Post on 27-Mar-2015
Scientific activities of the IPPLM Scientific activities of the IPPLM in the area of PWIin the area of PWI
Selected researchSelected research
Jerzy WołowskiPaweł Gąsior
Monika Kubkowska
Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)Association EURATOM – IPPLM, Warsaw, PolandAssociation EURATOM – IPPLM, Warsaw, Poland
Laser Plasma Division (LPD).Laser Plasma Division (LPD).
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
1. Introduction.
2. Equipment used for PWI studies in LPD_IPPLM.
3. Study of laser-induced co-deposit removal from graphite
ALT limiter tile retrieved from the TEXTOR tokamak.
4. Collection and characterisation of co-deposit dust ablated
from the TEXTOR samples.
5. Study of laser ablation of surface layer from ASDEX Upgrade
samples.
6. Summary.
PUMA-pwi Project
ContentsContents
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
1.1. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
The LPD employs 14 researchers (including 4 PhD students), 2 engineers and 10 technicians.
A many years' research programme accomplished at the Institute of
Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion by the LaserLaser PlasmaPlasma Division Division
(LPD)(LPD) in collaboration with foreign teams includes:
► ► study of laser-matter interaction and development of laser study of laser-matter interaction and development of laser
techniques for various applications, including PWI technologies,techniques for various applications, including PWI technologies,
► ► study of study of laser-generatedlaser-generated plasmasplasmas,, including processes related including processes related
to laser-fusion. to laser-fusion.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
Introduction.Introduction.The Laser Plasma Division in IPPLM.The Laser Plasma Division in IPPLM.
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
To develop methods of laser-induced removal of co-
deposit layers from the surface of in-vessel components supported
by different diagnostics.
To analyse the elemental content of the ionized material
removed from the in-vessel samples with the use of ion
diagnostics and optical spectroscopy.
To develop methods of collection and characterisation
of laser-produced co-deposit dust.
To characterise the properties of surface of in-vessel
components after laser treatment using different methods
of material research in collaborating laboratories.
Introduction.Introduction.PWI research - motivation.PWI research - motivation.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
■■ FZJ, Jülich GMBh, GermanFZJ, Jülich GMBh, German
■■ VR, Alfven Lab., (KTH), Stockholm, VR, Alfven Lab., (KTH), Stockholm, SwedenSweden
■■ IPP Garching, GermanyIPP Garching, Germany
■■ JET, Culham, UKJET, Culham, UK
■■ UKAEA, Culham, UKUKAEA, Culham, UK
■■ IPP ASCR, Prague, Czech Rep.IPP ASCR, Prague, Czech Rep.
Introduction.Introduction.Lollaborating Laboratories.Lollaborating Laboratories.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
2.2. EQUIPMENT USED FOR PWI STUDIES IN LPD_IPPLM.EQUIPMENT USED FOR PWI STUDIES IN LPD_IPPLM.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
Laser beam:• beam diameter: 3-10 mm• laser pulse energy: up to 0.8J• repetition rate: up to 10 Hz.
Set of ion collectorsfront view
The experimental set-up: • vacuum interaction chamber • ion diagnostic devices • a repetitive pulse laser system • a movable target holder.
Scheme of the experimental set-up (I)Scheme of the experimental set-up (I)
An ion energyanalyser (IAE)
IEA
Sample signal for tungsten
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
Electrostatic ion energy analyser (IEA)
Photo of the experimental arrangement IPhoto of the experimental arrangement I
Repetative Nd:YAG laser system
Chamber for laser-induced removal of codeposit layer from graphite tokamak tiles
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
PC controlledmotion system
Laser beam:• beam diameter: 3-10 mm• pulse energy: up to 0.8 J• repetition rate: up to 10 Hz• focus spot: ~ 2.5 mm.
Plasma region: observed by the spectrometer:
~1 mm in the front of the target.`
Optical spectrometer: Mechelle5000 with ANDOR iCCD DH734
Scheme of the experimental set-up (II)Scheme of the experimental set-up (II)
Ion Energy Analyser
Characterisation of ablation process and properties of codepesit in this experiment were performed using: ion energy analyser optical spectrometer.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
Spectrometer Mechelle5000
Wavelength range 200 – 975 nm
Focal length 195 mm
Dispersion / 213.2 [nm/ mm]
/ 16400 [nm/ pixel]
Active pixels in
iCCD 1024 1024
Photo of the experimental set-up (II)Photo of the experimental set-up (II)
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
Vacuum chamberNd:YAG laser
Me5000 spectrometer
Fiber laser YLP-1-120-100-100
Pulse repetition rate: 20 - 100 kHz
Average output power: 100 W (at 100 kHz)
Central emission wavelength: 1065 nm
Pulse duration: 100 – 150 ns
Pulse energy: 1 mJ
Polarisation state: random.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
A new pulsed Yb:fiber laser system A new pulsed Yb:fiber laser system for technological applicationsfor technological applications
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
3. STUDY OF LASER-INDUCED CO-DEPOSIT REMOVAL
FROM GRAPHITE ALT LIMITER TILE RETRIEVED
FROM THE TEXTOR TOKAMAK.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
Conclusion:
The IEA delivers information about chemical composition including
the amount of deuterium and impurities on surface of graphite tile.
58Ni
+152Cr
+1
H+1
D+1
10B+1
11B+1
12C+2
13C
+1
12C
+1
56Fe+1
28Si
+2 28Si
+1
16O+1
E/z = 0.15 keV
ampl
itude
, V
time of flight, µs
The IAE spectra of laser-produced codeposit plasma The IAE spectra of laser-produced codeposit plasma produced by laser interacting with graphite tile retrived from produced by laser interacting with graphite tile retrived from the TEXTOR tokamak.the TEXTOR tokamak.
0 5 10 15 20 25
-0,002
0,000
184W+1
96Mo+1
93Nb+1
56Fe+1 58Ni+1
E/z = 4.00 keV
#05040715(16) Target Lim E
L = 21.6*27 = 583 mJ
= 3 ns, = 2.3 mm, I = 4.8109 W/cm2, f = 39 cm, LLT
= 54.5 cm, LCT
= 72.6 cm
ampl
itude
, V
time of flight, µs
The IAE spectrum of low- and midium-Z ions (E/z = 0.15keV)
The IAE spectrum of contaminant high-Z ions (E/z = 4.0 keV)
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
0 60 120
-0,04
0,00
after series of 50 laser shots
U [V
]
T [s]
before series of laser shots
E/z=0.15 keV D+1
Si+1
C+1
O+1
(D+1)
C+1
(O+1)
Si+1
Decreased number of deuterium ions
Efficiency of codeposit removal estimated Efficiency of codeposit removal estimated on the basis of IEA spectra.on the basis of IEA spectra.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
Spectrum taken for a cleaned surface (after series of 40 shots) – no evidence of deuterium
Conclusion:
• Fuel species are present in relatively thick co-deposit layer,which is removed after 30-40 laser pulses.
• The spectrum consists of carbon lines and Swan bands.
Spectrum taken for a codeposited surface (first series of 5 shots) – deuterium line can be clearly seen.
Optical spectrum recorded for TEXTOR limiter sample (deuterized codeposit on graphite).
Optical spectrum evolution from TEXTOR sampleOptical spectrum evolution from TEXTOR sample
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
650 655 660
0
50
100
signal in preliminary stage
approximation
Rel
ativ
e in
tens
ity [
AU
] D CII
Wavelength [nm]
648 650 652 654 656 658 660 662 664
0
20
40
60
80
100
signal after 50 shots approximation
of deuteriu peak
Rel
ativ
e in
tens
ity [
AU
]
D CII
Wavelength [nm]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Inve
ntor
y le
vel
[dB
]
Number of shots
spot diameter 4.5 mm spot diameter 3.5 mm
Conclusion:The relative deuterium content in the plasma surface near the target decreases during subsequent laser shots.
650 655 660
0
50
100
spectrum after20 laser shots
approximation of D line
Rel
ativ
e in
tens
ity [A
U]
D CII
Wavelength [nm]
Application of optical spectroscopy for characterisation Application of optical spectroscopy for characterisation of laser-induced co-deposit removal fro the TEXTOR sample.of laser-induced co-deposit removal fro the TEXTOR sample.
The emission spectra consisted mainly of Bremsstrahlung and C II , C III and Dα lines.
Deuterium (D) and carbon (CII) spectral lines of codeposit recrded after consecutive numbers of laser shots.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
1- 5 laser shotsv
after 20 laser shots after 50
laser shots
Mass of the particles
H2D2
HD
Hydrocarbons
QMS signal of the ablated sample material before and after codeposite removal.
Before codeposite removal
After codeposite removal
Investigation of results of laser-nduced codeposite removal Investigation of results of laser-nduced codeposite removal using profilometry, SEM and QMS methods in FZJ.using profilometry, SEM and QMS methods in FZJ.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
Surface profilometry studies have
show the removal of the entire co-
deposited layer of ~60 m, with the
use of series of 200 laser pulses.
3. COLLECTION AND CHARACTERISATION OF CO-DEPOSIT DUST
ABLATED FROM TEXTOR SAMPLES.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
To produce dust using laser-interaction with in-vessel
components covered with codeposit.
To prepare and test the dust collection methods:
glass and metallic plates,
cooper grids for TEM
aluminum cylindrical catcher.
To estimate a structure and size distribution of dust particles.
To analyse the dust chemical composition.
Motivation of dust measurementsMotivation of dust measurements
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
Vacuum chamber
Laser beam
Lens
Focusing lens
Diffractive optical system
CCD
Computer A&CU
Spectroscopy stage
Spectrometer
Irradiated
AL
Ttile
Laser light
Cylindricaldust catcher
44mm
22mm
B)
A)
Experimental arrangements with dust collectin devices Experimental arrangements with dust collectin devices
Image taken by a standard
camera for co-deposite
on carbon based material.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
Glass plates for dust collection
Laser beam
Focusing lens
Target
Vacuum chamber
Dust collector for SEM measurements
Al. platesNet for dustcollection
Cylindrical dust catcher Net and glass or metal plates for dust collection
Laser Plasma Div.
IPP&LM8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
Size distribution of dust particles collected on metal plate after 200 laser shots. Results of measurements performed in FZJ.
Characterisation of dust collected on metal plate using NRA (3He, 2 MeV) and microscopy at Alfven Lab.
Amount of Deuterium in dust collected on metal: CDeuterium = 3.9 x1017 cm2
Amount of Deuterium in codeposit on a surface of TEXTOR tile: CDeuterium = up to 1019 cm2
Characterisation of laser- produced codeposit dust Characterisation of laser- produced codeposit dust particles collected on surface of metallic substrate particles collected on surface of metallic substrate
Single dust particle. Magnified image of conglomerate of particles.
Diffraction over a sample particle. The pattern shows crystalline parts in the particle or a complete crystalline particle.
Conclusion: The dust consists of wide varity
of particles – from macroscopic flakes of co-deposit
to amorphous and crystaline nanoparticles.
Dust analysis – TEM investigation performed in FZJ.Dust analysis – TEM investigation performed in FZJ.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
4. STUDY OF LASER ABLATION OF SURFACE LAYER
FROM ASDEX UPGRADE SAMPLES.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
Spectrum collected for first 2 laser shots.
Spectrum collected for shots 3-4.
Spectrum collected for shots 5-6.
Spectrum collected for shots 7-8.
Conclusions:
Fuel species are present only on the very surface of the sample.
The tungsten layer includes significant amounts of carbon.
Irradiation conditions:
Pulses of Nd-YAG laser (3ns, 0.6 J,
1064 nm) focused on spot of diameter
of ~3-4 mm.
Optical spectrum evolution from ASDEX Upgrade sample.Optical spectrum evolution from ASDEX Upgrade sample.
Samples:
Graphite plates covered with tungsten
layer (4 or 200 m) containing
deuterised codeposit.
Sample were taken from Asdex Upgrade
upper outer divertor strikepoint region.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
424 426 428 430 432
3
6
9
Inte
nsi
ty x
104
[a.u
.]
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1
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104
[a.u
.]
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2
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.]
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3
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[a.u
.]
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.]
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[a.u
.]
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6
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[a.u
.]
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7
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.]
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8
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[a.u
.]
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[a.u
.]
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10
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[a.u
.]
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11
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[a.u
.]
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[a.u
.]
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13
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[a.u
.]
Wavelength [nm]
14
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.]
Wavelength [nm]
15
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Wavelength [nm]
16
Spectra measured for ASDEX sample 041 Spectra measured for ASDEX sample 041 (graphite covered with 4mm layer of tungsten)(graphite covered with 4mm layer of tungsten)
Nd:YAG laser: 1.063m, 3.5 ns, 300 mJ, 13 GW/cm2
Delay time: = 100 ns, time of exposition: = 500 nsEeach spectrum is a sum of 5 spectra recorded for 5 consecutive laser shots.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
CII
426
.73
WI
429
.46
Spectra measured for ASDEX sample 041 Spectra measured for ASDEX sample 041
(graphite covered with 4 (graphite covered with 4 m layer of tungsten)m layer of tungsten)
CII
4
26.7
3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0.0
0.5
1.0
WI 429.46 nm CII 426.73 nm
no
rmal
ize
d li
ne
inte
nsi
ty [
a.u
.]
number of laser pulse
Line intensity dependence on number of laser pulses
After 20 laser pulses Carbon line appears, what suggests that during 1 laser pulse 0.2 m of surface layer is removed,
presence of tungsten for number laser pulses >20 (for removed layer >4 m) was observed.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
Evolution of the ion spectrum evolution taken Evolution of the ion spectrum evolution taken
for Asdex Upgrade 04/1 samplefor Asdex Upgrade 04/1 sample
A - C - evaluation of the ion spectra recorded for 1st, 2nd and 3rd laser shot, respectively.
D - the spectrum taken for 6th laser shot in the whole energy range of ion energy, i.e. with higher deflecting potential.
IEA spectra for sample 04/1 taken from AUG - from upper outer divertor strikepoint region
(deuterized co-deposit on tungsten covered graphite)
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
A)
D)C)
B)
5.5. SummarySummary
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
The diagnostics equipment at IPPLM (ion diagnostics and optical
spectroscopy) allows measuring wide spectrum of parameters of laser-
ionised co-deposit.
SEM and QMS measurements performed at collaborating
laboratories have shown absence of the co-deposited layers on
the scanned tracks of investigated samples.
Dust generation by laser treatment offers many possibilities
for developing dust diagnostics and may be also a source of
information on properties of co-deposit dust.
Dust investigation confirms that particles of co-deposit dust still
contain fuel particles.
The optical spectroscopy looks to be especially useful for real time
control of laser cleaning of plasma face components.
Summary.Summary.
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.
PUMA-pwi Project
Prepared by Marek Scholz
IPPLM, Warsaw
Magnetized Plasmas Division
PUMA-pwi Project
Project in the frame of Strategic National Polish Program
„Innovatory Economy – Infrastructure R&D”
Cooperating Institutes:
IPPLM, INP, INS, IEA, WUT
The project was prepared at the middle of 2008 and was upgreaded at the
March of 2009 and it was sent at 30/04/2009 to Ministry of Science and
Higher Education in Poland.
PUMA-pwi Project
Focused on:
1. Reproduction of plasma heat loads typical for ITER disruptions and Type I ELMs
2. Features of plasma/surface interaction (shielding, melting and evaporation onsets, erosion mechanisms)
3. Testing of divertor materials with repetitive plasma pulses with varying surface heat loads
4. Production of data for validation of numerical models.
Main elements of the set-up
1. Experimental vacuum chamber ~ 20 m3 with clean vacuum system, target manipulators, cooling, system of working gas filling etc.;
2. System of wheal current generators 5 GJ for external magnetic field, coils with cooling system and pulse forming current lines;
3. Plasma stream generator - condenser bank with short circuit current ~ 10 MA, current collector and system of plasma accelerator electrodes;
4. Diagnostic set-up - plasma, target, magnetic and electric diagnostics
5. Safety
6. Control and data acquisition
7. Diagnostics set-up.
PUMA-pwi – global lay-out
The IPPLM main experimental building where the accelerator will be placed
PUMA-pwi – global lay-out
Comparison of plasma gun devices
The green colour aims at highlighting the most relevant parameters matching the ITER requirements for disruptions/unmitigated ELMs studies.
Budget of the project
Year Budget of the project [PLN]
2009 157 000
2010 2 678 000
2011 13 878 000
2012 11 228 000
Sum 27 941 000
(Euro: ~6 500 000)
PUMA Project is recommended to finnacial support for a positive review
reason
The project did not get a money until now because of limited budget
of the Polish Program „Innovatory Economy – Infrastructure R&D”.
BUT
Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!
Laser Plasma Div.IPP&LM
8th Annual Meeting of the EU- PWI Task Force, Warsaw, 4-6. November 2009.