S8 EXAM REVIEW

Physical Science

Physical Science is mainly the study of

MATTER & ENERGY

The two main branches of physical science are CHEMISTRY & PHYSICS

Chemistry is the study of the interactions of MATTER ( “stuff”)Physics is the study of forms of ENERGY

What are the three types of scientific models?

PHYSICAL CONCEPTUAL MATHEMETICAL

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A CONCEPTUAL MODEL

THE ‘BIG BANG” THEORY

Experiments are designed to testHYPOTHESES

THEORY vs LAW

THEORY EXPLAINS

Scientific theory is an explanation for phenomenon based on observation and experimental results.

LAW STATES

Scientific LAW is a statement or summary of many experimental results and observations.

The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion INERTIA

The amount of space an object takes up VOLUME

A property of matter ( a measurement) that is affected by the gravitational force acting on it WEIGHT

Particles in this state are far apart and move independently of each other

The absolute best way to tell that a chemical change has taken place is that

According to Charles’s Law, a balloon

NEW SUBSTANCE with NEW PROPERTIES is formed

GAS

DECREASES in VOLUME when the

TEMPERATURE DECREASES(stick figure of Charles showing goofy arms and legs with TV on them)

How do elements form compounds?

in a SPECIFIC MASS RATIOthat are shown by subscripts in a chemical formula

A pure substance made of two or more elements that are chemically combined

COMPOUNDThe smallest particle into which an element can be divided and is still the same substance is

ATOM

The equation for Newton’s Second Law is

F = m x aExamples of projectile motion always contain the expression of an object _______ the surface of the earth and an invisible __________ path as it ________ to earth.

LEAVING CURVED RETURNSIf sugar is dissolved in water, the water is known as the ____ and the sugar is called the SOLUTE. SOLVENT

Democritus, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr all____ to the ___ of the ____ ____.

CONTRIBUTED DEVELOPMENT ATOMIC THEORY

Ernest Rutherford discovered the existence ( in the center of an atom) of a

PROTON

ISOTOPES always have the SAME number of ____ but different numbers of ___.

same # PROTONS different # NEUTRONS

A good description of the nan ucleus ( which contains almost all the mass of an atom)

DENSE & POSITIVELY CHARGED

The subatomic particle with the LEAST amount of MASS( almost massless)

ELECTRONThe most likely location of electron is in the ___ ___ according to modern atomic theory.

ELECTRON CLOUD

RULES FOR COUNTING ATOMS

1. SUBSCRIPTS only refer to the atom that they are BEHIND. For example…

H2SThere are TWO atoms of HYDROGEN and only ONE atom of SULFUR.

COEFFICIENTS

2. COEFFICIENTS apply to the entire compound. You MULTIPLY the coefficients and SUBSCRIPTS.

2 H2S

ATOMS OF HYDROGEN:

ATOMS OF SULFUR:

4

2

IF THERE ISN’T A SUBSCRIPT BEHIND AN ELEMENT, ASSUME THERE IS ONLY ONE ATOM OF THAT ELEMENT!

PARENTHESES

3. If elements or compounds are inside of PARENTHESES, then the SUBSCRIPT behind the parentheses applies to everything inside.

Ba(OH)2

ATOMS OF BARIUM:

ATOMS OF OXYGEN:

ATOMS OF HYDROGEN:

1

2

2

LET’S PRACTICE!

MgCl2

Atoms of Magnesium:

Atoms of Chlorine:

1

2

Al2S3

Atoms of Aluminum:

Atoms of Sulfur:

23

What about this BAD BOY???

2Ca3(PO4)2 Atoms of Calcium:Atoms of Phosphorus:Atoms of Oxygen:

64

16

Balancing Chemical Equations

List elements. Count atoms on reactant and product

sides.Adjust COEFFICIENTS ONLY to obtain

equal amounts of atoms.

First you need an equation with the correct “formulae” ………. You’ll probably be given this in the question

Just like this one

Mg + O2 MgO

Then all you do is list the atoms that are involved on each side of the arrow

Mg + O2 MgOMgO

MgO

[1] Just count up the atoms on each side

Then start balancing:

Mg + O2 MgOMg

O

1

1

1

2

[2] The numbers aren’t balanced so then add “BIG” numbers to make up for any shortages

And adjust totals

Mg + O2 MgOMg

O

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

Mg + O2 MgOMg

O

1

2

2

2

2

But the numbers still aren’t equal, so add another “BIG” number

2

And adjust totals again

NOW BOTH SIDES HAVE EQUAL NUMBERS OF ATOMS

WE SAY THAT THE EQUATION IS BALANCED!!

2

Try to balance these equations using the same method:

[1] Na + Cl2 NaCl

[2] CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O

[4] Al + O2 Al2O3

[3] Li + HNO3 LiNO3 + H2

How did you get on??

[1] 2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl

[2] CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O

[4] 4 Al + 3 O2 2 Al2O3

[3] 2 Li + 2 HNO3 2 LiNO3 + H2

Here are the answers:

HOPE YOU’VE GOT THE IDEA… REMEMBER TO CHECK THAT YOU CAN DO ELECTROLYSIS

EQUATIONS TOO

For a chemical bond to break

ENERGY IS REQUIRED

If a chemical symbol in a chemical formula has no subscript, it means that

Only ONE ATOM of the element is in the MOLECULE

Periodic mean happening at ____ ____.

REGULAR INTERVALS

Periodic Law states that ___ of elements change ___ with the element’s __ __.

PROPERTIES PERIODICALLY ATOMIC #s

Each VERTICAL column on the periodic table is called a(n)

GROUP FAMILY

Each HORIZONTAL row on the periodic table

PERIOD SERIES

Most of the elements on the PT are

The elements to the right of the zigzag line are

Mendeleev grouped the elements according to

METALS

NONMETALS

INCREASING ATOMIC MASSHenry Moseley changed the arrangement to atomic number - the way it is today.

Physical and chemical properties of elements change

ACROSS EACH PERIOD

The substance necessary for substances to burn

OXYGENThis is PROOF that a chemical reaction has taken place NEW substance with

NEW PROPERTIES formed

Waves TRANSFERENERGY ONLY

This type of wave requires a MEDIUM (some type of matter) SOUND WAVE

This type of wave does NOT require a medium and can thus travel in outer space

RADIO WAVE

THE RATIO OF MATTER IN A GIVEN VOLUME

DENSITY

amount of space an object occupies – a measure of size VOLUME

amount of matter in an object MASS

How hot or cold something is, usually measured in degrees Celsius or Kelvin

TEMPERATURE

The change of state from liquid to gasEVAPORATION

A liquid’s resistance to flowVISCOSITY

A change in which energy is added to a substance

ENDOTHERMIC

A change in state directly from a solid to gas

SUBLIMATIONElement that has properties of metal and

nonmetal METALLOID

Element that conducts heat and electricity poorly and can be a solid, liquid, or gas

NONMETAL

A pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means

ELEMENTAn element that is shiny and conducts heat and

electric currentMETAL

A sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite physical and chemical properties

PURE SUBSTANCE

An object at test stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by a force that changes it

Newton’s 1st Law

Acceleration is caused by a force acting on massNEWTON’S 2ND LAW

For a force on an object, there is an equal and opposite force that exists

NEWTON’S 3RD LAW

The force that opposes the motion of objects through air

AIR RESISTANCE

An unbalanced force that causes objects to move in a circular path

CENTRIPETAL FORCE

The motion of a body when free fall acts on itFREE FALL

The path of one object around another in spaceORBIT

The curved path of a thrown object near the earth’s surface

PROJECTILE MOTION

The constant velocity of a falling object when the force of gravity is balanced by air resistance

TERMINAL VELOCITYA negatively charged particle

ELECTRON

Positively charged particle PROTON

Un charged particle NEUTRON

Number of protons in the nucleus ATOMIC NUMBER

Mass of an atom expressed in atomic mass units- a weighted average

ATOMIC MASS

Sum of protons and neutronsMASS NUMBER

Describes the mass of an atomATOMIC MASS UNIT

The larger number on any element key of any element on the PT

ATOMIC MASS

The smaller whole number on any element key on PT

ATOMIC NUMBER

The parts of a chemical equation that are on the left side- original substances

REACTANTSThe part(s) of a chemical equation on the right

side- things formedPRODUCTS

Small numbers below that indicate number of atoms of element in formula

SUBSCRIPTLarge numbers in front of chemical formulas

COEFFICIENT

Distance traveled plotted graphed over time travelled shows

AVERAGE SPEED

Velocity graphed over time traveled (with upward slope) shows

POSITIVE ACCELERATION