SCAFFOLDING

INTRODUCTION TO SCAFFOLDING

• In early fifth century BC, the Berlin Foundry Cup depicts scaffolding in the ancient of Greece.

• In ancient Egyptians, Nubians, and Chinese are also recorded as having used scaffolding-like structures to build tall buildings.

• Wooden scaffolding are also have been used to support mosques in the ancient of Africans.

• Nowadays, some Asian countries like “People’s Republic of China” still used bamboo for temporary scaffold structure.

DEFINITION Temporary structure that is used to

support people and material in the construction or repair of building and other large structures. It is usually a modular system of metal pipes.

Although it can be made out of other materials.

A temporary arrangement erected around a building for convenience of workers.

Temporary framework consisting of poles or metal tubes and planks that performed during the construction or maintenance of a building.

FUNCTIONS OF SCAFFOLDING Support people and material for new

build projects and work on existing structures including repair, construction and maintenance projects.

To provide a safety, easy work and convenient working area above ground level and also the surface.

Workers can access building from the ground level to the upper level.

To provide a safe place of work with safe access suitable for the work being done.

COMPONENTS AND MATERIALSScaffold components Usually constructed from aluminium or steel tubes

and clips, with timber or metal scaffold planks used to form a secure and level working platform. Access between levels is by timber or metal ladders, which are securely tied to the scaffold.

The configuration of the tubes, clips and ties is discussed and illustrated below under the different types of scaffold system.

Other common components are scaffold boards and edge protection.

COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS A standard scaffold board is 225 mm wide by 38

mm thick with a maximum span of 1.5 m. The scaffold board is made from sawn softwood.

Scaffolds materials The basic materials are tubes, couplers and

boards. Tubes are either steel or aluminium, although

composite scaffolding uses filament wound tubes of glass fibre in a nylon or polyester matrix.

If steel they are ‘black’ or galvanised.

COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS The tubes comes in a variety of lengths and a

standard diameter of 48.3mm. (1.5 NPS pipes). Tubes are generally bought in 6.3 m lengths and

can then be cut down to certain typical sizes. Boards provide a working surface for scaffold

users. They are a seasoned wood. Comes in three thicknesses that is 38 mm as

usual, 50 mm and 63mm. The thicknesses are standard width of 225mm and

are a maximum of 3.9 m long.

COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS The board ends are protected by metal plates called

hoop irons or sometimes nail plates. Couplers are the fittings which hold the tubes

together. There are three basic types of couplers : right-angled

couplers, putlog couplers, and swivel couplers. To join the tubes, end-to-end joint pins so called

spigots or sleeve couplers are used. For fixing tube in a ‘load bearing connection’, only

right-angle couplers and swivel couplers can be used. Single couplers are not load bearing couplers and

have no design capacity.

COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS Right-angle couplers join ledgers or transoms to

standards. Putlog or single couplers join board bearing

transoms to ledgers. Non-board bearing transoms should be fixed

using a right angle coupler. Swivel couples are to connect tubes at any other

angle. Other common materials included base plates,

ladders, ropes, anchor ties, reveal ties, gin wheels, sheeting and etc.

BASIC SCAFFOLDING The key elements of scaffold are standards,

ledgers, and transoms. The standards, as known as uprights, are the

vertical tubes that transfer the entire mass of the structure to the ground where they rest on a square base plate to spread the load.

The base plate has a shank in its centre to hold the tube and is sometimes pinned to sole board.

Ledgers are the horizontal tubes which connect between the standards.

Transoms rest upon the ledgers at right angle.

BASIC SCAFFOLDING Main transoms are placed next to the

standards, they hold the standards in place and provide support for boards.

Intermediate transoms are those placed between the main transoms to provide extra support for boards.

As well as the tubes at right angles there are cross braces to increase rigidity and it is placed diagonally from ledger to ledger, next to the standards to which they fitted.

BASIC SCAFFOLDING

FOUNDATION Base plates is required to safely carry

and spread the load. Scaffolding can be used without base

plates on concrete or similar hard surfaces.

Base plates are necessary for surfaces like pavements or tarmac.

For softer or more doubtful surfaces sole boards must be used.

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING Putlog scaffolds. Independent scaffolding. Slung scaffolds. Truss-out scaffolds. Suspended scaffolds. Mobile tower scaffolds. Birdcage scaffolds. Gantries. Cantilevered scaffolding.

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Putlog Scaffold Details

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Putlog Scaffold

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Putlog Scaffold

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Independent Scaffold

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Independent Scaffold With Outriggers

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Independent Scaffold

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Slung Scaffold – suspended cradle

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Truss-out Scaffold Detail

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Truss-out Scaffold

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Suspended Scaffold

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Cantilever Scaffolding

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Truss-out Scaffold and Cantilevered Scaffolding

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Birdcage scaffold

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Birdcage scaffold

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Birdcage scaffold

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Gantries

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Mobile Tower Scaffold.

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Mobile Tower Scaffold.

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING : Mobile Tower Scaffold.

COUPLERS

COUPLERS

COUPLERS

BASE PLATES

BASE PLATES

BASE PLATES

BASE PLATES

BASE PLATES

SCAFFOLD’S HOARDING

SCAFFOLD’S HOARDING