Post on 22-Mar-2020
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Satellite Network Design
Robert Girard
Customer Solutions Engineering
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Agenda • Which Network is Best for My Network?
• Service Level Discussion
• Satellite Network Technology Options
• Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Procurement & Logistics
• Space Segment, Satellite Equipment
• Registration with local authorities
• Logistics around equipment shipping and installation
• Satellite Economics – Beyond the Cost per MHz
• Procuring a Satellite Service
• Cost Structure of a Satellite Network
• Comparison of Different Satellite Networks
• Not All Satellites Perform Equally
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Agenda • Which Network is Best for My Network?
• Service Level Discussion
• Satellite Network Technology Options
• Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Procurement & Logistics
• Space Segment, Satellite Equipment
• Registration with local authorities
• Logistics around equipment shipping and installation
• Satellite Economics – Beyond the Cost per MHz
• Procuring a Satellite Service
• Cost Structure of a Satellite Network
• Comparison of Different Satellite Networks
• Not All Satellites Perform Equally
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Which Network is Best for My Network? Service Level Elements
• The most commonly discussed Service Level elements are those at the IP Layer:
• Committed Information Rate (CIR)
• Burstable Information Rate (BIR)
• Oversubscription Ratio (??)
• Quality of Service (??)
• The common Service Level Elements can be met only if the following are ensured:
• Latency
• Bit Error Rate (BER)
• Availability
• What is a “1Mbps Service”??
• 1Mbps dedicated outbound, 1Mpbs dedicated inbound??
• 1Mbps dedicated outbound, 256kbps dedicated inbound??
• 1Mbps shared (5:1) outbound with 256kbps CIR, 256kbps shared (5:1) inbound with 32kbps CIR??
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Which Network is Best for My Network?
Service Level Elements
… sufficient margins must be included to ensure link integrity …
•Latency
•Bit Error Rate (BER)
•Availability
Optimizing The Satellite Link
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Agenda • Which Network is Best for My Network?
• Service Level Discussion
• Satellite Network Technology Options
• Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Procurement & Logistics
• Space Segment, Satellite Equipment
• Registration with local authorities
• Logistics around equipment shipping and installation
• Satellite Economics – Beyond the Cost per MHz
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Which Network is Best for My Network? Satellite Network Technology Options
• Satellite
• Frequency Band
• Hub Antenna Size
• Hub Location
• Remote Antenna Size
• Remote Locations
• Service Level
• Latency, Jitter, etc.
• Availability, Downtime, etc.
• Voice Traffic
• Number of VoIP Lines
• % Usage on Average
• % Usage Maximum
• Data Traffic
• CIR
• BIR
• Oversubscription Ratio
• Video Traffic
• Quality
Necessary Inputs to Determine Proper Solution
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Which Network is Best for My Network?
Satellite Network Technology Options
• Hub-based shared mechanism (Statistical Multiplexing)
• Timing references, burst guard band etc to remotes creates overhead • TDM / TDMA
• DVB, DVB-S2
• “IP Packet Switching over an MCPC Carrier”
• Single Channel per Carrier (SCPC) • Non-contended Capacity per site
• All “bursts” are traffic, one after another not overhead
• TDM/MF-SCPC
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Which Network is Best for My Network?
Satellite Network Technology Options
Advantage Disadvantage
Dedicated bandwidth for each
remote inbound
Each remote requires its own
space segment
Provides superior Quality of
Service for mission critical
applications
Expensive OPEX if each remote
bandwidth is not fully utilized
Low Latency and Low Jitter SCPC modems typically more
expensive than TDMA modems
Best transmission method for
real-time applications, voice,
data, video, broadcast, etc.
Fixed data rates on the inbound
links
TDM/MF-SCPC Model
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Which Network is Best for My Network? Satellite Network Technology Options
Advantage Disadvantage
Sharing of satellite bandwidth High Latency and Increased
Jitter
Lower overall OPEX compared
to dedicated pipes
Demanding remotes can burden
the system
Good for low data rate
applications
Fragmentation of packets. Less
effective for voice and video
Low cost remotes Expensive hub equipment
Large population of users All remotes must be designed
around worst case link
TDM/MF-TDMA Model
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Agenda • Which Network is Best for My Network?
• Service Level Discussion
• Satellite Network Technology Options
• Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Procurement & Logistics
• Space Segment, Satellite Equipment
• Registration with local authorities
• Logistics around equipment shipping and installation
• Satellite Economics – Beyond the Cost per MHz
• Procuring a Satellite Service
• Cost Structure of a Satellite Network
• Comparison of Different Satellite Networks
• Not All Satellites Perform Equally
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Which Network is Best for My Network? Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Operating Expenses (OPEX)
• Satellite space segment
• Teleport operations
• Licensing
• Capital Expenses (CAPEX)
• Hardware
• Antenna, RF, HPA, Converters, Modem etc.
• Routers Switching equipment etc.
• Logistical Challenges
• Transport, Duties, Taxes etc
Operating
Expenses
Capital
Expenses
Network Operations + Depreciation
Total Cost of Ownership
Operations &
Maintenance
Transmission OPEX
Power
Spares/Support
Training
Site
Rental
Network
Equipment
Site
Equipment
Civil
Works
NRO
Transmission
Equipment
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Which Network is Best for My Network? Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Satellite Segment
• New Satellites bring better peformance
• Better Modulation and Forward Error Correction Techniques
• Teleport operations
• Remote login options
• VNO Options
• Licensing
• Liberalisation of Markets reduces the licensing fees
OPEX COSTS
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Which Network is Best for My Network? Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Two models of hub hardware cost assignment
• Per project
• Over multiple projects
• Hub platform costs can introduce barriers to entry
• Entry Level Hubs introduced to reduce barrier
• Virtual Network Operator (VNO) concept
• Growth costs must also be considered
• Function of how many end customers a “starter kit” can support
• Equipment re-use
• Some platforms use the same hardware for hub and remote
CAPEX (Hub Hardware)
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Which Network is Best for My Network?
Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Remote costs can be large part of the total cost of a network
• Portion of TCO grows with the size of the network
• Indoor Kit
• Low-cost TDMA/DVB-RCS Indoor Units (IDUs) have dropped in price to $1,000
• SCPC modems $6,000+
• Outdoor Kit
• Antenna and ODU sizing based on either shared carrier size or dedicated carrier size
• Logistical Challenges
• Shipping and installation in remote area
CAPEX (Remote Hardware)
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Which Network is Best for My Network?
Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Two different data rates are important when sizing a TDMA network…
• IP Rate
• IP Rate is the actual IP throughput including IP headers and data at Layer 3 of the OSI model
• Represents actual LAN traffic on both remote and hub LANs
• Information Rate
• Information Rate is the actual Layer 2 information, including TDMA framing overhead, sent over the satellite
• Link budgets must account for Information Rate, not IP Rate
• Different TDMA platforms have different IP Rate / Information Rate ratios
• Depends on TDMA satellite access method
• aloha, slotted aloha, deterministic, selective, etc.
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Which Network is Best for My Network?
Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
Data
Mbps
Layer 2 O/H
FEC
Modulation
• Data
• Actual Information • Layer 2 O/H
• Control
• Addressing *
• Guard Band *
• Reference Bursts *
• Modulation
• Number of Bits/Hz
• FEC
• Added Redundancy
Mbps vs. MHz
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Which Network is Best for My Network? Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
Data
Mbps
Layer 2 O/H
FEC
Modulation …Service REVENUE based upon
IP Rate in Mbps…
…Main OPEX cost based upon
total MHz required…
An end user’s service level requirements and
per-site price points will determine what
realistic margins may be achievable…
Mbps vs. MHz Revenue and Cost Bases
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Which Network is Best for My Network? Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
Spectral Efficiency vs. Eb/No
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Which Network is Best for My Network? Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Allocated BW
• Portion of transponder
actually used
• Linear function of modulation and FEC
• Decreases with higher order mods and FECs
• “Bandwidth Limited” links have greater allocated
BW than PEB
• Power Equivalent BW
• Fraction of transponder power required to close
link
• Complicated function of hub antenna, remote
antenna and satellite specifics along with
required Eb/No
• Increases with higher order mods and FECs
• “Power Limited” links have greater PEB than
Allocated
Bandwidth vs. Power
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Which Network is Best for My Network? Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
Relative Bandwidth (%) – for same data rate
-110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
16QAM 7/8
16QAM 3/4
8PSK 5/6
8PSK 2/3
QPSK 7/8
QPSK 3/4
QPSK 1/2
QPSK 1/2 = 100%
Bandwidth vs. Power
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Which Network is Best for My Network? Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Advances in FEC can offer ≥3-5 dB of performance over currently used methods
• 3 dB of Coding Gain can:
• Reduce required bandwidth by 50% (OPEX)
• Increase data throughput by a factor of 2 (OPEX)
• Reduce antenna size by 30% (CAPEX)
• Reduce transmitter power by a factor of 2 (CAPEX)
• Provides more link margin (Service Level)
• What to look out for is
• Latency (Translates to Service Level)
• Eb/No Required (Translates to power; CAPEX)
• Bandwidth (Translates to allocated capacity on satellite; OPEX)
Forward Error Correction
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Which Network is Best for My Network? Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Turbo Product Coding (TPC)
• Iterative decoding process produces a likelihood and confidence level measure for each bit
• Low latency (vs. TCC, Vit/RS)
• Due to the fact that there is no need to buffer for interleaving
• Turbo Product Coding
• Lower Eb/No requires less power
• Higher efficiency requires less bandwidth
• Low Density Parity Check (LDPC)
• Basis of new DVB-S2 standard
• Third-class of Turbo Code
• Turbo Product Coding (TPC)
• Turbo Convolutional Coding (TCC)
• Iteratively decoded block code
• Performs 0.7 dB – 1.2 dB better than TPC at low FEC rates (3/4 and below)
• While coding gain is greater, processing delay can be an issue
Less Power
Less BW
Viterbi / RS TPC
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Which Network is Best for My Network?
Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
Time
Mb
ps
/ M
Hz
QPSK
8PSK
DVB-S
DVB-S2
LDPC
CinC
16/32APSK
Relative Efficiency of Alternative Schemes
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So Which Solution is Best??
TDM / MF - SCPC TDM / MF-TDMA
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So Which Solution is Best?? • Satellite
• Frequency Band
• Hub Antenna Size
• Hub Location
• Remote Antenna Size
• Remote Locations
• Service Level
– Latency, Jitter
– Availability, Downtime
• Voice Traffic
– Number of VoIP Lines
– % Usage on Average
– % Usage Maximum
• Data Traffic
– CIR
– BIR
– Oversubscription Ratio
• Video Traffic
– Quality
… only with this information can one
determine the best option…
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Agenda • Which Network is Best for My Network?
• Service Level Discussion
• Satellite Network Technology Options
• Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Procurement & Logistics
• Space Segment, Satellite Equipment
• Registration with local authorities
• Logistics around equipment shipping and installation
• Satellite Economics – Beyond the Cost per MHz
• Procuring a Satellite Service
• Cost Structure of a Satellite Network
• Comparison of Different Satellite Networks
• Not All Satellites Perform Equally
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Procurement & Logistics
• Space Segment, Satellite Equipment
• Procure the correct beam Spot, Zone, Hemi or Zone beam for business requirement
• Procure Satellite Equipment according the linkbudget and business requirement
• Registration with local authorities
• Register the frequency and equipment with local authorities
• Logistics around equipment shipping and installation
• Find logistical solution to the deployment of the remote terminals
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Agenda • Which Network is Best for My Network?
• Service Level Discussion
• Satellite Network Technology Options
• Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Procurement & Logistics
• Space Segment, Satellite Equipment
• Registration with local authorities
• Logistics around equipment shipping and installation
• Satellite Economics – Beyond the Cost per MHz
• Procuring a Satellite Service
• Cost Structure of a Satellite Network
• Comparison of Different Satellite Networks
• Not All Satellites Perform Equally
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Procuring a Satellite Service: The Full Story
• Alpha and Beta are competing Mobile Network Operators.
• They both need satellite connectivity to support their operations.
• However, they have a very different procurement approach.
Alpha Beta
1. Selects the satellite operator which has the
lowest price per MHz.
2. Then, buys the cheapest equipment
available on the market.
3. Doesn’t fully take into account future
requirements in terms of equipment,
coverage and bandwidth.
1. Designs the satellite network taking into
consideration equipment and bandwidth
requirements.
2. Performs a Total Cost of Ownership analysis
including CAPEX and OPEX.
3. Considers future requirements to select an
effective invest-as-you-grow solution.
4. Trains in-house satellite experts to keep
optimizing the network
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Procuring a Satellite Service: The Full Story
What could be the consequences of the two different approaches?
• An initial “cheap” design may prove to be more expensive over time:
• Company Alpha may need to invest more than Beta to expand
the network
• With limitations of ground equipment, bandwidth-saving techniques can hardly be
implemented.
• Possible lower performance
• Service availability, satellite performance, technical support, … matter.
Always compare apples with apples!
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Procuring a Satellite Service: The Full Story • Example with Alpha and Beta’s respective services :
Alpha Beta
Information Rate 10 x 1 Mbps 10 x 1 Mbps
Efficiency 1.6 bps/Hz 2.8 bps/Hz
Required bandwidth 6.25 MHz 3.57 MHz
Price $/MHz 2,000 $/MHz* 2,500 $/MHz*
Bandwidth MRC 12,500 $/month 8,929 $/month
Equipment investment 100,000 $* 180,000 $*
Contract length 36 months 36 months
Total Cost of Ownership 550,000 $ 501,429 $
Equipment feature Entry-level modems,
Modcod 8PSK 3/4,
Roll-off factor 40%
Advanced modems with Carrier Cancellation
Technique and ACM,
Modcod QPSK 7/8, Roll-off 25%
Satellite performance C-band global beam low EIRP C-band zone beam high EIRP
* Indicative figures
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Procuring a Satellite Service: The Full Story
• In addition to saving more money despite a higher initial investment:
• Beta’s service reaches virtually 100% availability thanks to ACM (Adaptive
Coding and Modulation)
• Beta will require less bandwidth to increase the data rates, compared to
Alpha → easier growth
• Beta is more competitive in the market since its cost per Mbps is about
30% lower than Alpha’s
• With the high performance satellite used by Beta, additional low-cost sites
can be easily deployed with smaller antennas and less power.
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Procuring a Satellite Service: The Full Story
• Alpha and Beta are competing Mobile Network Operators.
• They both need satellite connectivity to support their operations.
• However, they have a very different procurement approach.
Alpha Beta
1. Selects the satellite operator which has the
lowest price per MHz.
2. Then, buys the cheapest equipment
available on the market.
3. Doesn’t fully take into account future
requirements in terms of equipment,
coverage and bandwidth.
1. Designs the satellite network taking into
consideration equipment and bandwidth
requirements.
2. Performs a Total Cost of Ownership analysis
including CAPEX and OPEX.
3. Considers future requirements to select an
effective invest-as-you-grow solution.
4. Trains in-house satellite experts to keep
optimizing the network
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Procuring a Satellite Service: The Full Story
What could be the consequences of the two different approaches?
• An initial “cheap” design may prove to be more expensive over time:
• Company Alpha may need to invest more than Beta to expand
the network
• With limitations of ground equipment, bandwidth-saving techniques can hardly be
implemented.
• Possible lower performance
• Service availability, satellite performance, technical support, … matter.
Always compare apples with apples!
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Procuring a Satellite Service: The Full Story • Example with Alpha and Beta’s respective services :
Alpha Beta
Information Rate 10 x 1 Mbps 10 x 1 Mbps
Efficiency 1.6 bps/Hz 2.8 bps/Hz
Required bandwidth 6.25 MHz 3.57 MHz
Price $/MHz 2,000 $/MHz* 2,500 $/MHz*
Bandwidth MRC 12,500 $/month 8,929 $/month
Equipment investment 100,000 $* 180,000 $*
Contract length 36 months 36 months
Total Cost of Ownership 550,000 $ 501,429 $
Equipment feature Entry-level modems,
Modcod 8PSK 3/4,
Roll-off factor 40%
Advanced modems with Carrier Cancellation
Technique and ACM,
Modcod QPSK 7/8, Roll-off 25%
Satellite performance C-band global beam low EIRP C-band zone beam high EIRP
* Indicative figures
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Procuring a Satellite Service: The Full Story
• In addition to saving more money despite a higher initial investment:
• Beta’s service reaches virtually 100% availability thanks to ACM (Adaptive
Coding and Modulation)
• Beta will require less bandwidth to increase the data rates, compared to
Alpha → easier growth
• Beta is more competitive in the market since its cost per Mbps is about
30% lower than Alpha’s
• With the high performance satellite used by Beta, additional low-cost sites
can be easily deployed with smaller antennas and less power.
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Agenda • Which Network is Best for My Network?
• Service Level Discussion
• Satellite Network Technology Options
• Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Procurement & Logistics
• Space Segment, Satellite Equipment
• Registration with local authorities
• Logistics around equipment shipping and installation
• Satellite Economics – Beyond the Cost per MHz
• Procuring a Satellite Service
• Cost Structure of a Satellite Network
• Comparison of Different Satellite Networks
• Not All Satellites Perform Equally
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The Cost Structure of a Satellite Network
• As seen in the previous example, several parameters must be considered
• Equipment:
• Antenna size
• BUC size
• Modem capabilities
• Network topology:
• Star or Mesh
• Satellite bandwidth:
• Performance of the satellite
• Type of coverage: global, hemispheric,
zone or spot beam
• Dedicated or shared bandwidth
• Other: license fees, installation,
maintenance, international shipment, …
The performance requirements can
significantly impact the network design
thus the overall cost.
Define them sensibly and be ready for
tradeoffs!
The good design of a network will
consider the investment and recurring
costs required to meet the requirements,
while taking into consideration scalability.
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The Cost Structure of a Satellite Network • A link budget report typically provides information that help assessing the cost of the solution
Carrier Information
(depends on modem capabilities)
Required
Bandwidth
Required
Transponder
Power (PEB) Designed Link Availability
Antenna size and required BUC power
Satellite and transponder
information
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Agenda • Which Network is Best for My Network?
• Service Level Discussion
• Satellite Network Technology Options
• Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Procurement & Logistics
• Space Segment, Satellite Equipment
• Registration with local authorities
• Logistics around equipment shipping and installation
• Satellite Economics – Beyond the Cost per MHz
• Procuring a Satellite Service
• Cost Structure of a Satellite Network
• Comparison of Different Satellite Networks
• Not All Satellites Perform Equally
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Dedicated SCPC Links • SCPC = Single Channel Per Carrier
• Typically used for point-to-point links with dedicated bandwidth
• Example of a network:
• Hub to Remote 1: 2 Mbps
• Hub to Remote 2: 2 Mbps
• Remotes to Hub: 1 Mbps each
• All sites have a 2.4m antenna and entry-level
modems.
For 99.96% availability
6.8 MHz are required
for the total network
Efficiency is only 0.88 bps/Hz
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Improving Efficiency with Better Equipment • Same network as previously, but with different hardware configuration
• Now, if the requirements are modified a bit:
• Using Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) and Carrier Cancellation Technique
• Maximum throughput 2 Mbps /1 Mbps (95% of the time)
• Minimum throughput 1.6 Mbps /0.94 Mbps
• Required bandwidth is 2.4 MHz and efficiency is 2.5 bps/Hz
Antenna sizes Modems Bandwidth Efficiency
Initial network 2.4m Entry-level 6.8 MHz 0.88 bps/Hz
Larger antennas 3.7m Entry-level 4.8 MHz 1.25 bps/Hz
Lower roll-off factor 3.7m Advanced 4.3 MHz 1.40 bps/Hz
Carrier Cancellation
Technique
3.7m Advanced with CCT 2.9 MHz 2.07 bps/Hz
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Improving Efficiency with Better Equipment
• As seen in previous examples, using better equipment leads to
higher efficiencies thus lower recurring costs.
• However:
• Only a Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) analysis can determine whether the
investment on hardware is worth the bandwidth savings
• The size of the network, the required bandwidth and possible savings must
be taken into consideration.
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Agenda • Which Network is Best for My Network?
• Service Level Discussion
• Satellite Network Technology Options
• Total Cost of Ownership (OPEX Vs CAPEX)
• Procurement & Logistics
• Space Segment, Satellite Equipment
• Registration with local authorities
• Logistics around equipment shipping and installation
• Satellite Economics – Beyond the Cost per MHz
• Procuring a Satellite Service
• Cost Structure of a Satellite Network
• Comparison of Different Satellite Networks
• Not All Satellites Perform Equally
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Not All Satellites Perform Equally • The efficiency that can be achieved for a given satellite link also depends on the characteristics
of the satellite and transponder:
• Power density and G/T
• Beam coverage:
• The wider the beam, the larger the service area can be, but …
• Wider beams (especially global beams) typically have lower power density
• Note that some satellite operators only have global C-band beams for services in Africa
• Elevation angle: preferably above 20 degrees
• Available capacity
• Intelsat’s EpicNG satellites represent a major step forward:
• High throughput, increased power density, flexibility, vendor-agnostic, etc.
The cost/MHz will
typically vary in function
of these parameters
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Not All Satellites Perform Equally
What about Ka-band? 1/2
• Ka-band is more susceptible to rain attenuation
> 18 dB
Legend:
Link Margin required for
99.6% availability Ka-band
Ku-band
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Not All Satellites Perform Equally What about Ka-band? 2/2
• Most Ka-band spot beams are smaller than Ku-band beams: more beams required to cover an area
• In an attempt to cover the globe, some operators are stretching their beams, which reduces their power and efficiency
• A few myths on Ka-band:
• “Higher frequencies provide higher throughput”
Myth: There is nothing fundamental in a frequency band which supports higher throughput
• “Ka-band is more cost-effective because it allows us of smaller antennas”
Myth: Higher frequencies result in greater path loss between the antenna and the satellite, which nullifies
the increase in antenna performance. For similar link performance, larger Ka-band terminals are required
• “Attenuation mitigating techniques can compensate Ka-band rain fade”
Myth: There is a limit of how much rain fade ACM and UPC can address and these techniques are unlikely to be fully able to
compensate for Ka-band rain fade.
• “High Throughput Satellites (HTS) are Ka-band satellites”
Myth: An HTS satellite is one that uses significant frequency reuse techniques to multiply the effective throughput capacity of the
satellite. EpicNG HTS satellites use C-, Ku- and Ka-bands.
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Sharing Resources for Better Cost Efficiency
• Dedicated SCPC links are well-suited to:
• Connections that need to be up all the time
• Traffic patterns that do not have dynamic variations
• Sharing resources:
• Satellite bandwidth
• Modulators and demodulators hub cards
• Solutions with shared resources are preferable when:
• Network is large with a central hub: avoid having multiple modems at hub
• Traffic demand is dynamic and varies within the network
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Sharing Resources for Better Cost Efficiency • Typical configuration:
• Central hub with one or several modulator and demodulator cards
• Remote sites equipped with modems and possibly DVB receivers
• Shared outbound carrier (from hub to remotes), typically DVB-S2
• Dedicated or shared inbound carriers (from remotes to hub):
• TDMA, MF-TDMA, dSCPC, Mx-DMA
• Most equipment manufacturers have such solutions:
• Comtech Heights, Newtec Dialog, iDirect Flex, Gilat SkyEdge, etc.
• Intelsat offers solutions based on Newtec and iDirect hub equipment
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Satellite Brings Benefits to Your Business
• Satellite technology should not be seen as last resort. It offers:
• Unmatched reliability
• Very high availability
• Short service implementation time in remote areas
• Wide coverage
• Easy point-to-multipoint communications
• Good value for money with state-of-the-art technology
• Opportunities for growth in untapped rural markets
• And so much more …
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Conclusion
• Do not focus solely on unit prices for satellite capacity
• Always ask:
• What is the satellite performance?
• What equipment takes full benefit of the satellite capacity?
• What network topology do I need for the service?
• What efficiency can I reach?
• What is the Total Cost of Ownership?
• What support can I get from the satellite operator?
• What revenues and benefits can I drive from this service?
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Thank you
Questions