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Scientific Innovations, Inc.Scientific Innovations, Inc.Joseph Brondo President and CEOJoseph Brondo President and CEOBrookhaven National LaboratoryBrookhaven National Laboratory
Lucian Wielopolski, P.I.Lucian Wielopolski, P.I.
Naval Surface Naval Surface Warfare CenterWarfare CenterMarch 2, 2005March 2, 2005
Scientific Innovations, Inc.Scientific Innovations, Inc.Joseph Brondo President and CEOJoseph Brondo President and CEOBrookhaven National LaboratoryBrookhaven National Laboratory
Lucian Wielopolski, P.I.Lucian Wielopolski, P.I.
Naval Surface Naval Surface Warfare CenterWarfare CenterMarch 2, 2005March 2, 2005
SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR MATERIALS USING MONO-MATERIALS USING MONO-
ENERGETIC HIGH ENERGY GAMMA ENERGETIC HIGH ENERGY GAMMA RAYSRAYS
SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES AND NUCLEAR MATERIALS USING MONO-MATERIALS USING MONO-
ENERGETIC HIGH ENERGY GAMMA ENERGETIC HIGH ENERGY GAMMA RAYSRAYS
SSCIENTIFICCIENTIFIC
InnovationsInnovations
Inc.Inc.
SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORYLABORATORY
ObjectivesObjectives
1.1. A full scale demonstration system for A full scale demonstration system for resonance technology for explosives and resonance technology for explosives and IED detection in transmission and standoff IED detection in transmission and standoff modes.modes.
2.2. Demonstration of simultaneous detection Demonstration of simultaneous detection of explosives and nuclear materials.of explosives and nuclear materials.
SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS, INC. BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORYLABORATORY
Physics –Radiation Interaction with MatterPhysics –Radiation Interaction with Matter
Gamma Resonance Technology, GRTGamma Resonance Technology, GRTis based on resonance interaction of gamma radiation with a specific level in a nucleus of an element of interest, e.g., N, O, Cl, and detection of the transmitted incident radiation or that induced by nuclear fluorescence.
Photo-Fission Technology, PFTPhoto-Fission Technology, PFT is based on nuclear absorption of energetic gamma rays that above threshold energy induce fission in fissile materials, e.g., U-235, Pu-239, Th-232, and subsequent detection of the emitted delayed neutrons.
High-Z Detection Technology, HZTHigh-Z Detection Technology, HZTis based on attenuation of dual or triple high energy gamma beams and solving simultaneous transmission equations for resolving high- and low-z materials.
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Basic CharacteristicsBasic Characteristics
• Simultaneous inspection for explosives and nuclear materials
• Specific signature for explosives• Fully automated decision making
• Single source can feed multiple inspection stations
•High throughput (1600 bags/hr, 24LD-3/hr/station)
• No residual activation or site contamination
• Elemental 3-D imaging capability
• Low false alarm rate (<5%)
• Monoenergetic high energy gamma rays ~ 10 MeV
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Public SafetyPublic SafetyPublic SafetyPublic Safety
• Accelerator produces low energy x-rays.• Target produces only gamma radiation, no neutrons.• Shielded highly collimated beam.• Dose to image N in human body 0.026 mrem.• Dose to stowaway will be considerable lower.• Gamma flux is two to three orders of magnitude
lower than for VACIS or CT systems.
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Gamma Resonance Technology, GRTGamma Resonance Technology, GRT
8.80 8.92 9.04 9.16 9.28 9.40
Energy (MeV)
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
Att
en
uati
on
(b
arn
s/ato
m) Breit-Wigner Cross Section
at 9.17 MeV in Nitrogen
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102
Energy (MeV)
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
Att
en
uati
on
(b
arn
s/ato
m)
Total Attenuation,
Photoelectric, Compton,
Pair Production, 6
Resonance
Mass Attenuation of Nitrogenand at 9.17 MeV Gamma Resonance
Resonance cross section is givenby the Breit-Wigner formula:
abi = 2gabi
(E-ER)2 + 2/4
where g is a statisticalfactor given by:
g = 2J + 1
(2s + 1)(2i + 1)
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Resonance AttenuationResonance Attenuation
It is possible to measure simultaneously the resonant and non resonant gamma ray fluxes. The ratio of the two identifies the explosive
At 9.17 MeV gamma ray resonance attenuation is about four times higher than the non resonant radiation.
Deviation from resonant energy (eV)
Arb
itra
ry u
nits
Incident 9.17 MeV Spectrum Non-resonant
attenuation
Total attenuation
Resonant and non-resonant cross-sections in 14N (barn/atom)
Incident 9.17 MeV spectrum and its attenuation by a 10 cm thick dynamite slab
Net nitrogen = total attenuation
attenuation non-resonant attenuation
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Gamma Resonance Technology, GRTGamma Resonance Technology, GRT
A low energy proton beamhits a dedicated target andproduces resonance gammarays. These interact resonantly with N or Cl encountered in the explosive.
Monitoring the transmittedand the scattered beams,with the transmission and scattering detectors,respectively, allows analysisand imaging of the elements of interest.
Accelerator
Target
Transmission Detectors
Object
TransmittedBeam
Protons
ScatteringDetectors
ScatteredBeam
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Resonance Gamma Ray Broadening Resonance Gamma Ray Broadening
Gamma-rays from the de-excitation of 14N* (9.17 MeV) following proton capture via 13C(p,)14N reaction (1.75 MeV resonance)
80.66o
0.75o aperture
1.75 MeV protons
13C target
• Resonant gamma-rays are emitted at α =80.66o to the beam, where DE(Doppler) = 2 x nuclear-recoil•The 9.17 MeV emission line is broadened to ~520eV
Contributions to line broadening are:• Nuclear level width – 128 eV• Proton beam resolution – few-eV per keV beam spread• Proton beam optics – typically ~100 eV• Doppler vibrations of target nuclei – 40-80 eV• Atomic excitations concomitant with (p, ) – 480 eV
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InspectedObject
System Main ComponentsSystem Main Components
Detectors
Proton Accelerator
~2 MeV, 10 mA
Target
(p,) E 4
Gamma Beams
~ 80.66°
Δ ~ 0.75°
Recoil DopplerE = (E - E2/Mc2)(1 + (v/c)cos)
E ~10 MeV
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Multiplicity of Inspection StationsMultiplicity of Inspection Stations
Single system feeds simultaneouslyfour inspection stations at one location.
Single system feeds alternativelythree inspection locations.
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Compact Accelerator FootprintCompact Accelerator Footprint
Two compact accelerators (can beexpanded to four) attached to a single power supply occupy a verysmall footprint. With a flexible cablethey can be placed in any arbitraryconfiguration.
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Accelerator SpecificationsAccelerator Specifications
High Voltage ~2 MVBeam Current 10 mA per headEnergy Stability (including ripple) ±1 keVBeam Intensity Stability ±5%Normalized Emittance <6 mm-mrad in each planeElectron suppression on column reduce x-ray radiationEnergy regulation based on 90 deg. double-
focusing magnet and slit systemAuxiliary voltage regulation based on generating voltmeterRipple detection based on capacitive pick-upBeam diagnostics two beam profiles monitors, two
Faraday cups with electrometerOperation and display digital, PC controlled
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Accelerator Auxiliary SystemsAccelerator Auxiliary Systems
Dimensions:ICT power supply height ~ 3 m - Ø ~ 2.2 mAccelerator head height ~ 2.5 m - Ø ~ 1.5 m Total weight ~ 10 tons
Power requirement:~25 kVA per head (there are 100 kvA PS)
Water cooling ~ 50 litres/minute for ICT ~ 30 litres/minute for beam head ~ 20 kW
Capacitor bank : ~ 1 meter (H) x 1 meter (L) x 1 meter (d) Regulator : ~ 2 m (H) x 1 m (L) x 1.50 m (d)- Electrical distribution board : ~ 2 m (H) x 1.60 m (L) x 0.40 m (d)Consoles for control : ~ 1.80 m (H) x 0.60 m (L) x 0.80 m (d)
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Accelerator OperationAccelerator Operation
Hydrogen gas refilling, annually
Target unknown
ECR ion source inspected annually
PC Controlled
7/24 operation automated unattended
Tube 5000 h beam time
Minimal training
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PC ControlledPC Controlled
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DetectorsDetectors
Linear array of:NaI, Resonance Detectors
Bulk Detection:Liquid ScintillatorSandwich Detectors
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Accelerator ConfigurationsAccelerator Configurations
Alpha Prototype Beta Prototype
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Potential Field DeploymentPotential Field Deployment
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Potential Field DeploymentPotential Field Deployment
StackedContainers
Detectors
Resonance Gamma
Beam
36’8’
18’
Target
21’
Using four ramps may inspect simultaneously 40 foot container in about 3 to 4 minutes, stacked containers will double the capacity.(Times extrapolated from experiments)
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ApplicationsApplications
Can be engineered into a transportable,
readily deployable system
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GRT: Proof-of-PrincipleGRT: Proof-of-Principle
Images:
Out of resonance
In resonance
Nitrogenous and
non-nitrogenousobjects placed
in a beam.
Experiments carried outby Nahal Soreq Group
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GRT: Demonstration on LD-3GRT: Demonstration on LD-3
Six explosives were hidden in a LD-3 container loaded with a mixed cargo.NRC Nahal Soreq group carried out these experiments using resonance detectors for nitrogen detection.
Two images are created simultaneously. The upper image shows a regular gamma transmission radiograph. The lower image shows nitrogen image that clearly identifies the explosives.
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PFT: Proof-of-PrinciplePFT: Proof-of-Principle
Nuclear material present
No nuclear material present
Time after pulse
AcceleratorPulses
Region of
Interest
Experiments carried out at INEEL
PC with AcquisitionProgram
Analysis Program
MCS
3He NeutronDetector
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Monoenergetic versus BremsstrahlungMonoenergetic versus BremsstrahlungPhotofissionPhotofission
Emax
n = dr3 (E,x)N(x,t)(E)dE Ethres
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 5 10 15 20
Photon Energy (MeV)
Cro
ss S
ectio
n (m
b)
U-235
U-238
Th-232
Pu-239
Φ(E,x) Φ(x)
En = Ephoton - Ethres
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Low- High- Z SeparationLow- High- Z Separation(Dual Energy Absorptiometry)(Dual Energy Absorptiometry)
HH22OO FeFe PbPb UU
T (cm)T (cm)
@ 5 @ 5 MeVMeV
5x55x5 58.758.755
7.157.15 3.683.68 2.122.12
10x1010x10 14.714.722
1.791.79 0.9230.923 0.530.53
A=expA=exp
(-OT)(-OT)5x55x5 0.1690.169
10x1010x10 0.6400.640
A @ 10 A @ 10 MeVMeV
5x55x5 0.270.2722
0.1850.185 0.1290.129 0.1290.129
10x1010x10 0.720.7222
0.6560.656 0.5980.598 0.5990.599
A @ 15 A @ 15 MeVMeV
5x55x5 0.320.3255
0.1780.178 0.0990.099 0.0940.094
10x1010x10 0.750.7555
0.6480.648 0.5590.559 0.5540.554
Ratio Ratio 5/10 5/10 MeVMeV
5x55x5 0.620.6211
0.9140.914 1.311.31 1.311.31
10x1010x10 0.880.8866
0.9760.976 1.071.07 1.071.07
Ratio Ratio 5/15 5/15 MeVMeV
5x55x5 0.520.52 0.9490.949 1.721.72 1.791.79
10x1010x10 0.840.8488
0.9880.988 1.141.14 1.151.15
Materials with the same optical thickness as 1000 g of Uat 5 MeV can be separated using dual high energy gamma beams
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Cluster AnalysisCluster Analysis
Resonance Mass Attenuation (Nres) 0.05 cm2/gResonance Count Rate 0.04 pC/sANon-Resonance Count Rate 0.80 eC/sA
Experimental Values
n
N’=kN0 N0
Gamma Resonance CountsN0-kN0= n√N0
2n
1-kN0=
k = exp(-d)
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Scanning Times Scanning Times
CRp 200 C/s(5mA) * 153x156x163 cm3, Max. 1588 kg, 0.4 g/cc, Att. Factor 4# 8’x8’x20’, 246x246x610 cm3, Max. 20000 kg, 0.54 g/cc, Att. Factor 12
Cont- Explosive Explosive Time/ Scanainer Dimensions Mass Slice Time
cm g s min
LD3* 20x20x0.5 300 8 10LD3 5x5x5 190 1.4 1.75 C# 10x10x10 1500 1.8 3.66a
Estimated scanning times based on 3 sigma confidence level
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Possible LocationsPossible Locations
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Stand Off - Attenuation in AirStand Off - Attenuation in Air
Photon energy distribution in- and out- of resonance impinging upon a single detector after traversing 50 m of air, using 10 eV wide scoring beans the additional attenuation due to resonance cross section is clearly visible.
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HMX and Air Parameters HMX and Air Parameters
Source emission Φ0: 270 /s/cm2/mA at distance of 1 mCotton density: 0.3 g/cm3, (C6H10O5)n, / = 0.0219 cm2/gHMX: 1.9 g/cm3, (C4H8N8O8), / = 0.0216 cm2/g
on resonance / = 0.0623 cm2/gDetector: BaF2, 4.89 g/cm3
Air (weight fraction): 14N 0.755, 16O 0.232, Air Density: 0.001225 g/cm3
Air Attenuation: off resonance / = 0.021 cm2/g, N Attenuation on resonance / = 0.052 cm2/g, (exp)
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Stand Off Distance ConsiderationsStand Off Distance Considerations
DistancDistancee
(m)(m)
Transmission in Air Transmission in Air (%)(%) Pixel Pixel
SizeSize
(PS)(PS)
(cm)(cm)
ΦΦ//ΦΦ00 (A/A(A/Aoo))
Geom.Geom.
G2G2
A/4A/4ππrr22
(cm(cm22))
OffOff
ResonResonanceance
OnOn
ResonResonanceance
TotalTotal
1010 9797 9595 9292 13/1313/13 11A/8E-A/8E-
88
5050 8888 7979 6969 65/6565/65 11A/3E-A/3E-
99
100100 7777 6262 4848 65/1365/1300
1/21/2 A/8E-A/8E-1010
200200 6666 3838 2323 65/2665/2600
1/41/4 A/2E-A/2E-1010
300300 4646 2323 1111 65/3965/3900
1/61/6 A/9E-A/9E-1111
Φ0 - 270 /s/cm2/mA at distance of 1 m, Δ ~ 0.75°
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Stand Off Angular ConsiderationsStand Off Angular Considerations
0 2 4 6 8 10
Energy (MeV)
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
Gam
ma
Yie
ld (/
Sr/
sou
rce)
Incident Gamma on the Detector Surface at Alpha 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Energy (MeV)
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
Gam
ma
Yie
ld (/
Sr/
sou
rce)
Incident Gamma on the Detector Surface at Alpha 45
0 2 4 6 8 10
Energy (MeV)
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
Gam
ma
Yie
ld (/
Sr/
sou
rce)
Incident Gamma on the Detector Surface at Alpha 90
0 2 4 6 8 10
Energy (MeV)
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
Gam
ma
Yie
ld (/
Sr/
sou
rce)
Incident Gamma on the Detector Surface at Alpha 135
0 2 4 6 8 10
Energy (MeV)
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
Gam
ma
Yie
ld (/
Sr/
sou
rce)
Incident Gamma on the Detector Surface at Alpha 180
1) It is conceivable to measure gamma radiation resulting from the nuclear fluorescence.
2) The backward angles are preferable over forward angles due to reduced Compton background.
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Stand Off ConsiderationsStand Off Considerations
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Angle ( )
1.0*10-003
1.5*10-003
2.0*10-003
2.5*10-003
Gam
ma
Yie
ld (
gam
mas
/Sr)
M15kgM10kgM5kgM05kgM025kgM01kgM005kg
Nuclear Fluorescence Yield For Various Explosive Mass M
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Unilateral SystemUnilateral System
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Nuclear Fluorescence to Measure FeNuclear Fluorescence to Measure Fe
Oven to heat the sourceto about 1050º C.
Heart measurement of aThalasemia subject.
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Detection of Roadside ExplosivesDetection of Roadside Explosives
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Multiple Uses of the Basic SystemMultiple Uses of the Basic System
NFD
NFD -Nuclear Fluorescence Detectors
Future expansion of the basic unit by adding various detectionsystems and accelerators to the same high voltage generator
NRDNRD
NRD -Non-Resonance Detectors
High VoltageGenerator
Proton Accelerator
Proton Accelerator
Container #1
Container #4
Container #3
Container #2
RD
RD -Resonance Detectors
ND
ND -Neutron Detectors
CERBERUSCERBERUS
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Current Location at BNLCurrent Location at BNLCurrent Location at BNLCurrent Location at BNL
The System Has Been Located at BNL in Bldg. 945
945
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Technology ReadinessTechnology ReadinessTechnology ReadinessTechnology Readiness
Accelerator:ECR Ion Source T9
ICT Power Supply T9
Target T5
Accelerator Integration T5
Detectors:Conventional T9
Resonance T5
Sandwich T5
System Integration T5
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EDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Potential UsersPotential UsersEDS-GRT: EDS-GRT: Potential UsersPotential Users
Force Protection (DoD)• Military Bases• Counter-terrorism
• Explosives Detection in Vehicles
Warhead/Rocket QC (DoD)• Crack & Void Detection• Mixture Quality
• 24% Rejection / Shelf Life
Medical Research• Neutron Capture Therapy• Whole Body Composition
Environmental Cleanup (DoD))
• Unexploded Ordnance Detection• Mine Field Clearance
US Customs• Border Control• Seaports
• Explosives / Drug Detection in Large Containers
Resonance Technology
Department of Transportation (DoTDepartment of Transportation (DoT)• FAA
• Explosives Detection in Cargo• Checked baggage inspection• Scanning trucks/vehicles
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Possible Time TablePossible Time Table
Documentation
Scanning System
System Engineering
Detectors
Targets
Single Stage Accelerator
System Integration
&Evaluation
4 12 16 Month80
Experiments &
Demonstration
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ESTIMATED COST FOR ESTABLISHING THE FULLY ESTIMATED COST FOR ESTABLISHING THE FULLY OPERATIONAL FACILITY WITHIN THE FIRST YEAROPERATIONAL FACILITY WITHIN THE FIRST YEAR
ESTIMATED COST FOR ESTIMATED COST FOR ESTABLISHING THE FULLY ESTABLISHING THE FULLY OPERATIONAL FACILITY WITHIN OPERATIONAL FACILITY WITHIN THE FIRST YEARTHE FIRST YEAR
Budget:Budget: Labor (3FTE)Labor (3FTE) 357,415.00357,415.00 Riggers (3x4)Riggers (3x4) 7,200.00 7,200.00 Accelerator leaseAccelerator lease 750,000.00 750,000.00 SubcontractsSubcontracts SII SII 750,000.00750,000.00 NRCNRC 100,000.00100,000.00 TargetTarget 100,000.00100,000.00 MiscellaneousMiscellaneous 200,000.00200,000.00 (SF6, chiller, shielding,(SF6, chiller, shielding, Radiation monitors,Radiation monitors, Radiation security, transport line)Radiation security, transport line) Total DirectTotal Direct
$2,264,615.00$2,264,615.00 Total IndirectTotal Indirect
$614,555.00$614,555.00 TotalTotal
$2,879,170.00$2,879,170.00
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