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Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012 Lalitha P et al., 2012
PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS- AN
ECONOMICAL TOOL TO INCREASE THE
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
Lalitha P1*, Shivani K2, Rama Rao R3
Research Paper
Parthenium hysterophorus is a well known weed that is a serious problem in agriculture. It alsoproduces a toxin called parthenin. However, in this paper we have utilized the leachate of differentplant parts of Parthenium plant and observed the effect on several aspects such as seedgermination of Phaseolus mungo, metal tolerating capacity of the seeds against iron, lead,mercury and nickel of seeds during germination, antimicrobial activity against fungal pathogensand effect on brinjal fruit borer. We observed that there was a 48.8 % increase in the seedsgermination of the seeds treated with flower leachate. The metal tolerating capacity was highestin leaf extract against iron, in stem extract against lead, in flower extract against mercury andleaf extract against nickel. The flower extract exhibited 100% mortality on brinjal fruit borer. Thisstudy demonstrated that the weeds can be used to obtain growth factors easily in aqueousmedium and that can be utilized for enhanced plant growth of desired plants.
Keywords: Parthenium, Seed germination, Metal tolerance, Plant growth enhancer
*Corresponding Author: Lalitha P, � pappulalitha@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Congress grass, Parthenium hysterophorus L.,
also known as Peterson’s Curse or Santa-Maria
Feverfew, is an obnoxious weed which can cause
a total habitat change in native grasslands, the
under storey of open woodlands and along rivers
and flood plains (Chippendale and Panetta 1994).
Owing to its fast spread Parthenium
hysterophorus L. has become a problematic
issue to humans all around the world. It can
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1 Department of Microbiology, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam - 530045, India.1 Department of Microbiology, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam - 530045, India.1 Department of Microbiology, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam - 530045, India.
tolerate drought condition also to a certain extend
under favorable conditions (Mahedavapa et al.,
1999). Parthenium hysterophorus L. completes
about three generation in a year. It is also reported
that congress grass has remarkable power of
regeneration (Dhawan and Dhawan,1996).
Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae), an
annual asteraceous herb, is native to Central and
South America and is considered to have
originated from the Gulf of México (Rollins,
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Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012 Lalitha P et al., 2012
1950). Parthenium hysterophorus has spreadrapidly and extensively throughout the world sincethe 1970s (Evans, 1997) and is considered amajor threat in many regions (Adkins & Navie,2006). Parthenium hysterophorus is capable ofgrowing on a wide range of soil types rangingfrom sandy to heavy clays, but favors’ the latter(Dale, 1981). Parthenium hysterophorus occursin areas with summer rainfall greater than500 mm per annum (Chamberlain & Gittens,2004). Germination can occur at temperaturesbetween 10°C and 25°C, it has high germinationability throughout the year (Tamado et al., 2002).
The weed left as such in the same area actsas a seed bank because of its higher seedproduction capacity and extended dormancyperiod (Haseler, 1976). It was accidentallyintroduced in India, 1955 in Pune through theimported foodgrains (Dhawan and Dhawan,1996). At present, it has occupied almost all partsof India and is attracting the attention of allagriculturalists. (Dhawan and Dhawan, 1996).Parthenium leachates nutrients even from nutrientdeficient soil and in cropped land can reduce upto 40% in yield (Swaminathan et al., 1990).
Parthenium hysterophorus colonizes newareas rapidly by means of relatively high numbersof seeds, seed dispersal is by various modes andhence exhibit rapid growth rate (Auld et al., 1983).Disturbed habitats, such as roadsides andrailway tracks, stockyards, around buildings andfallow agricultural lands, are particularly suitablefor P. hysterophorus, due to a lack of interspeciescompetition.
The adverse impacts of P. hysterophorus onagriculture have been reviewed by several authors(McFadyen, 1992; Navie et al., 1996; and Evans,1997) mention a few effects. In India,P. hysterophorus causes a yield decline of up to40% in agricultural crops (Khosla and Sobti,1981).
Due to the invasive capacity and allelopathic
effects of P. hysterophorus (Mersie and Singh,
1987), natural ecosystems are disrupted (Evans,
1997). Allelopathy is achieved primarily via the two
groups of allelochemicals, phenolics and
sesquiterpene lactones, mainly parthenin
(Belz et al., 2007), which inhibit the germination
and growth of plants that include pasture grasses,
cereals, vegetables and other plant species
(Navie et al., 1996; and Evans, 1997)
Parthenium hysterophorus also causes
human health problems such as asthma,
bronchitis, dermatitis and hay fever (Evans,
1997).Parthenium hysterophorus taints the milk
and meat of animals, thereby reducing the value
of animal products (Tudor et al., 1982).
Parthenium hysterophorus in animal feed causes
dermatitis with pronounced skin lesions
(Ahmed et al., 1988) and a significant amount
(10–50%) of P. hysterophorus in the diet can kill
cattle and buffalo (Narasimhan et al., 1977). The
antimicrobial activity of leaf leachates of plants
and weeds depends on the phytochemicals
present in it (N.B. Barsagade and G.N. Wagh). It
has been reported that the antimicrobial activity
depends on the bioactive agents present in the
leaves of plants or weed leachate has been
reported to be associated with phytochemical
constituents and botanical properties. (N.B.
Barsagade and G.N. Wagh). The results obtained
in their study confirmed the antimicrobial potential
of methanol and acetone leachates of congress
grass. The leaf leachates of plants and weeds
have great potential as antimicrobial compounds
against microorganisms. Thus, they can be used
in the treatment of infectious diseases. The
allelochemicals released from parthenium
affecting many plant species are sesquiterpene
lactones and phenolics (Swaminathan et al., 1990).
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Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012 Lalitha P et al., 2012
The most common effects of allelochemicals
may occur through leaching, volatilization, root
exudations and decay of the fallen parts either
through biotic or abiotic means (Anaya et al.
1990).
Positive and negative allelopathic effects have
been reported of Parthenium on many agricultural
crops and other plant species (Oudhia et al.
1997, Aggarwal & Kohli 1992) and it inhibits the
surrounding herbaceous vegetation (Nath 1988,
Srivastava et al. 1985). There are hundreds of
secondary metabolites in the plant kingdom and
many are known to be phytotoxic (Einhelling
2002). Allelopathic effects of these compounds
are often observed to occur early in the life cycle,
causing inhibition of seed germination and/or
seedling growth.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant Material Collection and Preparation
Parthenium plants were collected from the GITAM
University campus. The plant parts were
separated viz root, stem, leaves and flowers. The
parts were thoroughly washed with sterile distilled
water. The parts were blotted dry and used for
further experimentation.
Effect of Parthenium Leachate on SeedGermination
Parthenium plant parts (root, stem, leaves and
flowers 250 gm each) were soaked separately in
500 ml distilled water for 24 hours. The leachate
was then used to treat seeds of Phaseolus
mungo. The seeds were purchased from local
market. 100 seeds were taken and were treated
with 10 ml of leachate for 2 hours. Seeds soaked
in distilled water served as control. The seeds
were placed in a petridish on a two layered
moistened filter paper. The root length was
measured after three days.
Effect on Metal tolerance Capacity DuringSeed Germination
A set of 100 seeds were taken and soaked in a
solution of 10 ml of different metals (concentration
1mg/ml) (FeCl3, HgCl2, PbSo4, Ni (So4)2 solutions.
Following this, the seeds were treated with
leachate of different plant parts. Seeds treated
with distilled water served as control. The seeds
were observed for germination and the root and
shoot length was measured after three days.
Screening of Control Seeds for Infection
The infected seeds in control were separated .The
fungal spores on the seeds were taken using
inoculating loop and streaked on to Sabouraud’s
agar plates. The plates were incubated at 28-0C
for 48 hours. The fungi were identified by spore
morphology and microscopic examination.
Evaluating the Anti Fungal Activity ofAqueous Leachate
Two fungal cultures (isolated from infected seeds)
were spread on to Sabouraud’s agar plates. Well
of 4 mm diameter of was made and 0.1ml of the
aqueous leachate of each plant part was
dispensed. The plates were incubated at 30 0 C.
Following incubation the plates were observed
for zones of inhibition.
Evaluating the Activity of Leachate on Larvaeof Brinjal Fruit Borer
A total of 100 larvae of brinjal fruit borer were taken
and treated with leachate of each plant part (100ml
of leachate was used to treat the larvae).
Treatment with distilled water served as control.
The larvae observed for mortality.
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Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012 Lalitha P et al., 2012
Quantification of Auxins in the AqueousLeachate
The aqueous leachate of parthenium plant parts
(roots, stem, leaves and flowers) at a
concentration of 1 gm/10ml were separately used
for IAA estimation. To 0.2 ml aliquots, 50 µl of 50%
ethanol was added and reagents comprising of
one part of Salkowski reagent and one part
Erhlich’s reagent were added. After heating at 450C for 30 minutes colour developed was estimated
after making up to 1 ml with 50% ethanol at 615
nm against blank. A graph was plotted taking IAA
as standard.
RESULTS
Effect of Parthenium Leachate on SeedGermination
The seeds on treatment with the root leachate of
Parthenium showed 37.8%increase in the root
length and 43.24% increase in the shoot length
respectively. When the seeds were treated with
stem leachate, an increase of 34.8% in the root
length and 36.36% increase in shoot length were
observed. The treatment with leaf leachate
showed a 5.5% increase in root length and 23.8%
increase in the shoot length respectively. The
treatment with flower leachate showed the
highest increase in the root length of 48.81% and
37.31% increase in the shoot length respectively.
Tolerance of Mercury
The seeds treated with mercuric chloride
solutions and subsequently treated with different
parthenium leachates (root, stem, leaf, and flower
leachates) showed significant increase in root and
shoot length in comparison with control.
The seeds showed maximum increase in root
length (44.89%) when they were treated with
flower leachate followed by an increase of
38.63%, 18.18%, 42.53% when they were treated
with leaf, stem and root leachates respectively.
Treatment with root and flower leachates
increased the shoot length by 8.69% and 16%
whereas treatment with stem leachate
decreased the shoot length by 10.5% and
treatment with leaf showed no effect.
Figure 1: Effect of Parthenium Leachate on Seed Germinationof Phaseoulus Mungo Effect on Root Length
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Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012 Lalitha P et al., 2012
Figure 2: Effect on Metal Tolerance Capacity During Seed Germination
Figure 3
Tolerance of Nickel
When the seeds were treated with nickel sulphate
solution and a subsequent treatment with different
leachates of parthenium (root, stem. leaf, and
flower leachates) the root length increased by
66.45%, 67.15%, 68.16% and 64.94%
respectively. There was an increase in the shoot
length by 67.41%, 68.13%, 68.87%, 70.40% on
treatment with the root, stem, leaf and flower
leachates respectively.
As it is evident from the results there was a
maximum increase in the root length in the seeds
treated with leaf leachate (68.16%) and
maximum increase in the shoot length in the
seeds treated with flower leachate (70.40%).
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Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012 Lalitha P et al., 2012
Figure 4
Figure 5
Tolerance of Lead
When the seeds were treated with a solution of
lead sulphate and subsequently treated with
different leachates of parthenium (root, stem, leaf
and flower leachates) the root length enhanced
by 41.53%, 40.88%, 39.20%, 41.53% and the
shoot length increased by 14.08%, 8.9%, 12.34%,
26.04% respectively. Maximum root length was
observed in the seeds treated with root and flower
leachates (41.53%) and the highest shoot length
was observed in the seeds treated with the flower
leachate (26.04%).
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Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012 Lalitha P et al., 2012
Figure 7
Tolerance of iron
When the seeds were treated with solution of
ferrous sulphate and subsequently treated with
parthenium leachates which include root, stem,
leaf and flower leachates, they enhanced the root
length by 1.3%, 13.25%, 2.0%and 2.7%
respectively. On the other hand treatment with
leaf and flower decreased the shoot length by
48.5% and 21.15% respectively.
Figure 6
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Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012 Lalitha P et al., 2012
Figure 8
Figure 9
Screening of Control Seeds for FungalInfection
The spore morphology and microscopic
examination reveled that the control seeds
were infected by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus
flavus
Effect of Leachate On Larvae Of BrinjalFruit Borer
The pesticidal activity was observed in the flower
leachate. The flower leachate showed 100%
mortality within 10 minutes and in the remaining
leachates no effect was observed.
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Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012 Lalitha P et al., 2012
Quantification of Auxins
The concentration of IAA was found to be
maximum in flower extract (0.06g/ml).
Anti Fungal Activity of the AqueousLeachate of Parthenium
The flower leachate exhibited significant
antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus flavus
and the inhibition zone was observed as 7mm.
The other leachates showed no effect.
Discussion
Plant extracts have played significant role in the
inhibition of seed-borne pathogens and in the
improvement of seed quality and field emergence
of plant seeds (Nwachukwe, 2001). Patel et al
have worked on antimicrobial activity of weeds
and have reported the efficiency of parthenium
weeds against bacteria and fungi. The excessive
growth of the weeds is due their high production
of growth hormones. From the above
experimental results it is clear that parthenium
Figure 10: Quantification of IAA-Concentration In Root And Stem Extract ConcentrationIn Leaf Extract 3-Concentration In Flower Extract
flower extract is very effective as a plant growth
enhancer. The germination of seeds needs auxins
and it has been observed that the concentration
of auxins was highest in flower extract. In addition
to hormones that re are some other factors that
have enhance metal tolerance. In our further study
we would like to see whether a plant treated with
parthenium extract is safe for consumption or not.
At present this study can have application in
enhancing the growth of flowering plants.
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