Post on 10-Aug-2020
Salt Reduction: An Outcome from Interstate 93 Widening
OR: Chloride Impairments and The
5 Stages of Grief
NEIWPCC NPS Conference, May 15, 2012 Eric Williams
History of US road salt sales and chloride concentrations in New England
Source :Robinson et al. 2003 USGS WRI Report 03-4012
Scope of Chloride Problem in NH
• The first state to use salt for regular winter road maintenance (1941-42)
• Salt use has nearly doubled in the past 40 years (to about 190,000 tons/year, or 21.5 tons/lane mile)
• Chloride impairments are on the rise (18 in 2008, 40 in 2010)
• Background levels have increased 100x
Road Salt Pollution – Toxic to fish, invertebrates and other species
• EPA Acute toxicity (kills fish quickly) = 860 mg Cl/L
• EPA Chronic toxicity (kills fish slowly) = 230 mg Cl/L
– Contaminates drinking water
• EPA Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) based on taste - 250 mg/L of Na or Cl
• Associated with high blood pressure - EPA advisory limit 20 mg Na/L
– Destroys vegetation and corrodes vehicles
– No way to remove NaCl once applied
• Not removed by plants and does not stick to soils
• Desalinization is EXPEN$IVE and impractical (high energy)
I-93 Expansion
Water Quality Timeline
• In 2002-2006, monitoring by DES, DOT, and EPA detected violations of the water quality standard for chlorides in: – Policy-Porcupine Brook
– Beaver Brook
– Dinsmore Brook
• In 2006-2007, DES collected data on and prepared TMDLs for road salt for each watershed
I-93 TMDL Watersheds
Town Population
Derry 34,318
Salem 29,640
Londonderry 24,729
Windham 12,993
Policy Brook
Policy Brook – Salt Loading
Water Quality Data from FY07
Water Temperature at I93-POL-01V
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
07/0
1/0
6
08/0
1/0
6
09/0
1/0
6
10/0
2/0
6
11/0
2/0
6
12/0
3/0
6
01/0
3/0
7
02/0
3/0
7
03/0
6/0
7
04/0
6/0
7
05/0
7/0
7
06/0
7/0
7
Date
deg
C
Chloride Concentration at I93-POL-01V
0
200
400
600
800
1000
07/0
1/0
6
08/0
1/0
6
09/0
1/0
6
10/0
2/0
6
11/0
2/0
6
12/0
3/0
6
01/0
3/0
7
02/0
3/0
7
03/0
6/0
7
04/0
6/0
7
05/0
7/0
7
06/0
7/0
7
Date
mg
Cl/L
Acute Standard (860 mg/L)Chronic Standard (230 mg/L)
The blue line is from specific conductance measurements. The red dots are chloride measurements
made by the DES Laboratory
Flow at I93-POL-01V
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
07/0
1/0
6
08/0
1/0
6
09/0
1/0
6
10/0
2/0
6
11/0
2/0
6
12/0
3/0
6
01/0
3/0
7
02/0
3/0
7
03/0
6/0
7
04/0
6/0
7
05/0
7/0
7
06/0
7/0
7
Date
cfs
Chloride Export at I93-POL-01V
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
07/0
1/0
6
08/0
1/0
6
09/0
1/0
6
10/0
2/0
6
11/0
2/0
6
12/0
3/0
6
01/0
3/0
7
02/0
3/0
7
03/0
6/0
7
04/0
6/0
7
05/0
7/0
7
06/0
7/0
7
Date
ton
s C
l p
er
year
Chloride Concentration at I93-POL-01V
0
200
400
600
800
1000
07/0
1/0
6
08/0
1/0
6
09/0
1/0
6
10/0
2/0
6
11/0
2/0
6
12/0
3/0
6
01/0
3/0
7
02/0
3/0
7
03/0
6/0
7
04/0
6/0
7
05/0
7/0
7
06/0
7/0
7
Date
mg
Cl/
L
Acute Standard (860 mg/L)Chronic Standard (230 mg/L)
The blue line is from specif ic conductance measurements. The red dots are chloride
measurements made by the DES Laboratory
Key Facts
Average chloride conc. = 163 mg/L
Days of WQS violation = 87.7
Percent of year in violation=24%
Total Cl exported =1,563 tons/yr
Total salt exported = 2,576 tons/yr
Salty in All Seasons
Daily Average Chloride Concentrations
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Percent of Flows Exceeding
Ch
lori
de
(m
g/L
) SUMMER
FALL
WINTER
SPRING
WQ Stds
90% of WQS
High Moist Mid-Range Dry Low
Key Fact
WQS violations
occur during
periods of low
stream flow
Source Characterization
• Chloride in the form of salt is imported to the study watersheds from several major sources: – Roadway deicing (state, municipal, private)
– Parking lot deicing
– Salt pile runoff
– Water softeners
– Food waste
– Atmospheric deposition
Source Characterization
STATE ROADS
9%
MUNICIPAL ROADS
27%
PRIVATE ROADS
3%
PARKING LOTS
50%
FOOD WASTE
1%
ATMOSPHERIC
DEPOSITION
1%
SALT PILES
7%
WATER
SOFTENERS
2%
Key Facts
Total imports:
4,814 tons/yr
Imports divided by
drainage area:
473 tons/sq.mi.
Deicing accounts
for 89% of total
Salt piles account
for 7% of total
Allocation of Loads
• Combine salt imports with percent reduction goal to estimate total allocation
• Calculate DRAFT allocations by sector
I-93 Chloride TMDL Implementation Monitoring Plan
• Dataloggers deployed in Policy Brook, Dinsmore Brook, and Beaver Brook year round
– Monitoring in North Trib to Canobie Lake was discontinued because of budgets and low flows
• Chloride measured every 15 minutes
• Calibration checks every 6 weeks
• Yearly updates to Winter Severity Index
• Follows an approved QA Project Plan
Preliminary Results
• The severity of winters has varied from mild (FY07) to cold (FY08) back to mild (FY10).
Winter Severity Index
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10
WS
I
WSI
WARMER
COLDER
Preliminary Results
• Annual average chloride concentrations followed the winter severity.
• FY07 and FY10 had similar WSI and chloride conc.
Annual Average Chloride Concentration from Dataloggers
0
50
100
150
200
250
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10
Ch
lori
de (
mg
/L)
Beaver
Dinsmore
Policy
Preliminary Results
• Policy Brook and Dinsmore Brook continue to have persistent violations.
• Violations are rare in Beaver Brook.
Violations of the 4-Day WQ Standard for Chloride
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10
Nu
mb
er
per
Year
Beaver
Dinsmore
Policy
Preliminary Results
• Violations only occur for average concentrations >102 mg/L as predicted by DES model (Trowbridge et al, 2010).
Relationship between Annual Average Chloride and Violations
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 50 100 150 200 250
Chloride (mg/L)
Vio
lati
on
s p
er
Year
Post-TMDL Violations 7/1/07-6/30/08
Station Percent of
Reporting Period with Valid Data
Number of Violations of
Acute Standard (1 hour rolling
average)
Number of Violations of
Chronic Standard (4 day rolling
average)
10A-BVR 69.03% 0 1 (5.3 d)
I93-DIN-01 66.34% 0 20 (81.4 d)
I93-POL-01V 99.88% 0 52 (200.9 d)
I93-POL-04X 24.41% 0 13 (56.2 d)
FY08 TMDL Implementation Monitoring Data Report and Quality Assurance Audit
Post-TMDL Violations 7/1/08-6/30/09
Station Percent of Reporting Period with Valid
Data
Number of Violations of Acute Standard
(1 hour rolling average)
Number of Violations of Chronic Standard
(4 day rolling average)
10A-BVR 99.77%
0 0
I93-DIN-01 99.80% 0 4 (14.51 d)
I93-NTC-01 97.03%
2 0
I93-POL-01V 92.64%
0 16 (62.24 d)
FY09 TMDL Implementation Monitoring, Data Report and Quality Assurance Audit
Post-TMDL Violations 7/1/09-6/30/10
Station
Percent of Reporting
Period with Valid Data
Number of Violations of Acute Standard
(1hour rolling average)
Number of Violations of Chronic Standard (4 day rolling average)
I93-POL-01V 98.38% 0 13 (53.94 days)
10A-BVR 99.95% 0 0
I93-DIN-01 99.97% 0 6 (26.70 days)
FY10 TMDL Implementation Monitoring, Data Report and Quality Assurance Audit
Post-TMDL Violations 7/1/10-6/30/11
Station
Percent of Reporting
Period with Valid Data
Number of Violations of Acute Standard
(1hour rolling average)
Number of Violations of Chronic Standard (4 day rolling average)
I93-POL-01V 96.75% 17 (17.25 hr) 37 (145.12 days)
10A-BVR 99.95% 0 1 (5.06 days)
I93-DIN-01 93.13% * See note * See note
•Data not yet analyzed
Draft FY11 TMDL Implementation Monitoring, Data Report and Quality Assurance Audit
Beaver Brook 8-Lane Projection
Beaver Brook Watershed
Actual and Projected Salt Usage on State Roads Including I-93
0.0
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0
FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11
Year
Salt
Im
po
rts (
ton
s/y
r)
WSI Adjusted Sector Allocation Actual Salt Use Projected Salt Use for 4-Lanes
Policy Brook 8-Lane Projection
Policy Brook Watershed
Actual and Projected Salt Usage on State Roads Including I-93
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
1400.0
1600.0
1800.0
FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11
Year
Salt
Im
po
rts (
ton
s/y
r)
WSI Adjusted Sector Allocation Actual Salt Use Projected Salt Use for 4-Lanes
Dinsmore Brook 8-Lane Projection
Dinsmore Brook Watershed
Actual and Projected Salt Usage on State Roads Including I-93
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11
Year
Salt
Im
po
rts (
ton
s/y
r)
WSI Adjusted Sector Allocation Actual Salt Use Projected Salt Use for 4-Lanes
North Trib 8-Lane Projection
North Tributary to Canobie Lake Watershed
Actual and Projected Salt Usage on State Roads Including I-93
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11
Year
Salt
Im
po
rts (
ton
s/y
r)
WSI Adjusted Sector Allocation Actual Salt Use Projected Salt Use for 4-Lanes
Statewide Implications
Relationship of Salt Imports to Water Quality Violations
Salt Imports vs Chloride WQS Violations in FY07
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 100 200 300 400 500
Salt Imports (tons salt/sq.mile/year)
Ch
ron
ic W
QS
Vio
lati
on
s
Beaver Brook
Dinsmore Brook
Policy BrookApparent
Threshold
Relationship of Land Use to Salt Imports
Salt Imports vs Land Use
y = 12.98x + 5.9753
R2 = 0.7951
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Land Use - Percent Developed and Transportation
Salt
Im
po
rt (
ton
s/y
r/sq
.mi.
)
Chloride Impairments
BMPs
Anti-icing (mostly DOT) Pre-wetting salt
Calibration Training
Early BMPs
Underbody Plow
Calibrated Spreader
Classroom Training
Hands-on Training
Private Sector Initiatives
• Training – UNH T2 held first training program targeting private applicators
• Salt Accounting – UNH T2 working on database
• MS4 Permits – Draft EPA permit requires towns to manage private salt application
• SB 392– Limited liability for certified salt applicators.
Chloride Impairments and the Five Stages of Grief
Denial
There’s no salt problem! We’re saving lives here.
Anger
I’m not putting drivers in danger just to save some ugly fish!
Bargaining
Please God, if you make these tree huggers go away I’ll never take out another mail box…
Depression
It’s too much. I can’t control the weather and the voters and the guy in the penny loafers doing 75 in his Porsche during a blizzard…
Acceptance
I have to use less salt.
Acceptance +
I CAN use less salt and still keep the roads safe.
Messaging
Doug Heath, USEPA, Boston, MADoug Heath, USEPA, Boston, MA
Drive Slow
or Die
Concept: Barbara McMillan
More Messaging
Technology Transfer Center
Green Snow Pro New Hampshire
New England Nonpoint Source Pollution Conference
2012
Presenter:
Patrick Santoso
May 15, 2012
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Presentation Outline
Green Snow Pro Program Development
Green Snow Pro Best Practices: Salt Reduction Quick Start Guide
Closing the Loop:
Salt Accounting Web App
Bi-Annual Newsletter
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
February 2011: I-93 Safety is Priority #1
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Green Snow Pro Overview
Goal:
Improve Effectiveness & Efficiency of Winter Maintenance Operations
Tasks:
Environmental Impact Education
Promote Use of Best Practices
Constraints:
Maintain Level of Service & Safety
Reduce/Maintain Cost of Winter Maintenance
Promote Liability Management
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Target Audience
Municipal
Public Works Supervisors & Directors
Operators
Planning & Zoning
Administrators
Private Sector
Parking Lot/Private Road Maintainers
Parking Lot/Private Road Owners
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Developing a Marketing Plan
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Marketing Plan
Research
Develop Database of Winter Maintenance Companies
Locate Private Parking Lots
Merge Parking Lots with Mosaic Parcel Map to get parking lot owners
Branding
Program Title & Logo
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Marketing Plan
Publicity
Derry, NH Public Television
Snow & Ice Conferences
Limited Liability Legislation
Featured in: Tree Care Magazine
Direct Marketing
E-mail Campaign to Contractors
Municipal Letters to Land Owners
Post Cards & Fliers
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Best Practices Based on Season
Before the Winter
Before the Storm
During the Storm
After the Storm
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Before The Winter
Develop or Review Your Winter Maintenance Plan
Level of Service Policy
Application Rate Guidelines
Route Details & Equipment Inventories
Calibrate & Inspect Equipment
Train Staff Members
In House, Technology Transfer Center, SIMA
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
My Equipment Cannot be Calibrated!!
This is NOT Our Calibration Equipment
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Simple Calibration
Measure & Mark Test Grid
Drive over the test grid at a typical application speed
Sweep up material and weigh to determine application rate
Multiply weight by 105.6 to get lb/road mile
Settings to keep track of:
Gate Height
Auger/Belt Speed
Pony Motor RPMs
1000 Sq. Ft.
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Parking Spaces
Typical 10’ lane
Test Grid Layout in Owatonna, Minnesota—June 2008 T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
WM Tips: Before The Storm
Monitor Weather Closely
Pavement Temperatures and Trends are IMPORTANT!
Anti-Icing (Proactive)
Requires Anti-Icing Vehicle
Requires ¼ the Material at 1/10 the Cost of Deicing
Notes: 20-50 gallons/lane mile *Use Stream Type Nozzles. *Effective between 15-30°F
Not Highly Adoptable
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Why Not Pretreat? A Parallel Example:
“Stick” Frying Pan
Cook Without Butter or Oil Effect:
Cleaning Time?
Soap & Water?
Would You Ever Do This?
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
During The Storm
Pretreating/Prewetting
Wetting Salt With Salt Brine Before Application
Wet Salt Pile
Wet at Truck Spinner/Auger
Reduces Salt Usage By Up to 30%
Reduced Bounce & Scatter
Jump Started Melting
Pre-treat: 6-10 gallons/ton
Pre-wet: 8-14 gallons/ton
Groundspeed Controlled Spreaders
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
How Salt Works
Salt molecules pull water molecules out of ice formations – to form a salt brine with a reduced freezing temperature.
Once the brine is formed the melting process is greatly accelerated
The Effectiveness of salt changes with temperature! Source: Wisconsin DOT Transportation Bulletin #22
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Salt Pre-wet
Salt
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Salt Pre-wet Salt
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Salt Pre-wet Salt
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Salt Pre-wet Salt
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Melting Capacities of Salt
Pavement Temp (F) 1 lb. salt will melts this amount of ice
Time it takes to melt this amount of ice
30 46.3 lbs. 5 mins.
25 14.4 lbs. 10 mins.
20 8.6 lbs. 20 mins.
15 6.3 lbs. 60 mins.
10 4.9 lbs. ineffective
5 4.1 lbs. “
0 3.7 lbs. “
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
During The Storm PLOW PLOW PLOW!!!
Always Plow Before Applying Deicing Chemicals to Avoid Dilution & Removal
Use Salt to Loosen Ice/Pavement Bond Not to Melt all Ice and Snow
Remember Application Rates of Deicing Chemicals Vary With Pavement Temperature:
Use Less When Temperature is Rising and More When it is Falling
Simplified Application Rates:
Type of Pavement High Application
Rate (Temps 10-20°F)
Low Application Rate
(Temps 21-32°F)
Units
Roads 250-350 150-250 Lb/Lane Mile
Parking Lots 10-20 5-10 Lb/1,000 Sq. Ft
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Application Rate Example:
At 5pm Pavement Temperature is 23°F
It is snowing and it should get colder over night.
What application rate should you select for:
A.) Salt Pre-Wet with Salt BRINE
B.) Dry Salt
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Parking Lot Application Rates – (Continued)
Pavement Temp. (°F) and Trend
(↑↓) Weather Condition Maintenance Actions
Application Rate (lbs/per 1000 sq.ft.)
Salt Prewetted/Pretreat
ed with salt brine
Salt Prewetted/Pretreat
ed with other blends
Dry salt Winter sand
20 - 25 ↑ Snow or frz. Rain Plow and Apply chemical 7 6.5 8.25 10.5 for frz. Rain
20 - 25 ↓ Snow Plow and apply chemical 5.75 7.5 9.5 Not recommended
Frz. Rain Apply chemical 7 7.5 10 10.5
15 - 20 ↑ Snow Plow and apply chemical 7.5 7.5 9.5 Not recommended
Frz. Rain Apply chemical 8.75 7.5 10 10.5
15 - 20 ↓ Snow or Frz. Rain Plow and apply chemical 8.25 7.5 10 10.5 for frz. Rain
0 to 15 ↑↓ Snow Plow, treat with blends, sand hazardous areas
Not recommended 10 Not recommended 13 and spot-treat as
needed
< 0 Snow Plow, treat with blends, sand hazardous areas
Not recommended 23 Not recommended 13 and spot-treat as
needed
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Salt Storage Guidelines
All De-Icing materials should be stored on impervious surface
Surface flooring should be sloped to prevent run-off
Deicing materials should be covered minimally with a water-proof tarp
Load equipment as close to salt pile as possible to reduce spillage
Spillage should be swept and returned to stockpile
See NHDES Storage & Management of Deicing Materials: WD-DWGB-22-30 for more information (included in course packet)
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
After The Storm
Clean Trucks in An Area With Appropriate Drainage
Record Salt Usage Per Route or Parking Lot
Discuss Problems Encountered and Take Steps To Remedy Them
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Online Salt Accounting System – ANNUAL
T2
www.roadsalt.unh.edu
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Select Winter Season
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Report Total Salt Usage
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Select A Town You Work in
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Indicate Square Feet of Pavement in Town
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Repeat for Additional Towns
THAT’S IT!
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Online Salt Accounting System – LOG BOOK
T2
www.roadsalt.unh.edu
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Select Client List
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Add or Edit A Client
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Client Information – Add/Edit
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Record Site Visits
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Click to Add New Site Visit
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Input Information About Visit
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Generate Client Reports
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Select a Date Range
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
Select a Client
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
View Client Report
T2
Technology Transfer Center
Monday, June 25, 2012
For Further Information
250+ Certified Green Snow Pros
All of Exeter NH DPW
Manchester, NH DPW (Upcoming)
Dover, NH DPW (Upcoming)
www.t2.unh.edu
www.roadsalt.unh.edu
E-mail: psantoso@unh.edu
General Phone: (800) 423-0060
Pat Santoso Direct Line: (603) 862-4209