SCS Reading Fundamentals

Consonant and vowel phonemes

Fall 2013

Lynn Holmes

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

4th Grade Reading (2009)•33% below basic level•67% below proficient level

NAEP website, 2009

Thirty-three percent of poor readers come from homes

with college-educated parents

Reading researchers have shown that 95% of students can learn to read with high levels of fluency and comprehension.

60% of America's prison inmates are illiterate and 85% of all juvenile offenders have reading problems.

All

Some

Few

5% -Reading is Easy

35% -Reading is Relatively Easy

40% -Reading is A Formidable Challenge

20% -Reading is One of the Most Difficult Tasks to Be Mastered

How the Population Learns to Read

*Estimates and recommendations are based on the work of Lyon and other NICHD researchers

Differences in Learning to Read

Type of Learner

# of Necessary Repetitions

Most Able 2

Average 5

Least Able 100

What Happens Early, Matters…

“…the level of academic achievement that students attain by eighth grade has a larger impact on their college and career readiness than anything that happens academically in high school.”

ACT, Inc: The Forgotten Middle (2009)

What Is A Phoneme?• Definition: the smallest unit of sound that makes a

difference in meaning (or that changes one word into another word).

•

/k/ /a/ /t//h/ /a/ /t//h/ /o/ /t//h/ /o/ /p/

What Is A Consonant Phoneme?

• A consonant phoneme is a speech sound that is formed by fully or partially obstructing flow of the air stream.

• Consonants are often described as closed sounds.

The Consonant PhonemesPhonic Symbol Example Phonic Symbol Example

/b/ bat /n/ nut

/d/ dog /p/ pan

/f/ fun /r/ rat

/g/ game /s/ snake, city

/h/ hat /t/ top

/j/ jug, gym /v/ van

/k/ kite, cat /w/ wind

/l/ leaf /y/ yellow

/m/ man /z/ zebra, dogs

/th/ thumb /sh/ ship

/th/ this /wh/ whisper

/ch/ chin /ng/ king

/zh/ measure

Confusing Graphemes

Grapheme Phonemes(letter) (sound)

x /k/+/s/ qu /k/+/w/

6A

Consonant Phoneme Classification

How Do We Make Speech Sounds?

Original Image From: www.cancerbacup.org.uk/info/ refer/fact-head.htm (April 2004)

Vocal Cords

Nasal Cavity

Front of Tongue

Floor Of Mouth

Lip

Teeth

Hard Palate

Soft PalateLipAlveolar Ridge

Center of Tongue

Back of Tongue

Lips Lips/Teeth

TongueBetween

Teeth

Roof Of

Mouth

Back Of

Mouth

ThroatTongueJust

Behind

Teeth

P l a c e o f A r t i c u l a t i o n

The Phoneme Chart

Classifying Sounds:Place Of Articulation

Place the phonemes on the chart: /b/ /t/ /g/

/b/ /t/ /g/

6B

Classifying Sounds By Air Stream (Manner of Articulation): Stops And Continuants

Classifying Sounds By Airstreams:Using Stops And Continuants

• Continuant consonants should be used in the initial position when first teaching students to blend sounds into words.

– The initial sound /m/ “mmmmaaaap” is easier to blend then the initial sound /t/ “taaaap”

/b/

Classifying Sounds:Organize Consonants By Air Stream

Lips Lips/Teeth

TongueBetwee

nTeeth

Roof Of

Mouth

Back Of

Mouth

ThroatTongueJust

Behind Teet

h

P l a c e o f A r t i c u l a t i o n

Man

ner

of

Art

icu

lati

on Stop

Fricative

Affricate /j/

/s/

The Phoneme Chart

/b/a consonant phoneme that stops the stream of air

a consonant phoneme made with a continuing hiss or friction of air between two parts of the mouth

a consonant phoneme made with a stop followed by a fricative

Place these phonemes on the chart: /t/ /g/ /th/ /f/ /sh/

Classifying Sounds ActivityStops, Continuants, Combinations

Lips Lips/Teeth

TongueBetwee

nTeeth

Roof Of

Mouth

Back Of

Mouth

ThroatTongueJust

Behind Teet

h

P l a c e o f A r t i c u l a t i o n

Man

ner

of

Art

icu

lati

on Stop

Fricative

Affricate

/f/

/t/

/sh//th/

/g/

/j/

/s/

/b/

The Phoneme Chart

6C

This is Adam

This is Adam’s apple

Make the sound /z/ and hold it /zzzzzzzzz/. Touch your Adam’s apple while you make the sound. What do you feel?

Now hold the /fffffffff/ sound and check your Adam’s apple. What is the difference?

Classifying Sounds:Voiced And Unvoiced Sounds

Classifying Sounds:“Discovering The Sisters”

Noisy Noisy SisterSister

Quiet Quiet SisterSister

Classifying Sounds:Discovering The Sisters Activity

Place the phonemes on the chart: /b/ /k/ /v/ /th/ /d/ /z/ /ch/ /zh /

Lips Lips/Teeth

TongueBetwee

nTeeth

Roof Of

Mouth

Back Of

Mouth

ThroatTongueJust

Behind Teet

h

P l a c e o f A r t i c u l a t i o n

Man

ner

of

Art

icu

lati

on Stop

Fricative

Affricate

/g/

/ch/

/d/

/s/

/th//v/

/p/

/f/

/t/

/sh//th/

/k//b/

/z/

/j/

The Phoneme Chart

/zh/

6C

The voiced stops (/b/, /d/, /g/) are the

hardest to pronounce

Using explicit multisensory teaching

will help

Understanding Language Structure

Group Discussions

Discovering The Nasals

• Make the /m/ sound and hold it /mmmmm/ while you pinch your nose closed. What happens?

• What parts of your mouth are touching? Place /m/ on the phoneme chart.

Lips Lips/Teeth

TongueBetween

Teeth

Roof Of

Mouth

Back Of

Mouth

ThroatTongueJust

Behind

Teeth

P l a c e o f A r t i c u l a t i o n

Manner of Articulation

Nasal /m/consonant sound with the air stream directed through

the nose

6C

Discovering The Nasals

• Try the nose pinch method to determine which of these sounds is nasal: /w/ /n/

• Place the nasal on the chart.

Lips Lips/Teeth

TongueBetween

Teeth

Roof Of

Mouth

Back Of

Mouth

ThroatTongueJust

Behind

Teeth

P l a c e o f A r t i c u l a t i o n

Manner of Articulation

Nasal /n//m/

6C

Discovering The Nasals

• The sound at the end of king and other words ending in “ng” is not a blend of /n/ and /g/.

• /ng/ is a unique nasal sound. It is made at the back of the mouth. Place /ng/ on the chart.

Lips Lips/Teeth

TongueBetween

Teeth

Roof Of

Mouth

Back Of

Mouth

ThroatTongueJust

Behind

Teeth

P l a c e o f A r t i c u l a t i o n

Manner of Articulation

Nasal /m/ /n/ /ng/

6C

The Glides And Liquids

Lips Lips/Teeth

TongueBetwee

nTeeth

Roof Of

Mouth

Back Of

Mouth

ThroatTongueJust

Behind Teet

h

P l a c e o f A r t i c u l a t i o n

Man

ner

of

Art

icu

lati

on

Stop

Fricative

Affricate

The Phoneme Chart

Nasal

Glide

Liquid

a consonant sound that glides immediately into a vowel

a consonant sound that obstructs the air stream but does not cause friction

/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/

/f/ /v/ /th/ /th/ /s/ /z/ /sh/ /zh/

/ch/ /j/

/m/ /n/ /ng/

6C

The Glides And Liquids

Lips Lips/Teeth

TongueBetwee

nTeeth

Roof Of

Mouth

Back Of

Mouth

ThroatTongueJust

Behind Teet

h

P l a c e o f A r t i c u l a t i o n

Man

ner

of

Art

icu

lati

on

Stop

Fricative

Affricate

The Phoneme Chart

Nasal

Glide

Liquid

/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/

/f/ /v/ /th/ /th/ /s/ /z/ /sh/ /zh/

/ch/ /j/

/m/ /n/ /ng/

/y/ /wh/ /w/ /h/

/l/ /r/

6C

Which / Witch?

What Is A Vowel?

Introducing Vowels PhonemesLAX VOWELS(Short Vowels)

TENSE VOWELS(Long Vowels)

DIPHTHONGS

/a/ apple

/e/ Ed

/oi/ coin

/ou/ out

/i/ itch

/o/ octopus

/u/ up

R-CONTROLLED

/oo/ book

ape

eat

ice

oak

cube

moon

/er/ mother

/aw/ bought

/ar/ art

/or/ or

The r-controlled vowels are a subject of disagreement among linguists, but most instructional programs treat the vowel + r as one sound.

/a//e/

/i/

/o/

/u/

/oo/

Vowels Phonemes:Smiles, Opens And Rounds

• Say the vowel sounds /e/ and /oo/. • Observe your partner and feel your own

mouth as you say these vowels.• Decide which one should be called a “front,

smile” and which one a “back, rounded vowel”.

front, smile

low, open

back, rounded

e oo

Vowels Phonemes:Smiles, Opens, And Rounds

• Make each of these sounds with your partner, observe your partner’s mouth and feel your own.

/oo/ / i / /u/ / a / /o/

e

i

u oo

Vowels Phonemes:Smiles, Opens, And Rounds

• Write each phonic symbol in the column it seems to belong in.

front, smile low, openoo

a

oo

u

o

back, rounded

ei

a

o oo

Vowels Phonemes: The Vowel Circle

front, smile

e eate Ed

?

?back, round

low, open

e eat

e Ed

Vowels Phonemes: The Vowel Circle

front, smile

back, round

low, open

e eat

e Ed

?

?a at

i it

a at i it

Vowels Phonemes: The Vowel Circle

front, smile

back, round

low, open

e eat

e Ed

a at

i it

a ate

i ice

6F

Vowels Phonemes: The Vowel Circle

front, smile

back, round

i ice

low, open

e eat

e Ed

a at

i it

a ate

u

up

oddaw

law

o

6F

Vowels Phonemes: The Vowel Circle

front, smile

back, round

i ice

low, open

e eat

e Ed

oomoon

ooak

oolook

a at

i it

a ate

u

up

oddaw

law

o

6F

SCHWA

low, open

back, round

Vowels Phonemes: The Vowel Circle And Schwa

front, smile

Texas

e

i ice

e eat

e Ed

i it oomoon

ooak

oolook

a at

u

up

oddaw

law

o

a ate

6F

R-CONTROLLED

Vowels Phonemes: The Vowel Circle And R-Controlled

low, open

back, round

front, smile /er/

urge

her

sir

/ar/

art

/or/

orDIPHTHONG

/ou/ How, trout

/oy/ Boy, coin

SCHWA

Texas

e

i ice u

up

oddaw

law

o

e eat

e Ed

i it

a ate

oomoon

ooak

oolook

a at

6F

Reading is a multifaceted skill, gradually acquired over years of instruction and practice.

The Many Strands that are Woven into Skilled Reading(Scarborough, 2001)

BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE LANGUAGE STRUCTURES VERBAL REASONING

LITERACY KNOWLEDGE

PHON. AWARENESS

DECODING (and SPELLING) SIGHT RECOGNITION

SKILLED READING: fluent execution and coordination of word recognition and text comprehension.

LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION

WORD RECOGNITION

increasingly

automatic

increasingly

strategic

Skilled Reading- fluent coordination of

word reading and comprehension

processes

Principles of Reading Instruction

Reduce the Cognitive Load Cognitive load refers to the total amount of

mental activity imposed on working memory at a specific time

What students remember depends more on what they already know than on what you tell them.

McEwan-Adkins, 2010