Post on 21-Nov-2014
description
Evolution of Evolution of scientific scientific medicine medicine
Prof. Vajira WeerasingheProf. Vajira WeerasingheProfessor of PhysiologyProfessor of Physiology
Department of PhysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine Faculty of Medicine
University of Peradeniya University of Peradeniya
Chinese medicine Chinese medicine Known to have started in 2650 BCKnown to have started in 2650 BC
Classical Classical Chinese belief that the life and belief that the life and activity of individual human beings have an activity of individual human beings have an intimate relationship with the environment at intimate relationship with the environment at all levels all levels
Include such treatments as Chinese herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, and both Tui na and Shiatsu massage
Scientific proof was lacking Scientific proof was lacking
2650 BC
Egyptian medicine Egyptian medicine Recoded history says Egyptians were the first to practice
medicine
This medicine was highly advanced for the time, and included simple, non-invasive surgery, setting of bones and an extensive set of pharmacopoeia
Egyptians knew anatomy, knew the connection between pulse and heart
Later descended down due to foreign invasions
1800 BC
600 BC: Ancient Indian 600 BC: Ancient Indian Surgeon Surgeon SusrutaSusruta
Susruta Samhita is a great Ayurvedic surgical treatise written by Susruta, a surgeon in Varanasi about 600 BC. Because of the language difficulty, it has been practically inaccessible to the modern world so far.
600 BC
Ancient Medicine in Ceylon Ancient Medicine in Ceylon 400 BC
King Pandukabhaya (437-366 BC) in the King Pandukabhaya (437-366 BC) in the fourth century constructed an Ayurvedic fourth century constructed an Ayurvedic hospital - the first recorded hospital in the hospital - the first recorded hospital in the worldworld
The history of medical care began early in The history of medical care began early in ceylon ceylon
Later King Buddhadasa (337-365 AD) Later King Buddhadasa (337-365 AD) himself a physician of great repute, himself a physician of great repute, appointed a physician to be in charge of appointed a physician to be in charge of every ten villagesevery ten villages
Birth of western Birth of western medicinemedicine
Allopathic medicine Allopathic medicine allopathic medicine refers to "the broad allopathic medicine refers to "the broad
category of medical practice that is category of medical practice that is sometimes called western medicine, sometimes called western medicine, biomedicine, scientific medicine, or modern biomedicine, scientific medicine, or modern medicine"medicine"
HippocratesHippocrates460 BC – 370 BC
Considered to be the “Father of Medicine”
A greek physician and teacher of medicine
The first physician to reject superstitions, legends and beliefs that credited supernatural or divine forces with causing illness
Hippocratic medicine was notable for its strict professionalism, discipline and rigorous practice
He recommend that the physicians always be well-kempt (dressed), honest, calm, understanding, and serious
Hippocratic oath was named after him
AvicennaAvicenna Persian (Iranian) physician and philosopher He wrote the “Canon of Medicine” He describe
contagious diseases and sexually transmitted diseases
the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of infectious diseases
the introduction of experimental medicine
clinical trials
neuropsychiatry
risk factor analysis
and the idea of a syndrome in the diagnosis of specific diseases and hypothesized the existence of microrganisms
980 - 1037
Leonardo da VinciLeonardo da Vinci The world famous Italian painter was an anatomist as well
He became a master of topographic anatomy, drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features
He has done many experiments in neuroscience
1489
Andreas VesaliusAndreas VesaliusHe was an anatomist and a physician born in Brussels
He is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy
He made a trademark illustration of the brain in which he depicts the corpus callosum, the thalamus and many other important structures for the first time
1543
Vesalius dissecting human Vesalius dissecting human body (1500)body (1500)
In the mid-1500s, Andreas Vesalius and then others did their own dissections and found out that frequently the authorities were mistaken. This was one of the revolutions in the history of medicine.
1500
Barber-surgeonsBarber-surgeons
In the old days in UK there were no surgeonsIn the old days in UK there were no surgeons Barbers did removing a nail and other surgeries Barbers did removing a nail and other surgeries Later they splitLater they split
Even to date in UK, surgeons are called Mr. whereas Even to date in UK, surgeons are called Mr. whereas physicians are called Dr. physicians are called Dr.
1540
William HarveyWilliam Harvey Was an English Physician Was an English Physician
Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in AnimalsHeart and of the Blood in Animals
His famous book was called “De Motu His famous book was called “De Motu Cordis”Cordis”
He added the critical experimental finding that blood is "pumped" around the body by the heart
1628
Antonie van LeeuwenhoekAntonie van Leeuwenhoek Dutch tradesman and scientistDutch tradesman and scientist
Considered to be the first Considered to be the first microbiologist
He is best known for his work on the He is best known for his work on the improvement of the improvement of the microscope
Using his handcrafted microscope he Using his handcrafted microscope he was the first to observe and describe was the first to observe and describe single celled organismssingle celled organisms
1700
Pasteur, Lister & KochPasteur, Lister & Koch 18571857
Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur (French chemist & (French chemist & microbiologist) identifies germs as cause of microbiologist) identifies germs as cause of diseasedisease
18671867Joseph ListerJoseph Lister (British surgeon) develops (British surgeon) develops
the use of antiseptic surgical methods and the use of antiseptic surgical methods and publishes “Antiseptic principle of the practice publishes “Antiseptic principle of the practice of surgery”of surgery”
18701870Robert KochRobert Koch (German Physician) and (German Physician) and
Louis Pasteur establish the germ theory of Louis Pasteur establish the germ theory of diseasedisease
Claude Bernard Claude Bernard French physiologist French physiologist
He was the first to define the term: He was the first to define the term: “milieu interieur” (the internal “milieu interieur” (the internal environment) and describe the principle environment) and describe the principle of homeostasis of homeostasis
He was one of the first to suggest the He was one of the first to suggest the use of blind experiments to ensure the use of blind experiments to ensure the objectivity of scientific observationsobjectivity of scientific observations
1865
Santiago Ramón y Cajal A Spanish neuroscientist A Spanish neuroscientist
He pioneered investigations of the He pioneered investigations of the microscopic structure of the brain and microscopic structure of the brain and described the “neurone”described the “neurone”
He shared the Nobel Prize for He shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Camillo Physiology or Medicine with Camillo Golgi in 1906 Golgi in 1906 for their contribution to the structure of for their contribution to the structure of the nervous systemthe nervous system
1894
Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov Russian physiologist, , psychologist, ,
and physicianand physician He was awarded the Nobel Prize in He was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive research pertaining to the digestive systemsystem
He described “the conditioned reflex” He described “the conditioned reflex” using dogs salivation using dogs salivation
1897
Wilhelm RoentgenWilhelm Roentgen German physicist German physicist
Discovered XRayDiscovered XRay
He received the first Nobel Prize in He received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 Physics in 1901
1901
E.H. Starling E.H. Starling – British Physiologist – British Physiologist
He described the famous "Frank-Starling law He described the famous "Frank-Starling law of the heart“of the heart“
The discovery of peristalsis, with BaylissThe discovery of peristalsis, with Bayliss
The discovery of secretin, the first hormone, The discovery of secretin, the first hormone, with Bayliss (1902) and the introduction of the with Bayliss (1902) and the introduction of the concept of hormones (1905)concept of hormones (1905)
The discovery that the distal convoluted The discovery that the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney reabsorbs water and tubule of the kidney reabsorbs water and various electrolytesvarious electrolytes
1915
First human heart First human heart transplant transplant
1967
The world's first human heart The world's first human heart transplant was performed by transplant was performed by Christiaan Barnard on December Christiaan Barnard on December 3, 1967 in Cape Town South Africa3, 1967 in Cape Town South Africa
First CT Scan First CT Scan 1971
Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield (English electrical engineer) and (English electrical engineer) and Allan McLeod Cormack (South African Physicist)
Shared the 1979 Nobel Prize for Shared the 1979 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for this Physiology or Medicine for this invention invention
MRI Scan MRI Scan 1974-2001
Peter Mansfield (british physicist) and Peter Mansfield (british physicist) and Paul Lauterbur (US chemist) Paul Lauterbur (US chemist)
Awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries concerning magnetic discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)resonance imaging (MRI)
First Test-tube BabyFirst Test-tube Baby Every year, millions of couples try to Every year, millions of couples try to
conceive a child; unfortunately, many find conceive a child; unfortunately, many find that they cannotthat they cannot
On July 25, 1978, Louise Joy Brown, the On July 25, 1978, Louise Joy Brown, the world's first successful "test-tube" baby world's first successful "test-tube" baby was born in Great Britainwas born in Great Britain
Dr. Patrick Steptoe, a gynecologist at Dr. Patrick Steptoe, a gynecologist at Oldham General Hospital, and Dr. Robert Oldham General Hospital, and Dr. Robert Edwards, a physiologist at Cambridge Edwards, a physiologist at Cambridge University, UK performed this procedure University, UK performed this procedure
1978
DNA FingerprintingDNA Fingerprinting Genetic, genomic, or DNA fingerprinting is the Genetic, genomic, or DNA fingerprinting is the
term applied to a range of techniques that are term applied to a range of techniques that are used to show similarities and dissimilarities used to show similarities and dissimilarities between the DNA present in different individualsbetween the DNA present in different individuals
Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester developed DNA fingerprinting in the mid 1980sdeveloped DNA fingerprinting in the mid 1980s
The sequence of nucleotides in DNA is similar to a The sequence of nucleotides in DNA is similar to a fingerprint, in that it is unique to each personfingerprint, in that it is unique to each person
DNA fingerprinting is used for identifying people, DNA fingerprinting is used for identifying people, studying populations, and forensic investigationsstudying populations, and forensic investigations
1980s
Use of DNA Fingerprinting in Use of DNA Fingerprinting in Sri Lanka during Tsunami Sri Lanka during Tsunami
periodperiod - Baby 81 - Baby 81The baby, around 2 months old, was reportedly found on The baby, around 2 months old, was reportedly found on
the beach of the town of Kalmunai on the day of the the beach of the town of Kalmunai on the day of the disaster, 26 December 2004, in the midst of debris disaster, 26 December 2004, in the midst of debris caused by the tsunamicaused by the tsunami
No relatives were found in the vicinity, so he was taken to No relatives were found in the vicinity, so he was taken to Kalmunai hospitalKalmunai hospital
He was said to be the 81st victim taken to that hospital He was said to be the 81st victim taken to that hospital after the tsumani hit Sri Lanka, and so named Baby 81after the tsumani hit Sri Lanka, and so named Baby 81
Eight couples had claimed baby 81 was theirs. The question Eight couples had claimed baby 81 was theirs. The question ended up with a judgeended up with a judge
The judge had DNA for identification. Testing by molecular The judge had DNA for identification. Testing by molecular biologists soon found the real parentsbiologists soon found the real parents
2004
Dolly – the first cloned the Dolly – the first cloned the sheep sheep
1996
The first vaccine against The first vaccine against cancer cancer
2010
In April 2010, USA approved the first cancer In April 2010, USA approved the first cancer treatment vaccinetreatment vaccine
This vaccine is approved for use in some men with This vaccine is approved for use in some men with metastatic prostate cancermetastatic prostate cancer
It is designed to stimulate an immune response It is designed to stimulate an immune response to to prostatic acid phosphataseprostatic acid phosphatase(PAP), an antigen (PAP), an antigen present on most prostate cancerspresent on most prostate cancers
No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single
experiment can prove me wrong. Albert
Einstein 1879 - 1955