshouldbecarefullyselectedforproperdeckorientationandedgeofrooforfloorslablocation. Maintainingriborflutealignmentacrossthestructureisveryimportant.Asnapchalklineshouldbeusedatreasonableintervalstoassureproperalignmentofdeckpanels.Panelcoverwidthsmustbemaintainedtoachievelongstraightrunsofdeck. Roofdeckisoftenleftexposedonthebottom.Ribalignmentmustbeparalleltothegirdersatallgirderlinestopreventun-sightlyconditions. Floordeckflutesshould,ifpossible,maintainalignmenttoachievecontinuousconcreteribsacrossabuttingsheetends,mini-mizingconcreteleakage.Flutesthatdonotaligncancreateclosureproblemsthatmayinterrupttheslabdesign.Properalignmentcanonlybeachievedbyproperadjustmentofeachdeckpanelasitisplaced.Coverwidtherrorsaccumulatedacrossthebaycannotbecorrectedwiththelastsheetsintherun. On-siteexperiencehasdemonstratedthatthefrequencyofsnappingachalklinedeterminestheaccuracyofribandflutealignment.Thisminoreffortatthetimeofdeckplacementelimi-natestheneedforfieldcorrections. Fordecktoperformitsdesignfunctionsandserveasaworkingplatform,itmustbeadequatelyandproperlyattached.Oftenthedeckisusedaspartofthehorizontalbracingsystemandthefas-teningmethodandpatternhavebeenselectedtoprovideacertainstrengthandstiffnessintheplaneofthedeck.NO SUBSTITUTION of fastener type or pattern should be made without the approval of the designer. Deckfasteningtothestructuralframecanbeaccomplishedwithwelds,selfdrillingscrews,airdriven,orpowderdrivenfasten-ers.Aminimumof1½”ofendbearingshouldbeprovidedfordeck.Ifthereislessthan1½”ofbearing,additionalfasteningshouldbeprovidedandthedeckendloadcapacityshouldbechecked.Fordeckthatisintendedtoendlap(roofdeck),theendlaplocationshouldbeadjustedsothecenterofthelappedportionoccursoverthesupportor,whensupportedbybarjoists,overatopchordmember. Onlyqualifiedoperatorsmayusepowderactuatedtools;airactuatedtoolsmustbeusedbytrainedoperatorsfamiliarwithallsafetyprocedures.

Steel DeckInstitute

SIDE LAP CONNECTIONSFigure 6

Example of Overlapping

BUTTONPUNCH

WELDAFTERCLINCHING

SCREWORWELD

SCREWSMAYBEPLACEDATANANGLEIFMALELEGISSHORT

Attaching

Specialelectricscrewgunsareusedtodriveself-drillingscrewstoattachdecktothestructuralframe.Thesescrewgunsareequippedwithaclutchanddepthlimitingnosepiecetopreventovertorquing.Screwsaretypically#12’sor1/4inchdiameterwithaspecialdrillpointselectedaccordingtothetotalthicknessofmetal(deckplusframe)beingjoined. Airdriventoolsareoperatedatapre-setpressurelevelconsis-tentwiththefasteningrequirementsofthedeckattachment.Airissuppliedbyacompressorequippedwitharegulatorthatpreventsover-drivingorunder-drivingthefastener.Thefastenershaveaflatheadatthedriveendandaballisticpointatthepenetratingend.Avarietyofsizesareavailabletomeetthepenetrationrequirementsofthesteelsubstrate.

Steel DeckInstitute

Powder Actuated Self Tapping/Drilling

Welding

Weldingmustbedonebyaqualifiedwelderduringproperweatherconditions.Qualityweldingoflightgagedeckrequiresexperienceandtheselectionofproperamperageandelectrodes.AweldqualitycontroltestprocedureisshowninFigure7.Allweld-ingshouldbedoneinaccordancewiththeStructuralWeldingCode,AWSD1.1orD1.3.Weldwashersarenotrecommendedfordeckthicknessesof0.028inchesthick(minimum22gage)andgreater.Weldwashersarerecommendedformetalthicknesseslessthan0.028inches.Properweldingrequiresgoodmetaltometalcontact;therefore,lappingcompositedeckunitswithshearlugsisnotrec-ommended.Forthesamereason,builtinhangertabs(infloordeck)thatbearonstructuralsteelshouldbeflattenedorremoved.

Steel DeckInstitute

Air Driven/Pneumatic

Shear Studs

Shearstuds,weldedinplacewithspecialequipment(inac-cordancewithAWSD1.1)canserveasweldingtoholdthedecktotheframe.Thesestudsareusuallyinstalledafterthedeckhasbeenspreadtoactasaworkingplatform.Therefore,itisnecessarythattheplatformbeadequatelyattachedtothestructurebeforethestudsareinstalled. Shearstudscanbeweldedthroughthedoublemetalthick-nessofcellulardeck.Note:Ifthedeckisheavierthan16gagethestudmanufacturershouldbeconsultedforinstallationprocedures.Shearstuds,likeallotherfasteners,mustbeinstalledinaccordancewiththedesigndrawings. Sincemostconstructionworkisdoneinopenair,ventilationforweldingisusuallyadequate.However,forclosedinareas,ventila-tionmustbeprovided.Adequateventilationisextremelyimportantwhenweldinggalvanizeddeck.Allworkersinvolvedintheweldingoperationmustweareyeprotectiontoavoidweldflash.

Steel DeckInstitute

WELD QUALITY CONTROL TEST PROCEDUREFigure 7

Apreliminarycheckforweldingmachinesettingsandoperatorqualificationscanbemadethroughasimplefieldtestbyplacingapairofweldsinadjacentvalleysatoneendofapanel.Theoppositeendofthepanelcanthenberotated,whichplacestheweldsinshear.Separationleavingnoapparentexternalweldperimeterdistresses,butoccurringatthesheet-to-structureplane;mayindi-cateinsufficientweldingtimeandpoorfusionwiththesubstrate.Failurearoundtheexternalweldperimeter,showingdistresswithinthepanelbutwiththeweldstillattachedtothesubstrate,wouldindicateahigherqualityweld.

PUDDLEWELDS

STEELDECK(TESTSAMPLE)

STRUCTURALANGLEORCHANNELUSEDASSUPPORTANDWELDINGBASE

USEC-CLAMPOROTHERRIGIDATTACHMENTTOCOLUMN

STEELCOLUMNOROTHERSTRUCTURALLYSTABLEMEMBER

*“IN-PLANE”FORCE

“*”NOTE: MAYUSEWOODBLOCKINGTO STABILIZE“FREE-END”

Weldingshouldnotbedonenearanytypeofcombustiblematerial.Cuttingandweldingsparkscancauseconstructionfires.Conditionsataconstructionsitearesubjecttorapidchange.Weld-ingmaybesafeinagivenareaandthen,becausecombustiblesareintroduced,theareaissuddenlynotsafe.TheGeneralContractor(jobsupervisor)shouldpreventothertradesfromstoringcombustiblesnearorunderareaswhereweldingistobedone.Constantalertnessinandbelowthegeneralareaismandatory.

Steel DeckInstitute

“DO NOT WELD NEAR COMBUSTIBLES”

Side Lap Connections

Sheettosheetconnectionsmayberequiredatthesidelapsofdeck.Thesearefrequentlyreferredtoasstitchconnections.Selfdrillingscrews,weldsorbuttonpunchesaretheusualstitchcon-nections.Stitchscrewsareusuallyselfdrillingtype;#8’sthrough1/4inchdiametercanbeusedbutscrewssmallerthan#10diameterarenotrecommended.Theinstallermustbesurethattheunderly-ingsheetisdrawntightlyagainstthetopsheet.Again,aswhenscrewsareusedastheframeattachment,thespecialscrewdrivinggunsareusedtopreventovertorquing. Manualbuttonpunchingofsidelapsrequiresaspecialcrimpingtool.Buttonpunchingrequirestheworkertoadjusthisweightsothetopofthedeckstayslevelacrossthejoint.Sincethequalityofthebuttonpunchattachmentdependsonthestrengthandcareofthetooloperator,itisimportantthataconsistentmethodbedeveloped.Automaticpowerdrivencrimpingdevicesarerarelyseenondeckjobsbutshouldnotberuledoutasafasteningmethod. Goodmetaltometalcontactisnecessaryforgoodsidelapwelds.Burnholesaretheruleratherthantheexceptionandaninspectorshouldnotbesurprisedtoseetheminthedeck.Thewelddevelopsitsstrengthbyholdingaroundtheperimeter.Agoodweldwillhave75%ormoreofitsperimeterworking.Onocca-sion,sidelapweldswillbespecifiedfordeckthathasthebuttonpunchablesidelaparrangement(seeFigure8forcommentsonthissubject;seeFigures8and9forweldingthesedeckunitstotheframe).Weldingsidelapsisnotrecommendedfordeckstype22(0.028inchminimum)orlighter.Weldwashersshouldneverbeusedatsidelapsbetweensupports.Justaswhenweldingtotheframe,adequateventilationmustbeavailableandweldingnearcombustiblesprohibited.

Steel DeckInstitute

SIDE LAP WELDS BETWEEN SUPPORTSFigure 8A

Steel DeckInstitute

SIDE LAP WELDS AT SUPPORTSFigure 8B

FRAME CONNECTION LAYOUTSConnections may be arc puddle welds, screws, powder-actuated or pneumatically driven fasteners.Figure 9

Housekeeping

Bundlingstraps,wooddunnage,anddeckcutoffsshouldbecollectedandremovedfromtheworkingplatformdailysoasnottocreateasafetyhazardunderfoot.Loosetoolsshouldnotbeleftlyingabout.Studweldingferrulesshouldbebrokenoffofthestuds.Alldebrismustberemovedfromfloordeckbeforeconcreteispoured. Allpartiesconcernedwiththeconstructionprocessshouldcooperatetoproperlystorecombustiblematerialandremovetrashthatcanbeafirehazard. Absolutelynoloosedecksheetsshouldbeleftattheendoftheworkingday.Anypartiallyusedbundlesmustbetightlysecuredtopreventblowoff.

Steel DeckInstitute

“ CLEANING IS EASIER THAN RECUPERATING”

Damagetodeckandpurposefulpenetrationshavemuchincommon:theirlocationandseverityareseldomknownbeforehand.Usuallythedesignprofessionalknowsthegeneralareawhereaventstackmaycuttheroof,orapproximatelywhereatelephoneconduitmaypiercetheslab;buthemaynotknowhowbigtheholewillbe.Thislackofinformationmakesitdifficulttoadvisehowholesshouldbereinforced,ifatall,orhowdamageddeckshouldberepaired.Guidespecificationsreflectthislackofspecificknowledge.TheSDISpecificationstates,“Openingsnotshownontheerectiondiagrams,suchasthoserequiredforstacks,conduits,plumbing,vents,etc.,shallbecut(andreinforced,ifnecessary)bythetradesrequiringtheopenings.”Thedesignprofessionalshouldbeconsultedforreinforcingrequirements,butfrequently,unlessdetailsareshownontheplans,nodeckreinforcingisprovidedandthedesignprofessionalisnotconsulted. Deckdamagepresentssimilarproblems.Broadstatementssuchas,“Alldamageddeckmustbereplaced,”canbemade.Thedesignprofessionalmustthenmakethedecisionastowhatconstitutesdamageddeckwhileconsideringhowreplacementmaydelaythejob.Howmuchdamagecanbetolerateddependsonarchitec-turalandstructuralconsiderations.Iftheundersideofthedeckisexposedtopublicview,verylittlevisibledamagemaybeallowed.Inmostcases,however,thedeckwillbehiddenbyaceilingorductsandutilitiesandtheusualconcernisaboutstructuralperformance.

Roof Deck

Formost1½”roofdecksthelossofoneribpersheet,eitherbydentingorpenetration,canbetolerated.Noreinforcingisgenerallyrequiredforanopeningof6”aslongasnotmorethantwowebsareremoved.Inmostcasesthecapacityofthedeckisgreaterthanrequiredforroofloads.Onesixinchdiameterholepersheetinaspanshouldnotadverselyaffectthediaphragmstrengthandadentcanbelargerthan6”andstillcarrythehorizontalload.Cover-ingadentoran8”maximumholewitha0.045”plateandextendingtheplatetoadjacentribscouldeliminateworriesaboutinsulationboardspanningthedentandabouta“softspot”intheroof.Forholesordentsgreaterthanarib(8”to13”),itisadvisabletousea0.057”minimumplate.Exceptionstothisrecommendationare: 1. theholemaybelocatedinsuchaplacethatthedeckcan safelycantileverfromeachadjacentsupport; 2. agroupofholesmaybesoclosetogetherthatastructural frameisrequired.

Steel DeckInstitute

VII. DECK DAMAGE AND PENETRATIONS

Steel DeckInstitute

DECK DAMAGE AND PENETRATIONS

SUGGESTED SCHEDULE:

OneRibRemoved(6”Diameter) NoReinforcingOr 0.045”Plate(Min.)8”Diameter 0.045”Plate(Min.)8”to13”Diameter 0.057”Plate(Min.)Over13” FrameOpening* (DesignByProjectEngineer)*Checkcantileverabilityofdeck

EXAMPLE OF 6” PENETRATION

Steel DeckInstitute

EXAMPLE OF DETAILS FOR OPENINGS

DETAILS FOR OPENINGS TO 24”PERPENDICULAR TO DECK

Note:Forholes6”Øorlessnoreinforcingorminimum0.045”platerequired,dependingonlocation.

DETAILS FOR OPENINGS TO 12”PERPENDICULAR TO DECK

Sump Pans

Aspecialcaseofroofpenetrationisthesumppan.Whenproper-lyattached,thesumppanwillcarrytheloadofthedeckitreplaces.Italsoactsasasmallheadertotransferloadsintoadjacentuncutsheets.Approximateperfoot(ofwidth)sectionpropertiesofastandard(0.075”)sumppanare:I=0.36in4;Sp=0.20in3.ApproximatesumppananalysismethodsareshowninFigure11;areinforcingtechniqueisshowninFigure12.

Steel DeckInstitute

M=50(22.5/12)2(12)+100(22.5)=3,305in.lb.2

TypicaldeckSn=0.184in.3/ftofwidth(20gageWR)

fb=3,305=18,000psi <20,000psiO.K.0.184 <26,000psiO.K.(temp.manload)

20GA.WRDECK DESIGN: LL = 40psf TL= 50psf

SUMP LOCATED AT CENTER OF SPAN

SUMP PAN ANALYSIS:

SUMPPANCALCULATION(Approximate)Figure11

Burnholesindecksidelaps,causedbyweldedsidelapattach-ments,arespacedfarenoughapartnottocauseproblems.Burnholesnearintermediatesupportsareunlikelytocausemuchlossofstrengthunlessatotalareagreaterthana6”diameterholeisremoved.Theseburnholesareusuallycausedbytheweldersearchingfortheunseenstructuralmember;thereforetheuseofchalklinesisrecommended. Distributedsmalldents,suchasthosecausedbyfoottraffic,willnotcauseastructuralproblem;butifthedentingcoversalargepercentageofthejob,theinsulationboardwillbebetterattachedwithmechanicalfastenersratherthanbyadhesives.Thedesignprofessionalmustapproveanychangeinfastening. Vigilanceshouldbemaintainedtodetectandcorrectany“soft”spotsinroofsthatcouldcauseinsulationboardstocrackunderfootloading.

Steel DeckInstitute

SUMP REINFORCING AT END OF DECKFigure 12

Put1-1/2”deepreinforcingchannelsineachribateachsideofopening(flushwithtopofdeck).Channelsspanbetweenjoists.Attachflangesofsumppantochannels.

Floor Deck Beforeconcreteispoured,thecontractorshouldinspectthedecktofindanyareasthatmaybedamagedorcrushedwhichmayrequireshoringfortheconcretepour.Areasthatbuckleduringthepourareusuallycausedbypreviousdamage,overspanningthedeck,orallowingconcretetopileup.Buckledareasdonotad-verselyaffecttheliveloadcapacity.TestsatWestVirginiaUniversity,byDr.LarryLuttrell,showednolossinliveloadcapacitywhenthedeckwaspurposelybuckled. Sincefloordeckdamageorpenetrationcanaffectthedeck’scapacitytocarryconcrete,anyfloordeckdamageorpenetrationmustbeevaluatedpriortopouringconcrete.Floordeck,likeroofdeck,canbeexaminedasacantilever.HowevertheSDIdoesnotpublishacantilevertableforfloordeckbecauseofthegreatprofilevariationsavailable.AmethodforcalculatingallowablecantileverspansisshowninFigure13.Apreferredformingmethodistoblockoutconcretefromwhereapenetrationwilloccur;and,aftertheconcretesufficientlycures,burnthedeckaway.Thedesignprofes-sionaldeterminestheneedforadditionalbarsormesharoundtheblockout. Itistheresponsibilityofthedesignprofessionaltodesignateholes/openingstobedeckedoverincompliancewithOSHARegu-lation29CFRSection1926.754(e)(2)(2003).Whenahole/openingisnotshownanddimensionedonthestructuraldesigndrawings,noprovisionsforconcreteretainagewillbeprovided.Whenaframedhole/openingisshownanddimensionedonthestructuraldesigndrawingsinfloordeck,pourstop(screed)anglewillbeprovidedfromthetopofthedecktothetopofslabonly.Cellclosureswillbeprovidedinthestrongdimensioninstandard10’-0”lengthstobefieldsized,cutandinstalledasshowninFigure14.Donotfieldcutdeckatholes/openingsuntilconcretehasreached75%ofitsdesignstrength(minimumofseven(7)daysinmostcases). Thedeckshouldbeinspectedforadequateattachmentatsupportsandatsidelaps.Sidelapsmustbetightlyconnectedtopreventopeningduringconcretepouring. Concreteprovidesanalkalineenvironmentthatdiscouragescorrosion.Sincemostapplicationsofcompositedeckareindryinteriorareas,fieldpaintingofburned,cutorabradedareasisnotusuallyrequired.Anytouchuprequirementsmustbeprovidedinthejobspecificationssincethedesignprofessionalestablishesthedeckfinishrequiredfortheenvironment.

Steel DeckInstitute

MAXIMUM FLOOR DECK CANTILEVERSFigure 13

NOTES:1) Allowablebendingstressof20ksiwithloadingofconcrete+deck+20psf, orconcrete+deck+150lb.concentratedload,whicheverisworse.

2) Allowabledeflectionoffreeedge(basedonfixedendcantilever)of1/120of cantileverspanunderloadingofconcrete+deck.

3) Bearingwidthof3-1/2”assumedwebcripplingcheck-concrete+deck+20 psfovercantileverandadjacentspan.Ifwidthislessthan3-1/2”checkwith thedeckmanufacturer.

STANDARD ACCESSORIES AT DECKED OVER OPENINGSFigure 14

Cellclosure(FIELDCUTTOCONTOUROFDECK,

ORUSEALTERNATEMEANSTODAMCONCRETE)

TYPICAL DETAIL @ ANGLE FRAMEDOPENING

(DECKINSTRONGDIRECTION)

Pourstop

Deck-fieldcutafterconcretepour(NOTBYDECKMANUFACTURER)

Pourstop

Deck-fieldcutafterconcretepour(NOTBYDECKMANUFACTURER)

TYPICAL DETAIL @ ANGLE FRAMEDOPENING

(DECKINWEAKDIRECTION)

Afterthefloordeck(orformdeck)hasbeenproperlyinstalled,itactsasaworkingplatformformanytrades.Thedeckshouldhavebeenselectedtoprovideatleastfiftypoundspersquarefootcapacityasaworkingplatform.Ifthecontractoranticipatesloadsontheplatformthatwillexceed50psf,heshouldtakeappropriatestepstoensurethedeckwillcarrytheload. Beforeconcreteispoured,thecontractorshouldmakesurethatthedeckisproperlyandcompletelyfastenedinaccordancewithap-proveddeckerectiondrawingsandthedeckhasadequatebearingonallsupports.Damagedareasmustberepairedoraccepted.Allferrulesshouldhavebeenbrokenoffthestuds.Alldirtanddebrismustberemoved.Allreinforcement,wiresorrods,shouldbesecure-lyinplace.Theconcretecontractorshouldreviewthedeckshoringrequirementsandmakesurethatshoresaresecurelyinplace. Concreteshouldbepouredfromalowleveltoavoidimpact-ingthedeck.Itshouldbeplaceduniformlyoverthesupportingstructureandspreadtowardsthecenterofthedeckspan.Concreteshouldbeplacedinadirectionsothattheweightisfirstappliedtothetopsheetatthesidelap,reducingthepossibilityofthesideopeningduringthepour.Workersshouldnotcongregatearoundtheconcreteplacementzone.Ifbuggiesareusedtoplacetheconcrete,runwaysshouldbeplankedandthebuggiesshouldonlyoperateontheplanking.Theplanksshouldbestiffenoughtotransferthebuggyloadswithoutdamagingthedeck.Deckdamagecausedbyrollbarsorcarelessplacementmustbeavoided. ForcalculatingdeckstressesanddeflectionsduringconcretingtheSDIloadingscheduleasshowninFigure16isrecommended.Thismethodofanalysishasbeeninuseformanyyearsandhasprovidedgoodresults.Becausepouringroomcanberestricted,specialconsiderationisrequiredforsinglespanconditions.Forexample,asinglespanconditioncommonlyoccursbetweenelevatorshafts,anditislikelythatconcreteplacementwillbelesscontrolled.A50%factoristhenaddedtotheconcreteweightandadeckgageselectedisbasedonthisloading.Asanalternative,shor-ingmaybespecified.Althoughdeckconnectionsareimportantforallspanconditions,theyareextremelyimportantforsinglespans.Connectionsshouldbethoroughlychecked. Asconcreteisplaced,theentireframeaswellasthedeckwilldeflect.Concretequantitiesshouldbecalculatedwithalldeflec-tionstakenintoaccount.Theweightofconcretefinishingequip-mentwillalsoaffectthecapacityofthedeckasaworkingplatform.Forexample,heavyequipmentsuitableforusetofinishslabsongradewillgenerallynotbesuitabletofinishelevatedconcreteslabssupportedbysteeldeck.

VIII. PLACING CONCRETE

Steel DeckInstitute

PLACING CONCRETE

Whenthedeckhasbeendesignedtoactasasheardiaphragm,itshouldbenotedontherecorddrawings.Thenoteshouldcau-tionthatthedeckpanelsactasbracingforthebuildingandthatremovinganyofthepanelsisprohibitedunlessseparatebracingisdesignedandprovided.Deckfastenersusedaroundframedopen-ingsshouldbethesameas,andtheirspacingequaltoorcloserthan,thefastenersusedtoattachthedecktotheframe. Ifthedeckistoactasadiaphragmduringconstruction,itmustberealizedthatthediaphragmisnoteffectiveuntilalldeckunitsareinplaceandfullyconnected.Therefore,ifdeckerectionisinter-ruptedbeforecompletion,temporarybracingmayberequired.

Steel DeckInstitute

IX. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DIAPHRAGMS

Figure 15

Recommended Maximum Spans for Construction and Maintenance Loads Standard 1 ½” and 3” Roof Deck

Narrow NR22 1 3’-10”1’-0”

RibDeck NR22 2ormore 4’-9” NR20 1 4’-10”

1’-2” NR20 2ormore 5’-11” NR18 1 5’-11”

1’-7” NR18 2ormore 6’-11”Intermediate IR22 1 4’-6”

1’-2”

RibDeck IR22 2ormore 5’-6” IR20 1 5’-3”

1’-5” IR20 2ormore 6’-3” IR18 1 6’-2”

1’-10” IR18 2ormore 7’-4”Wide WR22 1 5’-6”

1’-11”RibDeck WR22 2ormore 6’-6“ WR20 1 6’-3”

2’-4” WR20 2ormore 7’-5” WR18 1 7’-6”

2’-10” WR18 2ormore 8’-10”Deep 3DR22 1 11’-0”

3’-6”RibDeck 3DR22 2ormore 13’-0” 3DR20 1 12’-6”

4’-0” 3DR20 2ormore 14’-8” 3DR18 1 15’-0”

4’-10” 3DR18 2ormore 17’-8”

Maximum Span Span RecommendedSpans Type Condition Ft.-In. RoofDeckCantilever

CONSTRUCTION LOAD TABLE

DECK LOADING DIAGRAMS

Bending Moments — Deflections — Support ReactionsFigure 16

concentratedmanorequipmentload(150lbs./ft.ofwidthunfactored)

uniformconcreteload

/ clearspan uniformconstructionload(20psf,unfactored)

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

1. Design Manual for Composite Decks, Form Decks and Roof Decks, PublicationNo.30,SteelDeckInstitute,FoxRiverGrove,Illinois.2. Luttrell,L.D.andEllifritt,D.S.,“TheStrengthandStiffnessofSteel DeckSubjecttoIn-PlaneLoading’,’ReportNo.2011,Department ofCivilEngineering,WestVirginiaUniversity,1970.3. Steel Deck Institute Diaphragm Design Manual, DDM03.Third Edition,September,2004,SteelDeckInstitute, FoxRiverGrove,Illinois.4. “PreventingDamagetoBuildingsUnderConstruction”,1988 FactoryMutualApprovedProductNews,FactoryMutual Research,Norwood,Massachusetts.5. “FallProtectionforDeckInstallation”,ConstructionSafety AssociationofOntario,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.6. “StandardforSteelRoofDeck”,CanadianSheetSteelBuilding Institute,Willowdale,Ontario,Canada.7. Heagler,R.B.,Luttrell,L.D.,“HowtoFastenSteelDeck-Update andReview”,ModernSteelConstructionNumber1,1988, AmericanInstituteofSteelConstruction,Chicago,Illinois.8. 29CFRPart1926SafetyStandardforSteelErection,FinalRule, OSHA/U.S.Dept.ofLabor2001,Washington,D.C.9. “HandlingandErectionofSteelJoistsandJoistGirders”, TechnicalDigestNo.9-March,2006,SteelJoistInstitute, MyrtleBeach,SouthCarolina.10.Cold Formed Steel Design Manual,2002Edition,AmericanIron andSteelInstitute,Washington,D.C.11.Manual of Steel Construction,ThirteenthEdition,American InstituteofSteelConstruction,Inc.,Chicago,Illinois.12.Yu,W.W.,Cold Formed Steel Design,2000,JohnWileyandSons, NewYork,NewYork.13.Fire Resistance Directory,2006,UnderwritersLaboratories,Inc., Northbrook,Illinois.14.2006 Approval Guide,FactoryMutualSystem,Norwood, Massachusetts15.“LossPreventionData1-28”,2005,FactoryMutualSystem, Norwood,Massachusetts.16.NFPA.51B,StandardforFirePreventioninuseofCuttingand WeldingProcesses,NationalFireAssociation,Quincy, Massachusetts.17.Heagler,R.B.,“MetalDeckandConcreteQuantities”,SteelDeck Institute,FoxRiverGrove,Illinois.18.Structural Welding Code—Steel,ANSI/AWSD1.1-2006,American WeldingSociety,Miami,Florida.19.Structural Welding Code—Sheet Steel,ANSI/AWSD1.3-98, AmericanWeldingSociety,Miami,Florida.

Steel DeckInstitute

REFERENCES

Publication No. MOC2

STEEL DECK INSTITUTEP.O. Box 25Fox River Grove, IL 60021-0025TEL: 847-458-4647FAX: 847-458-4648WEB SITE: http://www.sdi.org

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